8 GGCLGClLO LOLI € nN OLNOYHOL 4O ALISHSAINN Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Andrew W. Mellon Foundation https://archive.org/details/josephuswithenglO2joseuoft ms | eo iM badd ay aoe A yah ioe vas a AM hy an us te tien What: Ge at iF su nv Ke ‘ ne b > a i | mi (ane ae tl a we a = oe a ih a af Hs as: he yi THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY 7 T. Ex PAGE, ©.4., LITT.D. 7 E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. + W. H. D. ROUSE, trrt.p. mA. POST, m.a. E. H. WARMINGTON, o.a., F.R.HIST.SOC. JOSEPHUS II &-* a oie JADE = Ef it {Behl AGUA STIERE m HY, va asroae 7. ani 4.0 JOLT Pe vera SRO a OW t dd poerein aa dm VOTRRRASAAW AGEs CCE-16) F iT a JOSEPHUS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY Hest. J THACKERAY, MEA: HON. D.D. OXFORD, HON. D.D. DURHAM IN NINE VOLUMES II THE JEWISH WAR, BOOKS I-III LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMLVI ® b 14 r ¥ { ' First printed 1927 Reprinted 1956 658460 7-8. Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS OF VOLUME II INTRODUCTION THE JEWISH WwAR— Book | Book II Book IIL THe Heropian Famity . Mars—GALiLEE AND SURROUNDING District . CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PALESTINE JERUSALEM i aw TOF i algal | =i 91 He aa eng petted 1! Jeo \o.bys io. ‘ ; a ie oxiavloutue — INTRODUCTION Tue History of the Jenish War is the earliest and the most famous of the works of Josephus. The first- fruits of the leisure which he found in Rome after the war, it was written with all the advantages possessed by an ex-combatant and eyewitness, now a pensioner quartered in the former palace of Vespasian, with the “commentaries ’”’ of his imperial patrons, the comman- ders in the recent campaign, placed at his disposal.* The ttle by which the author refers to his work is Title. “Concerning the Jewish War” (Ilepi rot “lovdaixod modenov Vita 412, A. xx. 258, cf. xviii. 11). Laqueur, Der jiid. Historiker Flavius Josephus, Giessen, 1920, p. 255 and p. 98, considers that this heading plainly betrays the purely Roman point of view of the Jewish turncoat. The expanded form, lovdatkov moA€nov mpds ‘Pwpotous, found at the head of the first two books in Niese’s principal ms P, may, it has been suggested, be an attempt of the author to neutralize the offensive character of the former superscription. But the majority of the mss employ another title, “Concerning (the) capture” (Ilepi adwcews), often with the addition of ‘lovdaikyns totopias. The title Ilept aAwoews is found also in Origen and Jerome, the latter of whom attributes it to the author himself: “ quae Josephus Judaicae scriptor historiae septem explicat uoluminibus, quibus imposuit titulum Captiui- @ Ap.i. 50, Vita 358, 423. Vii INTRODUCTION tatis Judaicae id est Ilepi dAdaews ”” (Comm. in Isaiam, cap. 64, sub fin.). Niese (vol. i. p. vi) regarded this as a title of Christian origin, introduced at a time when our author’s principal works, the War and the Aniiquities, were collected into a single corpus, bearing the general title ‘lovdatky tcropis, and sub-titles [epi aAdoews and ’ApxatoAoyia. Yet the short title is one which the author might well have employed himself ; GAwo.s, often without the article, is constantly used of the final tragedy, e.g. ii. 454 (zpooiprov adAwoews), iv. 318, and v. 3 (aAwoews apEat, ad. katyp£ev TH 7OAEL). Dr. Robert Eisler, to whom the present writer is indebted for many suggestions in this Introduction, and whose forthcoming volume on the important Old Russian version of the War wiil throw much light on the genesis of the work, draws a distinction between an older and simpler draft, the Halosis, and a later and more elaborate edition, the Polemos. He thinks that “ Jewish history * or “ histories ~ (ictopiae Vita 345: Euseb. Histor. Eccl. i. 8) was the general title of Josephus’s “ collected works’ as they were finally published by Epaphroditus. He emphasizes the fact that al] mss of the Russian version are entitled “On the Capture of Jerusalem” and that a hitherto unidentified quotation from Josephus, év 7@ téurtw Ndvw 77s aXwoews, in the Chron. Pasch. i.263 Dind.,can be traced to certain of those mss. He hopes to prove in his forth- coming work that the Russian version, as wel] as the so-called ** Egesippus * (Heg.)—a Christianized Latin translation by a converted Jew, Isaac alias Gaudentius or Hilarius, a contemporary of Pope Damasus—is based on a lost earlier, somewhat different edition of our work— first published in a.p. 72 for the celebration of the triumph of Titus—which bore the title }Aaviov "Iwanrov Tepi advcews THs ‘Tepovcartnu. This was gradually added to, revised, curtailed, and expanded in subsequent years. He considers ‘Jovdaikés mé\euos to be the title of the Viii INTRODUCTION thoroughly revised edition, published during the reign of Domitian, as it survives in the mss PA and L, while VR and MC represent earlier, less carefully revised editions of the original “AXwo.s, such as were used also by the Slavonic translator. We learn from the proem that the Greek text was not the first draft of the work. It had been preceded by a narrative written in Aramaic and addressed to “the barbarians in the interior,” who are more precisely defined lower down as the natives of Parthia, Babylonia, and Arabia, the Jewish dispersion in Mesopotamia, and the inhabitants of Adiabene, a principality of which the reigning house, as was proudly remembered, were converts to Judaism (6. i. 3, 6). Of this Aramaic work the Greek is described as a‘ version” (EAAaéd: yAwoon petaPaduv), made for the benefit of the subjects of the Roman Empire, z.e. the Graeco-Roman world at large. The Aramaic is lost, but two probable inferences may be drawn with regard to (i) its relation to the Greek text, and (ii) its purpose. First, the Greek was not a literal translation. This may be inferred from the language of the historian elsewhere. He describes his Antiquities as a translation from the Hebrew Scrip- tures (€k tov “EBpacxov peOnppnverpevny ypappatuv, A.i.5), and again as a rendering of the Hebrew books into Greek (petadpatev eis tyv “EXAada yAwtrav) without material addition or omission on his own part (A. x. 218) ; but we know in fact that that work is a free paraphrase of the Biblical story, made with the assistance of the LXX translation, and including con- siderable additions derived from other sources. The Jewish War in its Greek form was, we are told, pro- duced with the aid of Greek assistants and shows no VOL. II A2 ix First Aramaic edition. The Old Russian version, INTRODUCTION trace whatever of Semitic phraseology ; we may infer that the older work has been practically rewritten. With regard to its purpose, written as it was almost immediately after the war under the patronage of Vespasian, there is good ground for believing that it was officially “inspired” (see Laqueur, Der jiid. Historiker Fl. Josephus, 126 f.). It was a manifesto intended as a warning te the East of the futility of further opposition and to allay the after-war thirst for revenge, which ultimately led to the fierce out- breaks under Trajan and Hadrian. The danger of a Parthian rising was a constant menace, and it is significant that the Parthians stand in the forefront of the list of contemplated readers (i. 6). Such a motive is in fact admitted in the remark with which Josephus closes his description of the Roman army: “ If I have dwelt at some length on this topic, my intention was not so much to extol the Romans as to console those whom they have vanquished and to deter others who may be tempted to revolt” (iii. 108 ; cf. Agrippa’s speech ii. 345 ff., with the reference to the Jewish hopes of aid from Mesopotamia). The original Aramaic edition was at an early date lost to the Western world. A theory advanced by H. Kottek in 1886 that part of it has survived in the 6th century Syriac version of Book vi was shown by Néldeke to be untenable. More recently, however, A. Berendts (ap. Harnack, Texte und Untersuchungen, xiv. 1, 1906) has maintained that it survives in the Old Russian version. That version contains some remarkable deviations from, and additions to, the Greek text of the War, including in particular passages relating to John the Baptist, Christ. and the early Christians. The full text of the Slavonic version has not yet been made available to scholars: but the first four books of the War have appeared in a German translation by the late INTRODUCTION A. Berendts, edited by K. Grass (Dorpat, 1924-27). This work reached the hands of the present translator too late for use to be made of it in the volume now issued. He hopes, however, to print in an Appendix to vol. iii a translation of the more important additions in the Slavonic text, together with a list of the passages which it omits. The theory of Berendts can, according to Dr. Eisler, be accepted only with reservations. The Slavonic text is interpolated, but even after certain Christian interpolations have been detected and set aside, it cannot be derived directly from the lost Aramaic: numerous indications prove that it is a translation from a Greek text, allied to that contained in the mss VRC. But below this Greek text Dr. Eisler finds, in certain transliterated words, traces of an underlying Semitic original. According to him,? the Greek was translated into Slavonic in Lithuania between a.p 1250 and 1260 by a Judaizing heretic priest of the Russian Church, who by chance obtained a copy, or copies, of Josephus’s first rough Greek version of the original Aramaic (the Halosis), before it was rewritten in the form in which it has come down to us. The first draft of the Greek work was produced in parts and formed the subject of a long correspond- ence between the author and King Agrippa, two of whose 62 complimentary letters, one offering further oral information, are reproduced (Vita 364 ff.) ; we may suspect that Agrippa was also consulted on the earlier Aramaic edition. On its completion copies were presented by the author to his imperial patrons and others, Titus giving it his imprimatur: “ indeed so anxious was the Emperor Titus that my volumes should be the sole authority from which the world ¢ ‘Les Origines de la traduction slave de Joséphe, hérésie judaisante en Russie et la secte des Joséphinistes en. Asie Mineur, en Italie et en Provence.’? Communication au Congres des Historiens Francais le 22 Avril 1927 (Revue des Etudes slaves, Paris, 1927). xi Producti of Greek edition. ntents. INTRODUCTION should learn the facts, that he affixed his own sigra- ture to them and gave orders for their publication ” (tb. 363, Ap. i. 50 ff.). The date of publication is commonly regarded as falling within the latter half of the reign of Vespasian, between a.p. 75 and 79, before the death of that Emperor, who received a copy, but after the dedica- tion of the Temple of Pax (B. vii. 158 ff.) in the year 75 (Dio Cassius, Ixvi. 15). It had, we know, been preceded by other narratives of the war (B.i.1 ff., A. i. 4). These limits cannot, however, be pressed and may be applicable only to a single edition. Josephus, as we have come to learn, like other ancient authors, must have constantly retouched and added to his works as fresh copies were called for. We know that in a.p. 93-4, towards the end of his life, he was contemplating a new edition of the War, which was to include the after events of his nation’s history brought up to date (A. xx. 267). Similarly our extant text was not improbably preceded by a shorter draft. From the fact that the “table of contents * in the Greek proem (B.- i. 29) concludes with the triumph, Dr. Eisler infers that the first Greek edition ended with that event and appeared as early as ap. 71. He acutely suggests that Josephus strove to complete his work by the day of the triumph and to present a copy to the two emperors on that memorable occasion. The sequel, including the penultimate chapter about the destruction of the other Jewish temple, that of Onias in Egypt, in a.p. 73 (B. vii. 420-436), was, in Dr. Eisler’s opinion, added after that event, the oppor- tunity being taken at the same time to prefix to the whole work a corresponding chapter about its foundation (B. i. 33) and contemporary Hasmonaean history. A brief preface includes a somewhat inadequate ‘and unsystematic summary of the whole work (i. 19-29) ; the topics mentioned are probably selected primarily to catch the imperial eye and also to xii INTRODUCTION attract the general reader. Then follows an in- ordinately long introduction, occupying the whole of the first and nearly half the second Book, containing a sketch of Jewish history from the previous capture of the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes down to the outbreak of the war with Rome, nearly 250 years later. When in later life the author undertook a complete history of his nation, this portion of the narrative was expanded in the Antequities, where it fills seven and a half books (4. xiii-xx). A comparison of these two narratives forms an instructive study ; the parallel passages in the Antiquities are indicated at the head of the pages of the present translation. Book i extends from the time of Antiochus Epiphanes (c. 170 B.c.) to the death of Herod ; ii continues the history down to the outbreak of war in a.D. 66, the rout of Cestius, and the preparations of Josephus for a campaign in Galilee. Book iii narrates Vespasian’s Galilaean campaign of a.p. 67, including the siege of Jotapata and the capture of Josephus; iv the conclusion of the Galilaean campaign, the isolation of Jerusalem, and the inter- ruption of operations by the acclamation of Vespasian as Emperor (68-69) ; v and vi describe the siege and capture of Jerusalem by Titus in a.p. 70; vii the return of the conquerors to Rome, the triumphal procession, the extermination of the last strongholds of the rebels and some later events. Considered as a literary work the Jenish War as a whole possesses great merits. The style is an exceilent specimen of the Atticistic Greek fashionable in the first century, introduced by the school which sought to stem the development of the language that set in with the Alexandrian age and to revive the Xlil Greek s INTRODUCTION Attic of the age of Pericles. A choice vocabulary, well-knit sentences and paragraphs, niceties in the use of particles and in the order of words, a uniformly classical style but without slavish imitation of classical models, these and other excellences tax and often defy the powers of a translator Vocabulary.—The following words, among others, are characteristic of the War, and do not occur elsewhere in Josephus: aé:aXecrros (-ws), avédnv, atovos (-ws), BaciNeav, dnuarns, duextraiey, di€xew (distare, in preference to awéxecv), eixacos (-ws), égamivys (in preference to éiaigvys), Ewhivos, Oavaray, kaTadryew, kaTavTi.BoXew, KaToppwoetv and dppwoeir, Kom.av, AaPpaios (-ws), AewHopos, uecnuBpevds (** southern’), perayevécrepos and mpoyevéctepos, wovov ovx (**almost”’), éd\dgupaers (from Thuc.), tadivdpoueiv, tavoopyos (and deriva- tives), tapaornua (*intrepidity ’’), wodixvy and modxnor, moos 6€ (adverb: where Ant. uses xai rpocér:), Tpocauvvew, WPOTGpKT.os, MpociTds, WroeigGar, cuupicyew, auaTadny, dia Taxous and xara rayxos, Tovouv, vTodeidew (epic), xPapuanrés, xwpicuds (** departure *'), xwpos. Writing for educated readers, Josephus boasts of having immersed himself in Greek literature (4. xx. 263), and taken extraordinary pains to cultivate style. ‘Among other qualifications,” he writes, “the ‘ historian .. needs charm of style, in so far as this is attainable by the choice and nice adjustment (appovia) of words and whatever else may serve to embellish the narrative for his readers " (A. xiv. 2); in the ‘ nice adjustment "’ he refers to the careful avoid- ance of hiatus or harsh clashing of vowels, which is a marked feature, particularly in the War. But such mastery could only have been gradually acquired, and that an author, who had hitherto written solely in Aramaic, should open his literary career with a work showing such a thorough command of Greek xiv INTRODUCTION niceties would be astonishing, were it not explained by an obiter dictum in a later work. In the Contra Apionem, written perhaps a quarter of a century after the War, the historian makes a welcome, if tardy, acknowledgement of the help which he had received in the composition of the earlier work. He employed, he tells us, some assistants for the sake of the Greek (ypyoapevos tise mpos THY KAAnvida duviyv cuvepyois, Ap. i. 50). The immense debt which he owes to these admirable collaborators is apparent on almost every page of the work. Book vii stands apart; the style here shows many of the characteristics of the Antiquities, and the author seems to have been more dependent on his own resources. The author’s own style may also perhaps be detected in some autobiographical passages and occasional insertions. The admission made in the Contra Apionem serves to explain the inequalities in the work of Josephus as a whole, and puts us on the track of other “assistants.” The cruder style of the Life appears to represent the ipsissima verba of the author. The Antiquities also seem to have been largely written with little assistance, until towards the close, when, having reached the narrative already partially covered in the War, the author for nearly five books (xv-xix) entrusts the work to other hands: xv-xvi appear to betray the style of one of the able assistants in the War; xvii-xix. 275 exhibit the marked mannerisms of a hack, a slavish imitator of Thucydides. Inthe Contra Apionem the choice diction, recondite classical lore, and excellent arrangement of subject matter again suggest that assistance has been obtained. Josephus, by the time that he wrote the Antiquities, claims to have been thoroughly conversant with the best Greek literature, including, according to the reading of some mss, Greek poetry: tov “EAAnuKay XV Literar: assistan Classica models. INTRODUCTION be Ypapparov eoTovdasa petaryety TV YpPapparexyy euTrerpiav avakaBuv A. xx. 263, where after ypappatov Cod. A and the epitome add the words «ai rounrixdv pabnpdatwov (+z0Aa A). The last words may have dropped out of the other mss through homoiote- leuton, or possibly, as Dr. Eisler suggests, through the deliberate malice of his assistant slaves, who knew the truth about these boasted achievements of their master. In his earlier work we may well believe that he is indebted for an occasional classical phrase or allusion to his learned secretaries. Thucydides was naturally a model to which most historians turned. In the Antiquities Josephus quarries freely from this mine, and his assistant in Books xvii-xix deserves the ridicule already cast by Cicero on such plagiarists (“ ecce autem aliqui se Thucydidios esse profitentur, novum quoddam imperitorum et inauditum genus,” Orator 30). In the War, on the contrary, the use of this source is far more restrained, being confined to an occasional reminiscence or phrase. Similar use is made of Herodotus, Xenophon, Demosthenes, and Polybius. More interesting is the familiarity shown with Greek poetry, Homer and the tragedians. The poignant narrative of the domestic troubles of Herod the Great is told in the manner of a Greek drama :? we hear of Nemesis at the outset (i. 431), of the pollu- tion of the house (pcos 638, cf. 445), the tempest lowering over it (488), the villain and stage-manager 2 Pr. Eisler draws my attention to Lucian’s strictures on such borrowing in his Quomodo historia sit conscribenda. The quotation from Cicero Lowe to Driiner, Untersuchungen tiber Josephus, 1896. » Eusebius describes this portion of the narrative as trpayixh dpawatoupyic (H.E.i. 8), Iam again indebted for the refer- ence to Dr. Eisler, Xvi INTRODUCTION of the plot (tiv Avpewva THs oiKias Kat Spapatouvpydv dXov tov picovs 530), the anxious waiting for “ the end of the drama” (543), the avenging deity (xa@? adov peperv Tov aAagtopa 596), the ghosts (daiyoves) of the murdered sons roaming the palace and dragging secrets to light (599) or sealing the lips of others (607). But there are other more precise allusions. Sophocles was evidently a favourite; the allusions to this tragedian, being mainly confined to the War and to portions of the Antiqueties, especially Books xv-xvi, written in the style of the War, are probably attri- butable rather to the assistant than to the historian. From him also doubtless come some apparent allusions to Virgil. ‘ae eis —The proem of Josephus (i. 4 yevouevou « « meyloTou ToOvdE TOU KW HLT OS . . . akuafov) echoes an “of Thucydides (i. 1 xivnows yap at7n meyiorn ... éyévero with preceding axudafovres); Herod’s speech to his troops disheartened by defeat followed by earthquake (i. 373 ff.) recalls that of Pericles to the Athenians exasperated by invasion and the plague (ii. 60 ff.); the reception at Jerusalem of the news of the fall of Jotapata (iii. 432) is reminiscent of the reception at Athens of the news of the Sicilian disaster (viii. 1). In phraseology the following parallels are noteworthy: Bvgny B. iii. 296, vi. 326, Thue. iv. 8; dvappirtecv kivdvvov B. iv. 217, Thue. vi. 13; mepadryer to made B. iv. 590, Thue. iv. 85, 95; dovdeia axivduvos B. vii. 324, cf. Thuc. vi. 80; 76 (un) Bovdduevov THs yvouns B. vii. 338, Thuc. i. 90; oTep.purep(ov) moe B,. vii. 314, Thue. vil. 36. Heropotus supplies the following: Téevos atodeckvivat B. i. 403; mpoxadifew (éri Opdvov) ii. 27, ef. Hdt. i. 14 (és Opévov); tiv émi Oavdrw (sc. 6ddv) li. 231, vi. 1553 aves HBnSov iii. 133, cf. iv. 554; Tpoxoecdys Niwyy ill. SIL: Akeors *cure’’ iv. 11, vii. 189; mpos adxyv TpémecOar vi. 14, vil. 932; avauapryntos mpds Twa yiverAac vii. 3293; Arjuaros mAnpns vii. 340, cf. A\juaros mréos Hat. v. 111. XeEnopuon, Cyropaedia, probably furnishes Onyew Puxyas XVil INTRODUCTION iv. 174; dvriwérwros v. 56 and avtirpdcwros v. 62, 136; tapaxos (for tapaxy7) iv. 495; diadwpeiofar vi. 418; piyo- kivouvos Vil. 77. DemostueNes provides phrases for speeches such as emirereixisuévn Tupavvis iv. 172, riuwpias dtaxpoverPar iv. 257: perhaps also ava:c@nrety iv. 165, €x Tov evovTwr vi. 183, Spoxov émtcray vii. 250, cxevwpnua vii. 449. From Homer come avauwri ij. 495, iv. 40 etc.; elxovro kal wera xwxuTav iii. 202, cf. xwxuTw 7’ elxovTo Il. xxii. 409; éx@opety=“*carry out corpse for burial,” iv. 330; dxoXos ** morsel” v. 432; auapa * conduit” and bvdos ““dung”’ v. 5713 wewapuév(a) frAous vi. 85; QudrAaKTHp (for @UXaé) vii. 291. Sopuocries.—From the Electra come agecdety Yuxyiis B. ili. 212, El. 980, and Opdcos ordifew B. iii. 153, El. 995 f., and we may confidently infer that we have a paraphrase of a line in the near context of that play (dpa mévou To xwpis ovdév edrvxet El. 945) in B. iii. 495, v. 501; reminiscences of this play and of the Ajaz occur also in A. xv-xvi. We find also @apco0s rpotevery B. v. 66 from Trach. 726; évoxnrrew O6ess B. vy. 408, probably from O.T. 27; mposyatew B. vii. 348, cf. O.C. 330 etc., and immediately after (7 xai 7ré@n\ev from Trach. 235; ovdév vyes Ppoverv, B. v. 326, cf. Phil. 1006. Virert.—Like a rather younger historian of the same period—Tacitus—the cuvepyés (for Josephus can here hardly be responsible) seems to have interwoven some Virgilian reminiscences into the narrative. The sack of Jotapata (as in Tacitus the siege of the Capitol under Vitellius, Mackail, Latin Literature 219) recalls the sack of Troy. Compare B. iii. 319 repi yao riv €oxarnv pudakny, Kal’ qv Gveciv te Tov Gewdv éddxouv Exew kal xaOdwrera MadoTa Kexorwuévwy [=mortalibus aegris] éwOwods tarvos . . . 323 ff. jecav joux7y mpods TO TeEtxoS. Kai mpWros émiBaiver Tiros ...* drocddatavres 6€ tobs PiAaKas eicingw els Thy mwodkw with Aen. ii. 263 ff. ** - . . primusque Machaon - . . Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam; | caeduntur uigiles. . . . Tempus erat quo prima quies mortalibus aegris | incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit.”” The personified juny B. iii. 433 f. (with the allusion to facts embroidered by fiction, tpocccxediageré ye bnv Tos wWemMpayuevas Kal Ta uy yevoueva) recalls the picture XVili INTRODUCTION of Fama in Aen. iv. 173 ff. (‘Set pariter facta atque infecta canebat’’’ 190); cf. B. i. 371. The portrait of John of Gischala in B. ii. 585 ff. curiously resembles that of Catiline in Sallust, Cat. 5. The War contains no allusions to authorities such as are interspersed throughout the Antiquaties. The historian in this earlier work is silent as to his sources, merely leading us to infer from his proem that his information is largely first-hand and based on his own recollections as an eyewitness (i. 3), that he had new materials and constructed the framework of the narrative himself (fcAomrovos . . . 0 peTa TOV KaLva eye kat 7d Gopa THS toTopias KaTacKevafwv td.ov), and that he collected the facts with laborious care (U-Bbo! £)) These scanty hints can be supplemented by a few notices in the works produced in later life, the Contra Apionem and the Life. Here again he empha- sizes the personal part which he took in the contest, as commander in Galilee in the opening campaign, after his capture in constant touch with the Roman generals, and during the siege of Jerusalem associated with Titus behind the Roman lines. He tells us that throughout the siege he made careful notes of the proceedings in the Roman camp and was kept aware of events within the city by deserters, whose in- formation he was alone in a position to understand (Ap. i. 47-49). We know, moreover, from the War, that he was employed on more than one occasion as intermediary to urge his besieged compatriots to surrender. We learn further that King Agrippa, who was kept supplied with a copy of the War as it appeared in parts, was in correspondence with the author throughout its production and offered to Sax Sources. ym- ries of sian itus. INTRODUCTION furnish him with information about facts not generally known (Vita 364 ff.). But, besides his own notes and recollections and such further information as he may have obtained from Agrippa, the author appears to have had access to another document of the first importance, the “memoirs ’ or “ commentaries’ (tropvjpara) of Vespasian and Titus. No reference to this source is made in the War itself ; this silence is in accordance with the historian’s consistent practice of naming no authorities in this work, but may, perhaps without injustice, be partly attributed to vanity. He would have us know that the framework of the narrative is his own (copa tdvov), and a mention of this source, whatever weight it might add to his authority, might detract from his personal fame. At any rate, like his acknowledgement of indebtedness to his Greek assistants, his allusions to the Commentaries only appear in his later works, in reply to the adverse criticism which his Jewish War evoked from Justus and other rival historians. His previous silence on other matters (ta pexpi viv cecwrnpéva) evidently formed one of the complaints of his critics (Vita 338 f.). The Commentaries are thrice mentioned. Replying to the criticisms of Justus of Tiberias, Josephus reminds him of hostilities for which he and his fellow-citizens were responsible at the opening of the war before Vespasian’s arrival, and which were after- wards brought to that general's notice. He adds: “ This is no unsupported assertion of my own. The facts are recorded in the Commentaries of the emperor Vespasian, which further relate how insistently the inhabitants of Decapolis pressed Vespasian, when at Ptolemais, to punish you as the culprit ” (Vita 342). XX INTRODUCTION Ptolemais was the first place to which Vespasian led his army from Antioch, his original base (B. iii. 29); we here learn that the Commentaries went back to the opening of the campaign. Again, attacking the same opponent, Josephus writes: ‘ Perhaps, how- ever, you will say that you have accurately narrated the events which took place at Jerusalem. How, pray, can that be, seeing that neither were you on the scene of action, nor had you perused the Com- mentaries of Caesar, as is abundantly proved by your account which conflicts with those Commentaries?” (Vita 358). Again, of certain malignant critics who have dared to compare his Jewish War to a school- boy’s prize composition (Wa7ep é€v cyoAn petpaxiwr yvpvacpa mpoKxeiobar voyi(ovres), the author writes: « Surely, then, one cannot but regard as audacious the attempt of these critics to challenge my veracity. Even if, as they assert, they have read the Commen- taries of the imperial commanders, they at any rate had no first-hand acquaintance with our position in the opposite camp ’’ (4p.i.53-56). These two last passages, in which Josephus is contrasting his own qualifica- tions with those of others, clearly imply that the Com- mentaries were before him when he wrote the War. Indeed, as has been suggested by a recent writer (W. Weber, Josephus und Vespasian, 1921), there is reason to think that our author has made extensive use of these documents. The Commentaru principales, it may be supposed, were the notes, presumably in Latin, made on the field of action by the Roman com- manders and their staff, which might sometimes be put out in a more literary shape as the official record of the campaign, like the Commentaru de Bello Galiico of Julius Caesar. From this or from some other official XX] las of ascus, INTRODUCTION source must come the information with regard to the disposition of the Roman legions in a.p. 66, which is strikingly confirmed by other evidence and is here worked up into the great speech of King Agrippa (B. ii. 345 ff.). Another passage which looks like a direct extract from the Commentaries of Titus is the concise itinerary of the march of that general from Egypt to Caesarea, with its bare enumeration of the various stages, though it must be remembered that Josephus accompanied him (B iv. 658-end). Whether Weber is right in referring to this source the geo- graphical sketches of Palestine interspersed through- out the narrative may perhaps be questioned, but the description of the Dead Sea with the mention of Vespasian’s visit of inspection (B iv. 477) lends support to his view (cf. the rather similar account in Tacitus, Hist. v. 6). Weber goes so far as to maintain that the backbone of the whole history is a ‘* Flavian work,” of which the theme was the rise to power of the Flavian dynasty. In his opinion, this work opened with a sketch of the disposition of the legions in a.p. 66 (utilized in Agrippa’s speech), included much of the material of B. iii-vi, and ended with the passage which stands in Josephus at vii. 157; it was used by Pliny the Elder and Tacitus. In his review of Weber, Laqueur denies the existence of any such literary work, on the ground that Josephus severely criticizes al] previous publications on the war (B. i. ad init.). For the pre-war period (Books i-ii) we can confi- dently name one writer, frequently mentioned in the Antiquities, as having furnished material also for the War—Nicolas of Damascus (c. 64 B.c. to the end of the century), the intimate friend of Herod the Great and of Augustus, and author of a universal history in 144 books and other works, including probably a xxii INTRODUCTION separate life of Herod. From Nicolas undoubtedly is derived the detailed history of Herod’s house, which fills two-thirds of Book i, and of the accession of Archelaus (opening of Book ii), in which he him- self played an important part. Here again Josephus had the advantage of a first-rate, if somewhat biased, contemporary authority After Archelaus the nar- rative unfortunately becomes meagre, expanding into rather greater fullness when the reign of Agrippa I is reached. With regard to him the historian would obtain information from his son, Agrippa II, and for the events leading up to the war he might draw on his own recollections. For the slight sketch of the Hasmonaean house the history of Nicolas is perhaps again the authority ; the historian shows no acquaint- ance in the War with the first book of Maccabees, of which he afterwards made large use in the Antiquities. As historian of the Jewish War Josephus thus comes before us with apparently high credentials ; at any rate few war historians in ancient or modern times can have enjoyed so rare a combination of opportunities for presenting a veracious narrative of events. How does his work appear when tested by the highest of standards, the History of the Pelopon- nesian War? It is natural to compare the Jew and the Athenian because, widely different as were the characters of the two, there were points of similarity in their careers. Like Thucydides, Josephus com- bined the functions of general and historian ; like him he failed as a commander and was consequently brought into close contact with the enemy and enabled to view the war from the standpoint of both belli- gerents (Thuc. iv. 104 ff., v. 26 ‘ associating with both sides, with the Peloponnesians quite as much as with Xxill Credibil INTRODUCTION the Athenians, because of my exile,” cf. Jos. B.i. 3); while the Jewish historian, unlike the Greek, had the further advantage of the use of the official record of the campaign compiled by, or under the supervision of, the enemy's generals. With access to these first-hand sources, with the weighty authority both of his imperial patrons and of King Agrippa behind him, and with the possibly more questionable benefit of good literary assistants, the historian’s narrative as a whole cannot but be accepted as trustworthy. Unfortunately reserva- tions must be made. Josephus lacks the sober im- partiality of Thucydides and, with all his boasted zeal for truth, shows on occasions, when his statements are subject to control, a lax sense of the meaning of that word. The Commentaries themselves were written from the Roman standpoint, and the pro- Roman bias of this client of the conquerors, who from the first had recognized the hopelessness of resistance to imperial Rome, is frequently evident. His repeated references to the clemency of the Roman generals, his hero Titus in particular, and his representation of them as the saviours of an oppressed people, are specially open to suspicion. In one crucial instance, a statement of Josephus— that Titus desired to spare the temple—is directly contradicted by a later historian. The fourth- century Christian writer, Sulpicius Severus, who has been thought to be here dependent on the lost work of Tacitus, states, like Josephus, that a council of war was held on the subject, at which different opinions were expressed, but here the réles are reversed and it is Titus who sanctions the destruction of the building. The passages are as follows: XXiV INTRODUCTION Josephus, B. vi. 238 Bovhnv wmepi Tov vaou 239 mpouTifer. Tos mev od» €ddxet xpyabat Tw Tov ToNeLOU VOW: KH yap av mote ‘Tovdatous travcacbat vewTeplfovTas TOV vaou wevovtos, €p bv oi Tap- 240 traydGev cvdANEYovTar. TiVES 6€ mapyvouv, «i “ev Kara- Niovev avTov “Tovdara Kai unoeis €m a’tov Ta Orda Gein, whey. €1 O€ TONE MOLEY é€TLBAvTEs. KATADPAEYVEL... 0 de Titos od’ Gv émiBavres €m’ al’tou modeuwa ‘Tov: dato. Pycas avTitwvavopwr auvuverbar Ta dpuxa ovde KaTapNééew more THALKOU- Tov épyov’ Pwpuaiwy yap €cecGar THY BABY, woTeEp kai KOguMov THS nyeuovias auTou mévovrTos . 241 Sulpicius, Chron. ii. 30. Fertur Titus adhibito consilio prius deliberasse, an templum tanti operis euerteret. Etenim nonnullis uidebatur, aedem sacratam ultra omnia mortalia illustrem non oportere deleri, quae seruata modestiae Romanae testimonium, diruta perennem crudelitatis notam praeberet. At contra alii et Titus ipseeuertendum in primis templum censebant, quo plenius Judaeorum et Christianorum religio tolleretur: quippe has religiones, licet contrarias sibi, isdem tamen ab auctoribus profectas; Christianos ex ludaeis extitisse: radice sub- lata stirpem facile perituram. The evidence of Sulpicius is somewhat vitiated by the final allusion to Christianity which can hardly be correct ;“ but the known partiality of Josephus leaves him under the suspicion of having misrepresented the attitude of Titus, in order to clear him of the imputation of cruelty. Weber (Josephus und Ves- pasian 72 f.) with others upholds Sulpicius against Josephus ; Schiirer (Gesch. des jiid. Volkes, ed. 3, i. 631 f.) inclines to the middle view of Valeton that Josephus, without actual mendacity, has by the suppression of important facts created a false impression. * Dr. Eisler suggests that “ Christiani *’ may be a general designation for Jewish ‘‘ Messianist’’ rebels; but here I hesitate to follow him. XXV INTRODUCTION For the earlier pre-war history Josephus has him- self provided us with a certain check upon his state- ments and enabled us to form some estimate of his treatment of his sources by the double narrative which he has left us. The precise relation between the two narratives cannot here be considered. The fuller account in the Antiquities was based partly on the same sources which he had used in the War, partly on new information since obtained. The subject matter has sometimes been re-arranged, notably in the latter part of Herod’s reign, where the War separates the external history from the domestic tragedies, while the Antiquities keep the chronological order. There are, as is natural, inconsistencies between the two accounts; but, generally speaking, it may be said that the author faithfully follows his written authorities. It is otherwise with the passages in which the War overlaps with the Life. Here there are unaccount- able discrepancies, and the autobiographical notices of the historian must be pronounced the least trust- worthy portion of his writings. The numerous in- consistencies, of a minor or a graver character, between the two accounts of his command in Galilee, to which attention is called in the footnotes to B. ii. 569-646, betray either gross carelessness or actual fraud. Laqueur, who holds the Life, or certain portions of it, to be the earlier and more faithful record, suspects the author of deliberate mis- representation of some details in the War in order ¢ The latter alternative, Dr. Eisler informs me, is rendered a certainty through his critical comparison of the third, and again quite distinct, account in the Slavonic Halosis. XXVil INTRODUCTION to ingratiate himself with another patron, King Agrippa. Nothing, unfortunately, has survived of the earliest, Other probably Roman, histories of the war criticized by MeN Josephus in his proem, nor yet of the Jewish history of Justus of Tiberias produced soon after a.p. 100, in which his own work was criticized. We possess, however, from the pen of Tacitus early in the second century a brief sketch of the campaign up to the preparations for the siege of Jerusalem (Hist. v. 1-13) ; the sequel is lost. We have also the lives of Ves- pasian and Titus written at about the same time by Suetonius, and an epitome of this portion (Book lxvi) of the great Roman history of Dion Cassius (early third century) made in the eleventh century by Xiphilinus. The account of Tacitus presents some interesting parallels not only with the War, but also, on the origin of the Jewish nation, with the Contra Amionem of our author. Though the Histories were written at Rome almost within the lifetime of Josephus, the Roman’s antipathy to the Jews makes it improbable that he ever consulted his works. But both writers may be dependent on a common source, such as the Flavian Commentaries. The Greek text here printed is based on that of Greek te: Niese, but is the outcome of a careful and independent *"* ™S* investigation of the ms evidence collected in his great edition. The mss and other ancient authorities for the text, in so far as they have been used by Niese, are quoted in the present work with his abbreviations as follows : 4 * For particulars with regard to the versions I am indebted to Dr. Eisler. Xxvii Sas ere ee SS A CO P Codex Parisinus Graecus 1425, cent. x. or xi. A Codex Ambrosianus (Mediolanensis) D. 50 sup., cent. x. or xi. M Codex Marcianus (Venetus) Gr. 383, cent. xi. or Xii. L Codex Laurentianus, plut. Ixix. 19, cent. xi. or Xil. V Codex Vaticanus Gr. 148, about cent. xi. R Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Gr. 284, cent. xi. or xil. C Codex Urbinas (Vaticanus) Gr. 84, cent. xi. Exc.” Lat. Syr. Excerpts made in the tenth century by order of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. A Latin version known to Cassiodorus in the fifth century and commonly ascribed to Rufinus in the preceding century. Hegesippus, a corruption of Josepus or Josippus: another Latin version, wrongly ascribed to S. Ambrose, written about 370 a.pD. by a converted Jew, Isaac, as a Christian called Hilarius or Gaudentius, the so-called Ambrosiaster, a contemporary of Pope Damasus (see Jos. Wittig in Max Sdralek’s Kurchengesch. Abhandlungen iv ; ed. Keber-Caesar, Marburg, 1864). A new edition by Vine. Ussani for the Vienna Corpus is forthcoming. A Syriac translation of Book vi in Translatio Syra Pescitto Vet. Test. ex cod Ambrosiano sec. fere vi phololith. edita cura et ad- notationibus Antonii Maria Ceriani, Milan, 1876-1883. To these may be added: XXVill ee ee i det ee ee ee ee ee Yos. = Josephus Gorionides or Yosippon, a Hebrew paraphrase, derived from Heg., ed. Breit- haupt, Gotha, 1727. Slav. A critical edition of the Old Russian Version by Vladimir Istrin is nearing completion. The first four books are published in a German version by Konrad Grass (see above, p. xi). Among other mss occasionally quoted by Niese are : N Codex Laurentianus, plut. lxix. 17, about cent, xii. T Codex Philippicus, formerly belonging to the library of the late Sir Thomas Phillips, Cheltenham, about cent. xii. The mss fall into two main groups, PA(ML) and VR(C) ; M, L, and, to a less extent, C are inconstant members, siding now with one group, now with the other. The first group is decidedly superior to the second. ‘The two types of text go much further back than the date of Niese’s oldest Mss, since traces of the “inferior ’’ type appear already in Porphyry (3rd century) ; the diversity of readings must there- fore have begun very early. Indeed some variants appear to preserve corrections gradually incorpor- ated by the author himself in later editions of his work. Mixture of the two types also began early, a few instances of “ conflation’ occurring 2 A striking instance occurs in B. vi. 369, where, beside the neater ré7o0s . . . mds Aimou vexpdv Eixev 7) cTAGEwWs, A MOre prolix and apparently older phrase kai memAnpwro vexpwv i) dua atdacw 7 6a Ayudv atro\wddTwv has been left undeleted. See Laqueur, Der jiid. Historiker Fl. Josephus, p. 239, whose theory is confirmed, | am told, by Dr. Eisler’s analysis of the Old Russian. X Xi ZsN 2 GCN IU’ DIY already in the fourth-century Latin version. P and A, on which Niese mainly relies, appear to have been copied from an exemplar in which the termina- tions of words were abbreviated, and are to that extent untrustworthy. The true text seems to have been not seldom preserved in one of the mss of mixed type, Lin particular. The mixture in that ms is peculiar: throughout Book i and down to about ii. 242 it sides with VRC, from that point onwards more often with the other group or with the Latin version. In the later books L becomes an authority of the first rank and seems often to have preserved alone, or in combination with the Latin version, the original text. The translator must finally express his grateful acknowledgement for the assistance which he has received from the labours of many previous workers, of various nationalities, in the same field: notably Dr. Robert Eisler, of whose forthcoming work on the Slavonic version an English version is expected from Messrs. Methuen, Benedict Niese (on whose edition the Greek text is based), the Rev. Robert Traill, D.D., who fell a victim to his devoted exertions for his parishioners during the Irish famine of 1846-47 (for his excellent translation), the Rev. William Whiston (for his pioneering version, produced nearly two centuries ago, as revised by the Rev. A. R. Shilleto, 1889-90), and last, but not least, Dr. Théodore Reinach and his collaborators (for his French translation and invalu- able notes, Ceuvres completes de Flavius Joséphe, tome v, Guerre des Juifs, livres i-iii, Paris, 1912). Dr. Reinach has graciously permitted me to make use of this work with its admirable commentary, and XXX a my constant indebtedness to this brilliant scholar will be evident to the reader from the references in the footnotes throughout this volume. The works of R. Laqueur and W. Weber must also be mentioned. The Map of Jerusalem is based partly on that contained in the article Jerusalem in the Encyclo- paedia Biblica (vol. ii), partly on one published by the Palestine Exploration Fund. The translator gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Messrs. A. & C. Black and of Dr. E. W. G. Masterman, the Hon. Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, in permitting him to make use of their respective publications. He is further indebted to Dr. Master- man for much helpful advice in the matter, as well as to Mr. C. E. Mott, the Hon. Secretary of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem; but the responsibility for the form in which the map is here presented rests solely with himself. The invaluable Allas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land by Sir George Adam Smith and Dr. J. G. Bartholomew (Hodder & Stoughton, 1915) has been in constant use. ABBREVIATIONS A.= Antiquitates Judaicae. Ap.= Contra Apionem. B.= Bellum Judaicum. Y= Vita. conj.= conjectural emendation. ed, pr.=editio princeps (Basel, 1544). Eus. (H.E. ; P.E.) = Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica ; Praeparatnio Evangelica). ins, = inserted by. om, = omit. XX Xl Conjectural insertions in the Greek text are indicated by angular brackets, <>; doubtful ms read- ings and apparent glosses by square brackets, [ }. The smaller sections introduced by Niese are shown in the left margin of the Greek text. Refer- ences throughout are to these sections. The chapter- division of earlier editions is indicated on both pages (Greek and English). Xxxil THE JEWISH WAR VOL Tl B IXTOPIA IOYAATKOY ITIOAEMOY [POX POMAIOY2 BIBAION A a ¢ , (1) ‘“Emewd) ov “lovdaiwy mpos ‘Pwpatous ‘ = > mOAceuov ovoTavTa péy.aTov ov pdvov tav Kab e ~ ‘ \ ‘ a > ~ , * nas, axedov de Kal dv axon maperAndapev 7 4 ” -~ ” / mOAewv mpos moAes 7 eOvaev EOveor ovppayevTwr, ¢ =~ ae, ~ Ol ev OV TapaTLxoVTEs TOs Tpaypacw, AAA’ ako} / > - A > / > / avAdéyovtes eikaia Kai dovpduwva dSinynuata aodr- ~ , A n~ 2a71K@s avaypadovow, of mapayevouevor be 7 KoAakeia 7H mpos ‘Pwyatovs 7 pice TH mTmpos > ’ 72> ~ , lovdaiovs Katapevdovtar TOV Tpayydtwv, TeEpt- éxet d€ adtois O7ov pev KaTnyopiav Omov b€ eyKu)- ~ P futov Ta cuyypappata, TO 8 axpiBés THs toToptas 3 ovdauod, mpovbdunv éya tois Kata THv ‘Pwyaiwy nyeunoviav, “EAAdd&s yAwoon petaBaddw a Tots »” / -~ / , > , avw PapBdapos tH Tatpiw avvtaéas avéreupa / > , >)" rv , a mpotepov, adnyyncacba, ‘lwanmos Maz@iov zais, , = ‘ / [yéver “Efpaios,}' e&& ‘lepocodvuwv tepevs, adtos ‘ om. P Eus. 2 PIS TOR Y¥* OF THEeyTEWISH WAR AGAINST THE ROMANS BOOK I (1) Tue war of the Jews against the Romans—the prerac greatest not only of the wars of our own time, but, ie so far as accounts have reached us, well nigh of all that ever broke out between cities or nations—has not lacked its historians. Of these, however, some, {nadeq having taken no part in the action, have collected )i 2"? from hearsay casual and contradictory stories which they have then edited in a rhetorical style ; while others, who witnessed the events, have, either from flattery of the Romans or from hatred of the Jews, misrepresented the facts, their writings exhibiting alternatively invective and encomium, but nowhere historical accuracy. In these circumstances, [— Josephus, son of Matthias, a Hebrew by race, a Joseph native of Jerusalem and a priest, who at the opening °°?" of the war myself fought against the Romans and in the sequel was perforce an onlooker—propose to provide the subjects of the Roman Empire with a narrative of the facts, by translating into Greek the account which I previously composed in my ver- 3 JOSEPHUS te “‘Pwpaiouvs todeutjoas Ta TP@TA Kal TOis VoTE- pov Taparuxev e€ dvayKns: 4 (2 ) YEVOHEVOU yap, ws ebny, pLeyloTou Tobe Too KW7LATOS, év ‘Papaiors peev eVOGEL TA oikeia, "Tovdalwy d€ TO vewrepilov Tote TeTapaypevots emavéatn Tois Kaipois axudlov KaTd TE yeipa Kal xpjuacw, ws &° drepBoAnv GopiBuv rots pev ev eAmidt KTIGEwWSs Tois 5 ev adaipécews Séer yive- 5 ofa 7a mpos tiv avatoAny, éed7) *lovdaior pev amav TO vi7rep Evdparyy ouodvAov ouvevapOyaea- far odicw 7Amoay, ‘Papatous 5° ot Te yetoves Tadatat mapexivovv Kat to KeAtixov otK 7pé- pet, weoTa © Hv mavTa YopvBwv pera Népwva, Kat moAAovs pev Pactrerdv 6 Katpos avérelev, Ta oTpatwwtika d€ jpa petaBodAns éAmide Anuparwr: 6 atomov nynoduevos' epudeiv mAalopevny emt THAKoUTOLs Tpaypact THY GA7fecav, Kai [lapfovs pev Kat BaBvAwvious ’Apafwyv Te Tous TOoppwratw Kal TO UTEP Eddparny opodvAov jyiv *AdcaBynvovs Te yra@var ba TIS. ens. empeAcias axpiBas, oflev Te np€aTo Kat du dowry exwpnoev mabay 6 7oAEjmos Kal Omws Katéotpepev, ayvoetv 5é “EXAnvas taira t “Pwyatwv tovs 7) émvaTpatevaapevous, evTvy- xavovtas 7) KoAaKetats 7) 7Adopact. 1 Some mss. have aromov ofv 7yncdunv. But chaps. (1) and (2) apparently form a single sentence, §§ 4 and 5 being a parenthesis. *¢ Aramaic or Hebrew. , » The “ up-country barbarians *’ intended are more pre- cisely specified in § 6. © As Reinach points out, this is exaggerated. At the out- break of war the Roman Empire was free from disorder. 4 i.e. the Germans. The references are respectively to 4 JEWISH WAR, I. 3-6 nacular tongue % and sent to the barbarians in the interior.? (2) I spoke of this upheaval as one of the greatest magnitude. The Romans had their own internal disorders. The Jewish revolutionary party, whose numbers and fortunes were at their zenith, seized the occasion of the turbulence of these times for insurrection.° As a result of these vast disturbances the whole of the Eastern Empire was in the balance ; the insurgents were fired with hopes of its acquisi- tion, their opponents feared its loss. For the Jews hoped that all their fellow-countrymen beyond the Euphrates would join with them in revolt; while the Romans, on their side, were occupied with their neighbours the Gauls, and the Celts 4 were in motion. Nero’s death, moreover, brought universal confusion ; many were induced by this opportunity to aspire to the sovereignty, and a change which might make their fortune was after the heart of the soldiery. I thought it monstrous, therefore, to allow the truth in affairs of such moment to go astray, and that, while Parthians and Babylonians and the most re- mote tribes of Arabia with our countrymen beyond the Euphrates and the inhabitants of Adiabene ¢ were, through my assiduity, accurately acquainted with the origin of the war, the various phases of calamity through which it passed and its conclusion, the Greeks and such Romans as were not engaged in the contest should remain in ignorance of these matters, with flattering or fictitious narratives as their only guide. the revolt of Gaul under Vindex (a.p. 68) and to that of the Batavi under Civilis (69). ¢ In the upper Tigris region. Critical conditio affairs ir East an¢ est. June a.t JOSEPHUS / ‘ > ‘ b] 4, 7 (3) Katrou ye toropias attas émvypadew todA- u@ow, ev ais mpos TH pundev vyres SnAodv Kat TOD ~ ~ 7 oKxo7o0bd SoKxotaw enovye Stapapravew. BovdAovrar , / prev yap peyddAous tods “Pwyatovs azoderkvuew, / A ee | A > / A ~ KataBdAAovow d€ aet Ta “lovdaiwy Kal Tamewov- ~ ~ > 7 -~ € 8 ow: ovy Op@ bé, THs av eivar peydAo. Soxotev at = ] ~ [LuKpOUS VEVLKNKOTES* Kal OUTE TO pAKOS aloodYTaL =~ > ~ 7 ¢ / rd Tov 7oA€uov ovte TO TAGs THs “Pwpwatwv Kapov- ~ ~ 7 a ans oTpatids ovTe TO péyelos THY oTpaTHy@v, ot -~ e / > moAAa mepi Tois ‘lepocodvpos (Spucavres, ola, ~ ~ > TaTewoupevov Tod Katophdapatos avrois ado- €ovow. ~ c / g (4) O8 pny eye tots ezalipovar ta ‘Pwpatwv > ~ »” A ~ ¢€ , / avtipiAoverk@v avfew Ta TaV OpodvAwy diéyvwr, iAAG \ \ ” Pa , > ; 5 aAAa 7a pwev Epya pet axpiPelas audotepwv d.- / \ > ~ , > é€eyut, Tovs 8 emt Tots mpdypac. Aoyous ava- wtf a | } Ad \ A > ~ 4) § § \ TUUnt TH’ Ovablé€cer, Kal Tots ewavTod 7abeat did0vs > / ~ ~ / al 4 10 €xoAogUpeabar tTais THs maTpidos acvpdopais. srt \ >? \ / ~ e yap avTnv ordaots oikeia Kabetdev, Kai tas “Pw- / ~ > ~ jlalwy yelpas aKovoas Kal TO Tp emi Tov [ayov }* ‘ a ‘ vaov etAkvoay ot ‘lovdatwy tUpavvor, waptus avdTos e rd 7 Co ~ / 0 mop@ncas Katoap Tiros, &v mavti T@ mroAcum A A - \ ~ ~ Tov ev Ojjuov eAejoas b70 THY GTac.acTav Ppov- / / \ ¢e \ \ a ~ povpevov, moAAaKis b€ eExwv Thy dAwow Tis / ~ mO0Aews trepTilewevos Kai did0ds 7TH moAopKia / > ~ ll Xpovov eis preravovav TMV aitiwv. et b€ Tis doa ‘ \ / bal A ~ m™pos Tovs Tupavvous 7 TO AnoTpLKOV atbT@v KaTn- = / “ A ~ / yopikas A€yoyrev 7 Tots SvoTUYTHacL THS TaTpLdos > , ~ emiaTevovTes auKodavToin, diddTwW Tapa TOV TAS 1 Holwerda inserts . 2 om. PM*, JEWISH WAR, I. 7-11 (3) Though the writers in question presume to give their works the title of histories, yet throughout them, apart from the utter lack of sound information, they seem, in my opinion, to miss their own mark. They desire to represent the Romans as a great nation, and yet they continually depreciate and dis- parage the actions of the Jews. But I fail to see how the conquerors of a puny people deserve to be accounted great. Again, these writers have respect neither for the long duration of the war, nor for the vast numbers of the Roman army that it engaged, nor for the prestige of the generals, who, after such herculean labours under the walls of Jerusalem, are, I suppose, of no repute in these writers’ eyes, if their achievement is to be underestimated. (4) I have no intention of rivalling those who extol the Roman power by exaggerating the deeds of my compatriots. I shall faithfully recount the actions of both combatants; but in my reflections on the events I cannot conceal my private sentiments, nor refuse to give my personal sympathies scope to bewail my country’s misfortunes. For, that it owed its ruin to civil strife, and that it was the Jewish tyrants who drew down upon the holy temple the unwilling hands of the Romans and the conflagration, is attested by Titus Caesar himself, who sacked the city; throughout the war he commiserated the populace who were at the mercy of the revolu- tionaries, and often of his own accord deferred the capture of the city and by protracting the siege gave the culprits time for repentance. Should, however, any critic censure me for my strictures upon the tyrants or their bands of marauders or for my lamentations over my country’s misfortunes, I ask 7 Erroneon disparage ment of Jews by previous historians The autno personal feelings. 12 13 14 15 JOSEPHUS (atoplas vopov ovyyvwpnv TO aber: woAw [pev}' yap 61 T&v b7o ‘Pwpyatois mac@v thy jweTEepav eT mActorov Te evdatmovias ouveBy mpoeBeiv Kal ™pos éaxaTov ouppopav avbis KaTamecet. 7a your TavTwv am’ aid@vos aruxnara m™pos Ta *lovdatwy yrtHoG8ar S0KG Kata avy KpLoW, Kal TOUT WY aizLos ovdeis adrAdguros, wore ay.nxavov Wy odupp.av emuKparety. et b€ Tis OLKTOV oKAn- poTeEpos €ln OiKaaTIs, TA ev TPAypaTa TH LoTopLa mpookpwetTw, Tas & odAodupcets TH ypadovtt. (5) Katto ye émitysjoa’” av atdros diKaiws Tots “EAAjvev Aoytors, ot Ti AcKoUTaW KaT avTous TpaypearT ww YEVEVT LEVEY, a KaTa ovyKplow éAa- xloTous amodetKvuaL tous mdAat 7oA€uous, ToUrw jeev Kanyrat xpural tots drAotysoupevois emnpea- Covtes, wv et Kal TO doy 7AcovexTovat, Act- TOVTAL TH Tpoatpece: avrot de ta ‘Acovpiwv Kal M7jdwv ovyypapovow woTep ATTov KadAd@s b7r0 TOV apxataw ovyypapewy amnyyeAueva. Kairou TOGOUTW Tis exetvov HTT @vrat Suvdjews €v TO ypadew, cow Kal THS yvopuns: 7a yap Ka?’ atrovs ea7ovdalov EKAOTOL ypadew, O7ov Kal TO Tapa- Tuxetv Tots Tpaypaow e7rotet TH amayyeAtav ev apyn Kal 70 pevoeabar Tap «looaw aloxypov Hv. TO Ye pene pene) Ta (pn )” mpoiaropy evra SSovar Kal Ta TOV lOlwy Xpovesy Tots pe@? €avtov our- LoTavEeW em7alvou Kai wapTuplas a€.ov: diAdrovos de ovx O wETaTOLM@V olKOVvouiay Kal ta€w addoTpiav, ' PAM: om. the rest: Destinon conj. uiav (after Lat. solam). 2 Arr Lat.: om. the rest. ~@ Literally cf. B. y. 20. 8 at which is contrary to the law of history ™; JEWISH WAR, I. 11-15 his indulgence for a compassion which falls outside an historian’s province.? For of all the cities under Roman rule it was the lot of ours to attain to the highest felicity and to fall to the lowest depths of calamity. Indeed, in my opinion, the misfortunes of all nations since the world began fall short of those of the Jews ; and, since the blame lay with no foreign nation, it was impossible to restrain one’s grief. Should, however, any critic be too austere for pity, let him credit the history with the facts, the historian with the lamentations. (5) Yet I, on my side, might justly censure those erudite Greeks who, living in times of such stirring actions as by comparison reduce to insignificance the wars of antiquity, yet sit in judgement on these current events and revile those who make them their special study—authors whose principles they lack, even if they have the advantage of them in literary skill. For their own themes they take the Assyrian and Median empires, as if the narratives of the ancient historians were not fine enough. Yet, the truth is, these modern writers are their inferiors no less in literary power than in judgement. The ancient historians set themselves severally to write the history of their own times, a task in which their connexion with the events added lucidity to their record ; while mendacity brought an author into disgrace with readers who knew the facts. In fact, the work of committing to writing events which have not previously been recorded and of commending to posterity the history of one’s own time is one which merits praise and acknowledgement. The indus- trious writer is not one who merely remodels the scheme and arrangement of another’s work, but one VOL. II B2 9 The historian ¢ contem por ary events is Superior to the compiler 0 ancient history. JOSEPHUS add’ 6 peta Tod Kawa A€yew Kal TO Gua TIS 16 ictoptas KaTacKevalwy idiov. Kayw pev ava- Adpace Kat Tovols peylorots adrdgduros av “EA- Anat Te Kal ‘Papators THY pevrjeny TOV Kkaropbu- pLaTwv avartOnpue- Tots d€ yvnoto.s mpos pe Ta Ajppata Kai tas Sixkas Kéxnvev evléws To oTopa Kat 7) yAdooa A€AuTaL, 7pos de THY toToptay, evda xP?) TaAnOy A€yew Kai peta moAAOG movov Ta TpaypaTa ouAéyew, TePlpuvTae TApEVvTeEs Tots acbevearépors Kal pnoe yurwoKovat Tas. mpateus TOV TYE Hovey ypagey. Tysdobu 53) Tap juty TO TIS toToptas adnoeés, é evel Tap. ‘EM iow TpeAnTac. 17. (6) ‘Apxatodoyeiv pev 57) Ta “lovdaiwv, TWES TE ovres Kal OmWS amavéoTnoav Alyurtiov, xopav Te Oonv em Adov aduspevor Kal 7000 éfs KaT- éAaBov Kal omrws peTaveoTjaar, vov TE aKarpov wynv evar Kai aAAws mepittov, emeLdnTmEp Kal *lovdaiwy moAAot apo ésuob Ta TV Tpoyovwv ouveTd&arro per” axpipelas Kal TLWES “EAArvew exeiva TH TaTpiw dwr7 pevaBaddvres ov 70rd 18 THs adntetas Sunpaprov. o7ov & ot te TovTWwY ovyypadgeis ETAUGAVTO Kal ol TET EOL mpopynrar, THY apy7yv exeiGev Toujoopat 7H) cuvTatews. ToUTwy O€ Ta peev Tob Kat €“auTOV mroA€ov ot- An allusion to the works of Demetrius, Philo the elder, Fupolemus, etc.; cf. Ap. i. 218, where Josephus speaks in the same terms. Subsequently he thought that these 10 JEWISH WAR, I. 15-19 who uses fresh materials and makes the framework of the history his own. For myself, at a vast ex- penditure of money and pains, I, a foreigner, present to Greeks and Romans this memorial of great achieve- ments. As for the native Greeks, where personal profit or a lawsuit is concerned, their mouths are at once agape and their tongues loosed; but in the matter of history, where veracity and laborious collection of the facts are essential, they are mute, leaving to inferior and ill-informed writers the task of describing the exploits of their rulers. Let us at least hold historical truth in honour, since by the Greeks it is disregarded. (6) To narrate the ancient history of the Jews, the origin of the nation and the circumstances of their migration from Egypt, the countries which they traversed in their wanderings, the extent of the territory which they subsequently ¢ occupied, and the incidents which led to their deportation, would, | considered, be not only here out of place, but super- fluous; seeing that many Jews before me have accurately recorded the history of our ancestors, and that these records have been translated by certain Greeks into their native tongue without serious error.2 | shall therefore begin my work at the point where the historians of these events and our prophets conclude. Of the subsequent history, I shall describe the incidents of the war through which I lived with all the detail and elaboration at my command ; for the events preceding my lifetime I shall be content with a brief summary. (7) I shall relate how Antiochus, surnamed earlier works still left room for a new “archaeology ”’ (4. i. proem). 1] Limits o: present work : eé Jewish history neglectec 20 21 22 JOSEPHUS Kata «patos ‘lepoodAvpa Kat Katacywv €rect Tpiot Kal pnotv cE bo TOV “Acapwvatov matdov exBa Mera Tis xwpas: ee#” ws of tovTwv ey- yovot Tept 77s Baovretas d.aoTacidoartes eth- Kuaay ets 7a mpaypata “Papatovs Kai I[lop- m7jLov" Kal Ws “Hpwdns 6 "Avrumdzpov xatéhuce THY duvacretay alt ay evayaywv Locavov, omws te 0 dads peta THY “Hpwddov rerevTHV KaTeoTa- ciacev Avyovotov pev “Pwyaiwy myepovevovtos, Kuw7tAiov d6€ Otapov Kata tTHv ywpay ovTos, Kal ws evel dwoekarw THs Népwyvos apxy7js o moAcmos aveppayn, Ta TE ovpBdvra KaTa. Keéorvov Kal oca Kata’ Tas mpwras opuas em7ABov ot *lovdaior Tots o7Aots* (8) Omws TE Tas TEploikous ETELyioaYTO, Kal ws Népwy ézt trois Keotiov araiopact deioas mept Tov OAwy Ovdeczaciavoy ediotnor T@ Todeuw, Kal ws ovTOs peta TOD TmpeaBuTépov TaV Taldwv ets 77v “lovdaiwy yodpav évéBadrev, Gon Te xpw- pevos “Pwyaiwy orpatiad Kal Toco ovppaxots etoématcevt eis OAnv tiv TaXdtAaiav, Kat ws TOV moAewv abtis as pev oAcoxep@s Kal KaTa KpaTos as d€ du’ dpodroyias eAaBev- evba 87) Kal Ta TrEpt THs “Pwpyaiwy ev mod€uors edra€las Kai THY aoKn- aw Tav TaypaTrwr, THs Te TadAaias exatéepas Ta SiaoTHpaTa Kal THY gvow Kal Tous THs *lov- daias Opous, €7t Te Tis xwpas THY iduoTyTA, Atuvas TE Kal myas Tas ev avTH, Kat 7a mept exdoTyy 7oAW Tov aAtoKopevwv maby eta aKpt- 1 rapa LVNC. 2 6cas cuuudyos elcéraicev Con}. (after Niese and Naber): boo giuuaxo éxdmnoay MSS. 12 JEWISH WAR, I. 19-22 Epiphanes, took Jerusalem by storm and, after hold- ing it for three years and six months, was expelled from the country by the Hasmonaeans #7; next how their descendants, in their quarrel for the throne, dragged the Romans and Pompey upon the scene ; how Herod, son of Antipater, with the aid of Sossius, overthrew the Hasmonaean dynasty ; of the revolt of the people, after Herod’s death, when Augustus was Roman Emperor and Quintilius Varus provincial governor ; of the outbreak of war in the twelfth year of Nero’s principate, the fate which befell Cestius and the success which attended the Jewish arms in overrunning the country in the opening engagements. (8) Then I shall proceed to tell how they fortified the neighbouring towns ; how Nero, apprehensive for the Empire in consequence of the reverses of Cestius, entrusted the conduct of the war to Vespasian ; of his invasion of Jewish territory, accompanied by his elder son; of the strength of the forces, Roman and auxiliary, with which he penetrated into Galilee, and of the towns of that province which he captured either by main force or by negotiation. In this connexion I shall describe the admirable discipline of the Romans on active service and the training of the legions; the extent and nature of the two Galilees,? the limits of Judaea, the special features of the country, its lakes and springs. I shall give a precise description of the sufferings of the prisoners taken in the several towns, from my own observation @ Gr. “ the sons of Asamonaeus.”’ > Upper and Lower. 13 Summar whole wi Book i. Book ii. Book iii. iii. 70 ff. ili. 35 ff. cf. iii. 50! 23 JOSEPHUS / ¢ n“ M” Qo 7 > A 4 = Betas, ws eldov 7 ezabov, Steyut. otd5éE yap Tov e“uavTod TL ovpdopav amoxptyoua, péAAwy ye mpos €looTas eEpetv. (9) “Eze? as bn Kayvevtwy “lovdators trav / , \ cur ,’ ‘ A mpaypatwv OvicKe. pev Népwv, Oteomaciavos dé ext ‘IepocoAvuwv wpynévos b70 THS WyEepovias avOéAKeTau: Ta TE yevoueva mept TavTns atT@ 24 onueia Kai tas emt “Pons petaBodds, Kai ws 26 avTos t70 TOV oTpaTwTav akwy avtoKpaTwp a7obetKvUTaL, Kal AToxwpycavTos emt SioiKjoer Tov OAwy eis thy Atyumtov é€otac.acbn Ta TeV *Tovdaiwy, O7ws Te emaveorncay abtois of TUpay- vol, Kal Tas TovTwY mpos aAArAovs Siadopas: (10) Kai ws dpas amo tHs Atytarov Tiros deUTEepov els THY xwpav evéBarev, OWS TE TAS duvapets Kal O7o0v ouVviyaye Kal Omdcas, Kal Omws €K THS oTdcews 7H TOAs Sié€KELTO TapoVTos attod, mpooBPoAds Te Goas emoijoaTo Kal omdca xupata, mepiBorous Te THY TpL@V TELyY@v Kal TA petpa ToUTwY, THY TE THS TOAEWS OXUpOTHTA Kal Tob tepob Kal TOU vaov THY didfecw, ert SE Kat ToUTwv Kal Tod Bwpod Ta péTpa TavTa pet axpiBeltas, €On Te é€opT@v evia Kat Tas énTa ayvelas Kal tas T@v lepewv Aevtoupyias, €Tt d€ tas éobtas Tay iepéwv Kat Tod apxiepews, Kat olov mv Tob vaod To aytov, ovdev ovTE ? a Lit. “the seven purifications,” referring doubtless, as 14 JEWISH WAR, I. 22-26 or personal share in them. For I shall conceal nothing even of my own misfortunes, as I shall be addressing persons who are well aware of them. (9) I shall next relate how, at the moment when the Jewish fortunes were on the decline, Nero’s death occurred, and how Vespasian’s advance upon Jeru- salem was diverted by the call to imperial dignity ; the portents of his elevation which he received, and the revolutions which took place in Rome; _ his proclamation by his soldiers as Emperor against his will ; the civil war which, on his departure for Egypt to restore order to the realm, broke out among the Jews, the rise of the tyrants to power and their mutual feuds. (10) My narrative will proceed to tell of the second invasion of our country by Titus, starting from Egypt ; how and where he mustered his forces, and their strength; the condition to which civil war had reduced the city on his arrival; his various assaults and the series of earthworks which he constructed ; further, the triple line of our walls and their dimen- sions ; the defences of the city and the plan of the temple and sanctuary, the measurements of these buildings and of the altar being all precisely stated ; certain festival customs, the seven degrees of purity,” the ministerial functions of the priests, their vest- ments and those of the high priest, with a description of the Holy of Holies.2 Nothing shall be concealed, Reinach suggests, to the zones or rings into which the Holy City was divided, and accessible to persons of various degrees of ceremonial] purity. A list of these, omitting the innermost ring (the Holy of Holies), is given in the Mishna, Kelim, i. 8 (quoted in Schiirer, G/V%, ii. 273); Josephus gives an incomplete enumeration in B. v. 227, cf. Ap. ii. 102 ff. » “ The holy [place] of the sanctuary.” 1a) Book iv 491. iv. 601. iv. 656. Book v Chey iver: lv. 658. Ve 4a Views v. 136. v. 184. v. 231. 28 29 30 31 JOSEPHUS A 7 amokpuTTopevos ovTe mpoaTieis Tots mepwpa- jLevots. oA / / ~ / ‘ (11) “Evecta b:€€eyur tHv Te THY TUpavyvwv Tpos Tovs ouodtvAovs wyoTnTa Kat THY ‘“Pwpaiwy A ‘ \ > / \ e / / dheday pos tovs aAdodvdAovs, Kat oaaKis Tiros ~ > ~ ee! cou thy 7TOAw Kai Tov vaov emBupav emt devas Tous otao.alovTas mpovxadeaaro. drape de 7a man Tob Sipov Kal Tas ouppopas, 60a. Te b7r0 Too mroA€pou Kal 00a UO THS OTdcEws Kal dca b70 Tod Ayod Kaxwhevtes EdAwoayv. Tapa- / \ > A ‘4 ~ ’ 4 > / > A Aeiibw 5€ otd€ tas TOV adbtopodAwy atvxias ovde ~ o Tas Tav alxpaddtwv Kodacets, omws TE 6 vaos GKOVTOS ever p7}o07] Katoapos Kal oca T@V lep@v KeyinAiwy eK TOU mupos mpmayn, Thy Te Tis odys moAews dAwow Kal Ta TpoO TavTHS ONpEia Kal Tépata, Kal THY aixyadwolav THY TUpavyvwr, TOV > / \ ~ \ > a <4 Te avopatodiobevtwy to 7ARGos Kat els HV EKa- oto. TUynv SieveunOyncav: Kat ws “Pwyator pev ,’ ~ \ / ~ / ‘ ‘ > 4 eveEnAPov ta Xetfpava tod Tod€uov Kai Ta Epv- pata T@v ywpiwy Kabetdov, Tiros 6¢ madoav éx- eMbav thy xwpav KateaTHoaTO, THY TE ro- \ , ~ \ > > / \ ‘ / atpopiy avToo TH ets lraAlav Kal Tov OpiapBov. (1 2) Tatra mavra meptdaBaw ev ém7a BrBAtous Kal pendeptav Tots €mLoTapLEeVvoLs TA mpayyara Kal Tapatuxovar T@ TroA€ wey) KaTaAumov 7 pepyews adoppnv 7) KaTnyoplas, Tois ye THY dA7Bevav ayaTaaw, adda 7) mos nOov7y" aveypaipa. _ TOUT copa de TAUT HY THS efnynoews apxjv, nv Kat Tov Kehadaiwy émommoapny. (i. 1) Xtdcews tots duvatois “lovdatwv epuze- 1 +dagopacw M. 16 JEWISH WAR, I. 26-31 nothing added to facts which have been brought to light.¢ (11) I shall then describe the tyrants’ brutal treat- ment of their fellow-countrymen and the clemency of the Romans towards an alien race, and how often Titus, in his anxiety to save the city and the temple, invited the rival parties to come to terms with him. I shall distinguish between the sufferings and calamities of the people, culminating in their defeat, as attributable respectively to the war, the sedition, and the famine. Nor shall I omit to record either the misfortunes of the deserters or the punishments inflicted on the prisoners ; the burning of the Temple, contrary to Caesar’s wishes, and the number of the sacred treasures rescued from the flames ; the taking of the whole city and the signs and portents that preceded it ; the capture of the tyrants, the number of the prisoners and the destiny allotted to each ; nor yet how the Romans crushed the last remnants of the war and demolished the local fortresses ; how Titus paraded the whole country and restored order 5 and lastly his return to Italy and triumph. (12) All these topics I have comprised in seven books. While I have left no pretext for censure or accusation to persons who are cognisant of the facts and took part in the war, my work is written for lovers of the truth and not to gratify my readers. I will now open my narrative with the events named at the beginning of the foregoing summary. (i. 1) At the time® when Antiochus, surnamed a Cf. Ap. ii. 80, 107, for the * discoveries *’ of Antiochus Epiphanes in the Holy of Holies and the “ unspeakable mysteries ’’ supposed to take place there. ie Tl BC. 17 Book vi. vi. 288. vi. 414. Book vii. JOSEPHUS A > covons Kal? 6v Katpov *Avtioxos 6 KAnfeis ’Em- ‘ oa / A parts Ovedeper O Ht oAns Luptas mpos ITroAe- patov Tov EKTOV (7) prrozysia &° jv avrois Tept duvacretas, éxdoTov TOV ev atiopare p71) Pépov- TOS Tois Opolois bmoTeTaxOar), "Ovias pev ets TOV > / > / 7 ~ / ‘ apxylepewy emukpatinoas e€€Bade THs moAEws Tovs , ec / e A / A > / 32 TwBia viovs. ot dé Kataduyovtes pos “Avtioxov - > ixérevoay avtois Wyeu“oor xpwpevov eis THV *lov- / > ~ / 8 e A e datav eu.Padeiv. metBerau 6 Baotreds wppn- pévos maha, KGL [LeTa aaa Suvdpews avTos opujncas THY Te 70Aw aipet KaTa Kpatos Kal moAw mAnfos trav IIrodcpaiw mpocexovTwy avaipet, Tais Te aptayais avédnv emadieis TOvS oTpaTW- Tas avTos Kal Tov vaov eovAnoe Kal Tov évdede- Xiopov Tov Kal” nuépav evayrop@v emavoev én” 33 €rn Tpia Kai pHvas €€. 6 8 apytepeds *Ovias mpos HroAepatov d:advyav Kat map’ attod Aa- Pov tomov ev t& “HAtovwoXity vom moAtyvyy te tots ‘lepocoAvpos arerkacpevny Kal vaov exTicev Opmotov? Tept wv ablis Kata xwpav SynAddcoper. > / a} »” A > > / 34 (2) “Avriwoyw ye pny ovte TO map éeAmida Kpa- ~ = ‘ ~ THOAL TS ToAcws oul! at aprayat Kal O Tooobros dovos TpKEoev, b70 be axpaclas 7a8@v Kat xara, penny ov Tapa’ tH ToAvopKtav evabev nvay- kalev “lovéaious, katadvcavtas Ta matpia, Bpédn te avtT@v dvdAdtrew anepitpnta Kat ads émibvew 357@ Pwya@ mpos a mavTes pev nreiGouv, éeadar- TovTo b€ ot doxywtatoa. Kat Baxyidns 6 mep- 1 zapa Naber, Niese: zrepi mss. 2 “The regular course,” literally “‘ continuity,” i.¢. the Tamid or continucus (standing) burnt offering. ‘‘ Sacrifices”’ 18 JEWISH WAR, I. 31-35 Epiphanes, was disputing with Ptolemy VI. the Antiochu suzerainty of Syria, dissension arose among the ey Jewish nobles. There were rival claims to supreme se erusaler power, as no individual of rank could tolerate sub- ana inter jection to his peers. Onias, one of the chief priests, ee gaining the upper hand, expelled the sons of Tobias worship. from the city. The latter took refuge with Antiochus and besought him to use their services as guides for an invasion of Judaea. The king, having long c. 170 8.c cherished this design, consented, and setting out at the head of a huge army took the city by assault, slew a large number of Ptolemy's followers, gave his soldiers unrestricted licence to pillage, and himself plundered the temple and interrupted, for a period of three years and six months, the regular course of the daily sacrifices.* The high priest Onias made his escape to Ptolemy and, obtaining from him a site in the nome of Heliopolis, built a small town on the model of Jerusalem and a temple resembling ours. We shall revert to these matters in due course.? (2) Not content with his unlooked for success in Religious capturing the city and with the plunder and whole- persecuti sale carnage, Antiochus, carried away by his un- governable passions and with the rankling memory of what he had suffered in the siege, put pressure upon the Jews to violate the code of their country by leav- ing their infants uncircumcised and sacrificing swine upon the altar. These orders were disobeyed by all, and the most eminent defaulters were massacred. Bacchides,® who was sent by Antiochus to command the Greek word is that elsewhere used for the Lat. parentatio or offering to the manes of the dead. CPs Vila 521 i. ¢ The mention of Bacchides is, as Reinach notes, an anachronism ; he did not appear on the scene till some years later, A. xii. 393, 1 Macc. vii. 8. 19 JOSEPHUS hbeis bx’ "Avrioxov dpovpapxos, TH Pvarky Tpoo- AaBorw WpoTnT. Ta aoePH TapayyeApata Tapa voutas ovdenlav KatéAimev trepBodAjv, Kal Kat avdpa tovs a€toAdyous aikilopevos Kal Kown Kal’ Tysepav evderkviprevos oysw addoews TH TrOAEL, pex pe Tais bzrepBodats TOV GdiKnLdTwY TOUS T74- ayovras eis apvv7s ToAuav npébiace. 36 0 ((3 Maras yoov vios ’>Acajwvaiov TOV lepéwy eis avo Kwpns Mwdeciv dvoja, auvacmioas peta XElpos OlKElas, TEVTE yap vets joa ave, Komlow dvaipet TOV Baxxtdnv. Kal Tapaxpyia piev Seioas To mAnbos tev dpoupayv eis Ta Opn Katadevyet, 37 TMpooyevoevey d€ amo TOD Sypov TOAA@Y avabap- onoas KGTELOL Kal oupBadev baxn VUKG TE TOUS *Avtidyou oTparnyous KaL Tis ‘lovdaias efedadver. mapeAbo | d€ amo THs Apelles according to A. xii. 270; the officer is unnamed in 1 Mace. ii. 25. 20 JEWISH WAR, I. 35-39 the garrison, with these impious injunctions to back his innate brutality, was guilty of every excess of iniquity, torturing distinguished individuals one after another, and daily parading before the eyes of all the appearance of a captured city, until by the extravagance of his crimes he provoked his victims to venture on reprisals. (3) These began with Matthias,? son of Asa- Rising of monaeus, a priest of a village called Modein, who ene a forming an armed band of himself and his family of five sons, slew Bacchides 8 with choppers. Fear of the large garrison drove him to seek refuge at the moment in the hills ; but, on being Joined by many of the common people, he summoned courage to descend, fought and defeated the generals of Antiochus, and drove them out of Judaea. This success brought him supreme power ; his expulsion of the foreigners led his countrymen willingly to submit to his rulership, which, on his death, he be- «. 167 8.c queathed to Judas, the eldest ° of his sons. (4) Judas, assuming that Antiochus would not re- Exploits main inactive, besides recruiting a native force, and ce made an alliance—he was the first to do so—with Macca: the Romans ;¢ and when Epiphanes¢ again invaded —— the country struck hard and forced him to retire. Flushed with this success, he attacked the garrison, not yet ousted from the capital, expelled the troops from the upper city and confined them to the lower portion of the town, known as Acra, Being now 165 8.c. ¢ According to 1 Mace. ii. 4, Judas was the third of the five sons. 4 Another anachronism: the treaty with Rome, if the narrative of 1 Maccabees (viii.) is to be trusted, fell under Demetrius (162-150 s.c.). ¢ Or rather his generals Lysias and Gorgias (1 Macc.). 21 40 41 43 +1 JOSEPHUS »” / 4 A ~ e ~ / Axpa xékAntat: Kupievoas d€ Tod ltepod Tov Te ~ / x@pov exdbynpe mavTa Kal TepleTeiyice, Kal TA 7 \ mpos tas Aetroupyias oxevn KaWa KaTaoKeUdoas ~ / els TOV VaOV EloTVEyKEV WS TOV TPOTEPwWY [ELLAp- a \ =~ pevwv, Pwuov TE WKodounoEV ETEpOY Kal TAY > ~ ” / de ” A e A evaytopa@v npfato. AauBavovans de apt TO tepov ~ ~ > KaTdoTnua THs moAews TeAcvTa pev “Avtioxos, ~ / ~ \ al KAnpovopos dS€ THs BaotAecas avTovU Kat THS Tpos > 4, > /, e e\ ff. / / lovdaious amexbetas 0 vios “Avrioxos yiverat. (5) Xvvayaywv yobv welav pev’ wupiadas zreévte, ¢ ~ > ee / > ‘ \ > / immets 8 €is* mevtaxioxtAlous, eAédavtas dé bydo7- , , ‘ -~ > / > \ > / Kovra eupadder d1a THs ‘lovdaias eis THY opewnp. Bnfcovpov ev obv moAixyvnv atpet, Kata dé Tomo Os KaAcirar BeOlayapia, orevijs ovons THs Tapodov, *lovéas bmavTa petra THs Suvapews. mpw Sé ouv- > / > A ~ aba tas daddayyas *“EXealapos 6 adeAdos adrod mpoidwy tov vinActarov Tav eAchavTwv TUpyw Te peydAw Kal Tepiypvaots mpoTEeLtxiopacl KEKO- , c ‘ ee) > es a , > opnuevov, t7oAaBwv em avtod Toy “Avtioyov eivat = x07 > , \ \ , ‘ Tov Te ldlwy extpéxer odd Kat diakoypas To -~ ~ ’ > \ \ i] ae: / atidos THv ToAcwiwv emi tov eAedavta Sijvucev. edixéabar ev otv tod doKxodvTos civat BactAéws > er > ‘ 1, ¢ c \ \ , ecuns oby olds Te HV bia TO visos, Oo de TO Onpiov bro THv yaotépa mAnéas éemikaTéceicev EavT@ Kal GuV- Tpipeis éeveAcUTnoev, undev mAgov Spacas Tov pe- ~ > , Ad > r , > 5 aah ai ‘ yadous emiParéobar, Geevos evxAcias ev devTEpw TO Civ. 6 ye pay KvBepyav tov eAedavta iduoTys Hv: n > / 1, os \ > , 221 , Kav et ouveby dé eivas tov ’Avtioyov, ovdev mA€ov 1 Text emended by Destinon. 2 om. eis AM. 22 JEWISH WAR, I. 39-44 master of the temple, he cleansed the whole area and walled it round, replaced the old and polluted vessels for the services by others which he caused to be made and brought into the sanctuary, built another altar and reinstalled the expiatory sacrifices.2 The city was just recovering its hallowed character when Anti- ochus died, leaving his son Antiochus heir, alike to his kingdom, and to his detestation of the Jews. (5) The latter, accordingly, having collected 50,000 infantry, some 5000 horse and 80 elephants, pushed through Judaea into the hill country.2 After cap- turing the small town of Bethsuron,’ he was met at a spot called Bethzacharia, where there is a narrow defile, by Judas at the head of his forces. Before the opposing armies came into action, Eleazar, brother of Judas, observing the tallest of the ele- phants, surmounted by a huge howdah® and an array of gilded battlements, and concluding that it bore Antiochus, rushed out far beyond his own lines and, cutting through the enemy’s ranks, made his way to the elephant. Being unable to reach the supposed monarch because of his height from the ground, he struck the beast below the belly, brought its whole weight down upon himself, and was crushed to death; having achieved nothing more than to attempt great things, holding life cheaper than re- nown. The elephant-rider was, in fact, a commoner ; yet, even had he happened to be Antiochus, his * See.note on § 32. : » There is an independent account of this battle of the elephants in 1 Mace. vi. 28 ff., of which Josephus made use in his later work (A. xii.). ° According to | Macc. vi. 50 (A. xii. 376) Bethsuron was not taken until after the battle. @ Greek “‘ tower.” P59 164 B.c. JOSEPHUS rv, ” c , ~ ~ 2 ae , / /, jvucev av 6 ToAUAGas TOD doKeiv em’ eAmridt wovn Aaprpod Katopbapatos €Aé€cbar tov Bavarov. / \ A A 39 ~ ~ a 5 ywerar d€ Kal chp dav TADEASG TIS oAqs Tapa Tafews* Kaptep@s prev yap ot ‘lovdatou kal [LEX pL moAAobd dinywvicar7o, TANG de UrrEpeXovTeEs ot BaotAcKoi Kai de€a ypynodpevor TUxn KpaTodot, Kat moAAd@v avaipefevtrwy tovs Aoimovs Eexwv > 4 > ‘ ‘ / = lovédas ets tHv VTodvricny tomapyiav devyet. > / \ ‘ > € / ‘ 46 °Avtioxos b€ mapeAPwv eis ‘lepocdAvua Kai Kaé- iaas oAlyas quépas ev avTy KaTa ondvw Tov emiTyoelwy amavioTatat, Katadimov prev Ppovpay conv amoxpynoew v7eAduPave, tH Se AoumH Svva- pu aTrayayov xeteprodaay els THY Lupiay. 47 (6) IIpos de aH dToXwpyow TOO Baowéws *Tovéas ovK TIPELEL, TpooyevopLevay 5° é€k Tov evous ToAA@V Kat Tovs diacwhevtas eK THS paxNs emiauyKpoTioas KaTa Kwunv “Akédacav’ cupPdd- det tois “Avtidyou otpatnyots, Kat daveis apiatos Kata THY waxynv ToAAoUs Te TOV TOAEMIWY azo- KTelvas avaipeitat. Kal pel auepas oAlyas 6 > ‘ J ~ > 4 > \ ¢ \ ~ adeAdos attod “lwavvyns émiBovdevbeis tad trav ta “Avtioyou dpovovvT7wy TeAcuTa. res t 4g (ll. 1) AvadeEduevos b€ Todrov 6 adeAdos *Iw- vabys 7a TE ahha mpos TOUS emxwptous dia dv- Aakys Wye €QUTOV, KAL TH mpos ‘Papatous diAta T1V apxmy cate mpos te tov “Avtidxou 1 Adasa Lat., perhaps rightly ; ef. A. xii. 408. * One of the eleven sub-districts of Judaea (B. iii. 55); according to A. xii. 375 Judas withdrew to Jerusalem and prepared for a siege. ’ Strictly Nicanor, the general of Demetrius, 1 Mace. vii. 39 ff. 24 JEWISH WAR, I. 44-48 daring assailant would have gained but the reputa- tion of courting death in the bare expectation of a brilliant exploit. To Eleazar’s brother the incident proved an omen of the issue of the engagement. For, long and stubborn as was the resistance of the Jews, the king’s forces, with superior numbers and favoured by fortune, were victorious; and, after the loss of many of his men, Judas fled with the remainder to the province of Gophna.? Antiochus proceeded to Jerusalem, where, owing to a shortage of supplies, he stayed but a few days; he then left what he considered a sufficient garrison and with- drew the rest of his army to winter quarters in Syria. (6) After the king’s retreat, Judas did not remain inactive. Rallying the survivors of the combat and joined by numerous new recruits from his nation, he gave battle to the generals of Antiochus® at the village of Acedasa ; where, after winning the honours of the day and slaying a large number of the enemy, he was slain himself. A few days later his brother John also perished, a victim of a conspiracy of the partisans of Antiochus.¢ (ii. 1) Jonathan, his brother, who succeeded him, amongst other safeguards against his countrymen, strengthened his authority by an alliance with Rome ¢ and made a truce with the young Antiochus ¢ Judas was slain, not at the battle of A(ce)dasa, but in a later engagement at Elasa (1 Mace. ix. 5) or Berzetho (A. xii. 422). @ Of Mace? ixa Satta Axim 10k: ale Wiace.uai. Ai: A. xi. 164 fi. f Greek ‘‘ the son of Antiochus,’ i.e. presumably of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. But the reference must be to the treaty of Jonathan with Antiochus VI Dionysus, 1 Macc. xi. 57, A. xiii. 145. Josephus has confused Antiochus V and Antiochus VI. 25 161 B.c. JONATHAN Jewish leader 161-143 B.¢ JOSEPHUS - ‘ > / > / , maida duaMayas emoujoaro. ob pny Te TOUTE 49 Tipkecev avr @ pos aogpaAevav" Tptidwv yap o TUpavvos, émiTpomros pev av tod “Avtiyov mados, emiBovrActwy 8 att®@ Kat mpoobev, amooxevale- afar tovs didovs atrob meipupevos, NKOvTA TOV > / \ x\/ > fh ‘ > Iwvdbyv abv oXrtyous eis Irodepaida mpos *Av- , , 4 \ / 2-2-5 9 / TloxoV dokw _ovAAap Paver Kal d7jaas emt lovdatay otpateve eit amreAabeis b770 Tob Lipwvos, 6 és nV ddeAdos Tob ‘lwvdbov, KaL 7pOsS THY TTAaV wpyt- apévos Kreiver Tov “lwvabnp. / \ / > / ~ 50 (2) Liwwy d€ yervaiws adnyovpevos THY mpay- , e- intichy , a \ oT? \oTs pdatwv aipet wev Valapa* te Kat “lowny Kat “lap- velay T@v mpocoikwyv, KatéoKxae S€ Kal THY axkpav ta@v dpovpa@v Kpatynoas. avis Se yiverau kat “Avtixyw ovppayos Kata Tpidwvos, ov ev Adpois apo tis emt Midous orpareias émoAdp- > > > > / \ ~ / sl Ket. GAN otK eEcdvawmncev tiv Tod BactAdws / / / > > \ mAcoveEiav Tptdwva avveEeAwv: pet’ od odd yap “Avrioyos Kevdefaiov tov atrod orparnyov pera Suvapews Sywoovta tiv “lovdaiay Ezepupev 52 Kal KatadovAwoopevoy Lipwva. o Se Kaitou yn- pa.os WY veaviKwrepov adnyjacato Tod mroAéepmovu" TOUS jLev TOL ye viels adTod® peta TAY eppwpeve- GTaTwy mpoeKxméumet, avTos dé poipay THs duva- > 4 > / > ” / A 53 wews avaraBwy emer Kat aAAo pépos. moAAovs d€ moAAayod Kav Tots opeot mpodoxioas macats Kpatet tais émBodais, Kat viKjoas Aapumpas \ ~ apxlepevs amodeikvuTar Kat THS Maxedovwy émt- 1 Bernard (cf. A. xiii. 215): Taga or Zapa ss. 2 M Lat.: é’ a’rév the rest. *¢ Cf. 1 Macc. xii. 39 ff.; A. xiii. 187 ff. 26 JEWISH WAR, I. 48-53 (51-53 =anrT. xiii. 225-227) None, however, of these precautions proved a suffi- cient protection. For the tyrant Trypho, guardian of the young Antiochus, who was already conspiring against his ward and attempting to make away with his friends, treacherously arrested and imprisoned Jonathan, when on a mission with a small retinue to Antiochus at Ptolemais, and started on a campaign against Judaea. Repulsed by Simon, Jonathan’s brother, and indignant at his defeat he then put his captive to death.” (2) Simon’s administration of affairs was excellent. He captured the towns of Gazara, Joppa, and Jamnia, in the vicinity of the capital, and, after overpowering the garrison at Jerusalem, razed the citadel ® to the zround. Subsequently, he made alliance with Antiochus ° against Trypho, whom the king, before his expedition against the Medes, was besieging at Dora. Yet Simon’s contribution to the fall of Trypho failed to shame the king out of his cupidity ; for not long after Antiochus sent his general Cendebaeus at the head of an army to ravage Judaea and make a vassal of Simon. The latter, though advanced in years, took command of the war with juvenile energy ; and, sending his sons ahead with the most able- bodied of his troops, proceeded himself, with a division of his army, to the attack on another front. Having, further, posted numerous ambuscades in different parts of the hills, he was successful in all the engagements, and after a brilliant victory was appointed high-priest and liberated the Jews from > Greek “ Acra”; A. xiii. 215 shows that Jerusalem is referred to. ¢ Antiochus VII Sidetes, A. xiii. 223. From this point the two narratives in B. and A. are closely parallel. 27 Srmon’s leadership 142-135 B.c JOSEPHUS , a) we \ nee , ” ‘ Kparelas peta éxaTov Kat eBdounKovta ern TOUS *Jovdatovs amadAAdrret. 54 (3) OvyoKer 5€ Kai adros em Bovrevbeis év oupToaty b770 [I roAepatov Tot yapBpot, ds avtTov THY Te yuvaika Kal TOUS dvo mraidas eyKab- eip€as emt TOV TpiTov "Twavvnv, os Kal “Ypxavos 55 exaneiro, TOUS avarpygovras evrepipev. mpoyvous de THY ébodov 6 veaviokos rapayeveobar els THY moAw nmelyeto, tAciatov T@ Aa@ TeToWars Kkard TE pevjpeny TOV TATpwwY KaropBwupdreov Kal pigos ths IlroAeatov zapavopias. wpyunoe Se kat IIroAepatos eiceMeiv Kal? érépav mvAny, efexpovoby ye pny bo Too O7pou TAXEWS dedey- 56 peeve 7107 TOV “Yipkavov. Kal Oo pev Tapaxpypa dvexuopnaev els TL Ta@V vTEp ‘Teptxobvros epu- pare, 6 Aaya KaNetrae: Koad|Levos dé TH TAT pwav dpxrepwovyyy “YpKavos Kal ficas TO bed pera, TaxXous emi [IroAepatov wpyunoev Bon- Oijowv TH PTL Kal Tots adeAdots. 57. ~(4) Ka mpooBadav T® hpovpiw ta per adda KpelTT@V HV, tTaro d€ dixatiov maBous. 6 yap IroAcpatos OTTOTE KaTamovoiTo, THY TE nTépa Kal TOUS adeAdovs avTtod mpodyuw em TOU Tetxous eis evovvomtov 7nKileTO Kal KaTaKpnVLEiV, EL fL7) 58 Gattov amavaorain, dinmeiAer. mpos G& TOV per ‘Ypxavov opyis mAetwy otktos elonjer Kai déos, 7 d€ puynTnp ovdev OUTE POS Tas alklas OUTE mpds tov azetAovpevov adti Gavatov evdidovca yeipas Wpeye Kat KaTyvTiPore Tov maida ATL mpos THY * Reckoning from 312 s.c., the first year of the Seleucid era; according to this reckoning Simon's high priesthooc 28 JEWISH WAR, I. 53-58 (=anr. xiii. 228-232) the Macedonian supremacy which had lasted for 170 years. (3) He too, however, fell a victim to treachery, Joun being murdered at a banquet by his son-in-law (3"0}¥ Ptolemy. The latter, after incarcerating Simon’s ®.c.)opp wife and two of his sons, sent a body of men to kill mired the third, John, also called Hyrcanus. This youth, Ptolemy. forewarned of their approach, hastened to reach the city, fully confident of the people’s support, both from their recollection of his father’s achievements and their hatred of Ptolemy’s enormities. Ptolemy also rushed to gain entrance by another gate, but was repelled by the populace, who had with alacrity already admitted Hyrcanus. Ptolemy forthwith with- drew to one of the fortresses above Jericho, called Dagon; while Hyrcanus, having gained the high priestly office held by his father before him, offered sacrifice to God and then started in haste after Ptolemy to bring aid to his mother and brethren. (4) Attacking the fort, he proved superior in other ways, but was overcome by his righteous feelings. For Ptolemy, as often as he was hard pressed, brought forward his mother and brothers upon the ramparts and tortured them within full view of Hyrcanus, threatening to hurl them over the battle- ments, if he did not instantly retire. At this spec- tacle indignation in the breast of Hyrcanus gave way to pity and terror. His mother, unshaken by her torments or the menace of death, with out- stretched hands implored her son not to be moved dates from c. 142 B.c., i.e. from the beginning of his leader- ship, where it is placed in the parallel account in A. xiii. 213. Cf. 1 Mace. xiii. 41 f., ‘“* In the hundred and seventieth year | was the yoke of the heathen taken away from Israel,’ and |) Jerusalem started a new era of its own. 29 JOSEPHUS atris uBpw eémxdacberta deicacbar tod dvo- aeBots, ws atth ye Kpeittova tov ex IIlroAepatov favatov afavacias elvar SdévTos Sikas éd’ ots ets 59 Tov oiKov avr By TOpyVvopyncer. 6 be ‘ledvyns OmTOTE pev eV vBvpnBetn TO Tapdornpa Tis HTS Kal KaTaKOUGELe THS iKEolas, Oppnro 7™poo New, everday dé' KaTidor TUTTOMEeVHY TE Kal O7TG- parropevny, eB Avvero Kai Tod mdbous oAos nV. 60 TprBopevns 6€ dua tadra Tis moAvopKtas emeorn TO apyov ETOS, 6 KaTa emTaeTiay apyetrau Tapa *lovdaiors dpolws tais éBdoudow uépais. Kav tovTw IIroAeuatos aveBeis THs moAopKias avaipet tovs adeAdovds “lwavvov atv TH pnTpl Kal devyer mpos Zivwva tov eéemKdnfévta Korvddv: Did- adeAdeias 8 jv TUpavvos. 61 (5) “Avtioyos b€ Kar’ dpynv dv tro Lipwvos ezallev otpatetcas eis tiv “lovdatay ézoAdpKe tov ‘Ypxavov mpooxabelopevos tots ‘lepocodv- pots. 0 Se tov Aavidov rddov avoi~as, ds 8 mAovowwratos Baciéwy éyéeveto, Kat theAdpevos bmep tpicxiiua taAavta xpnyatwy tov te *Avtio- xov aviotjo. THs moAvopKias mEelcas TpLaKoatols tadavros, Kat 57 Kai Eevorpodeitv mpa@tos *lov- daiwy ex THS TEpiovalas 7pEaTo. 62 (6) Adbis ye phy ws *Avrioxyos éezi Mryédous oTpatevoas Katpov apvvns atT® Trapetyev, edlews Opunoev emi tas ev Lupia modes, Kevds, O7rEp Hv, 1 ére:day 62 MSs.: émei 6’ ad Niese. @ The sabbatical year: Lev. xxv. 4. > So A. vii. 393; in the parallel account in A. xiii. 249% 30 JEWISH WAR, I. 58-62 (=anT. xiii. 232-254) by her outrageous treatment to spare the monster ; to her, death at Ptolemy’s hands would be better than immortality, if he paid the penalty for the wrongs which he had done to their house. John, as often as he took his mother’s unflinching courage to heart and gave ear to her entreaties, was impelled to the assault ; but, when he beheld her beaten and mangled, he was unmanned and quite overcome by emotion. The siege consequently dragged on until the year of repose came round, which is kept septen- nially by the Jews as a period of inaction, like the seventh day of the week.? Ptolemy, now relieved of the siege, put John’s brethren and their mother to death and fled to Zeno, surnamed Cotulas, the despot of Philadelphia. (5) Antiochus, smarting under the blows which His war Simon had dealt him, led an army into Judaea and, Lie sitting down before Jenusalent; besieged Hyrcanus ; wn) who, opening the tomb of David, wealthiest of kings, extracted therefrom upwards of three thousand talents, with three hundred of which he _ bribed Antiochus to raise the blockade.2 The surplus he used to pay a mercenary force, being the first Jew to start this practice. (6) Subsequently, however, the campaign of Anti- His ochus against the Medes gave him an opportunity isa forrevenge.° He at once flew upon the cities of Syria, expecting to find them, as he did, drained of efficient Hyrcanus did not open the tomb until after the departure of Antiochus. ¢ The account in A. xiii. 250 ff., is more trustworthy. There Hyrcanus joins Antiochus in his epemtun against the Parthians (here called “‘ Medes ’’) in 130 B.c. ; his attack on the Syrian cities only began after the death of Antiochus in 129 B.c. 31 63 64 66 67 5 ofa Kai TOv anbeotdtwv. émuxadobvta de Bon- JOSEPHUS e / ~ / e / , troAapBavwv Tv payiwrépwv edpjoew. Meda- i a -~ ” Bnv pev obv Kat Layayay aya tats wAnatov, ett -~ ‘ d€ Xikyra Kat “Apyapiliv atdros' aipet, mpos ais To Xovfaiwy yévos, ot mepiaKovv TO eikacbev TO ev e , ere tern pe \ a 15 lepocoAvpos tepov.? aipet d€ Kat THs ov- / ” b 2\/ ary? ‘ \ patas aAdas te ovK oAlyas Kai “Adwpeov Kat Mapuoav. ww (7) TIpoeABdw 6€ Kai péypc Lapapeias, evOa vov €otw LeBaorn mors bd’ ‘Hpeddov xricbeica tot Baowréws, Kat mavtobev atti armoretyioas ToUs vleis eméaTnae TH ToALopKia *AprotoBovAov > = > kai “Avtiyovov: ay ovdev aviévTwyv Aysod pev ets Tocovtov mponAfov of Kata tiv TOAW, ws arpa- > ~ Bov ’Avtioxov tov émuxAnbévta ’Aamévé.ov"® Kaxet- vos €Toluws wraKovoas Uo Tay Tepi “ApioTo- BovAov Wr7GTat. Kal o pev péxpt UKvlomoAews ‘ e \ =~ > ~ > ‘ c > > S| duwyfeis bro tev adeAddv exdevyer, ot 8 Emi TOUS Lapapets broatpéwavtes TO TE TAHBOS madw eis TO TELXOS ovykhetovow Kal TIP moAw édovtes adtiy Te KaTacKdmToVoW Kal TOUS e&- ~ A okoovtas é€nvdpatodicavto. mpoxwpotvTwyv de ~ , A e \ > / > A Tov KaTophwuatwy THY OpyjV ov kar épvgay, aAAa mpoeMovres Ga TH Svvdper pEXpL THs UKvbo- ToAews Tavrqy TE Kar édpapov Kai T7V eVvTOS Kap- unjAov Tod Opovs xwpav azacav KaTeveiparTo. 7 > / (8) Ilpos 5€ tas edapayias adrod te “lwavvor = ~ 3 Kal T@v Taldwy POdvos éyetper oTdow Tay eEme- xwpiwy, Kat moAdot Kat attav oavvedOovtes > ovK 7)pemouv, expt Kal mpos davepov moAcmov eEk- ' A. (in parallel passage) has ed@ds: ¢ read oitws. 2 Niese: iepw MSS. 3 "Acmévé.ov MSS. 32 JEWISH WAR, I. 63-67 (=anr. xiii. 255-288) troops. He thus captured Medabe and Samaga with the neighbouring towns, also Sichem and Argarizin, besides defeating the Cuthaeans,? the race inhabiting the country surrounding the temple modelled on that at Jerusalem. He further took numerous cities in Idumaea, including Adoreon and Marisa. (7) Advancing to Samaria, on the site of which now stands the city of Sebaste, founded by King Herod, he blockaded it by a surrounding wall and entrusted the siege to his sons Aristobulus and Antigonus, who pressed it so vigorously that the inhabitants were reduced by the extremities of famine to make use of the most unheard of food. They summoned to their aid Antiochus, surnamed Aspendius,’ who, readily complying, was defeated by the forces of Aristobulus. Pursued by the brothers as far as Scythopolis he got away; they on their return to Samaria again confined its people within the walls, captured the town, razed it to the ground, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery. Not allowing the flowing tide of success to cool their ardour, they proceeded with their army to Scythopolis, overran that district, and laid waste the whole country south of © Mount Carmel. (8) The prosperous fortunes of John and his sons, however, provoked a sedition among his envious countrymen, large numbers of whom held meetings to oppose them and continued to agitate, until the smouldering flames burst out in open war and the * The foreigners imported into Samaria at the time of the exile, A. ix. 288, 2 Kings xvii. 24. ®’ Antiochus of Aspendus (in Pamphylia) = Antiochus VIII or Grypus; A. xiii. 276 names, instead of him, his half- brother and rival, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. ¢ Literally ‘‘ within,” 7.e. ‘* this side of.” VOL, II Cc 33 His prosp reign gift o proph JOSEPHUS 68 pimobevres TTHVTAL. TO Aoumov oe emBiovs ev evoayLovia ‘lwdrys | Kal 7a KaTa TV apXny KaA- Aiora Stoiknoas ev’ Kal TpudKovra. oAous ereow Em TEVTE viots tehev7G, paKapioTos ovTws Kal Kata pndev € edoas ep? eauT@ pen pivas THV TUX. Tpia. yoov Ta KpaToTevovTa pLovos elyev, THY TE apx7jv Tod €Ovous Kal Thy dpxrepwavyay Kal 7po- 69 pyretay. wpiret yap avT@ TO Oayroviov ws pendev TOV pehovreoy dyvoeiy, os ye Kal mepi dUo Tay mpecputTépwv vidy dtu 7) Siaevotor KUpioe TOV TpaypaTtwy mpoeidev TE Kal TpoEediyTevoev’ Wy Tv KatTaotpodiy afiov adnynoacba, map daov THs TaTpwas evdayovias améKAwav. 70 (ill. 1) Mera yap t1v rod matpos teAeuTHV 6 mpeoButatos att@v ‘ApiotdBovdos, THv apx7y eis Baoireiay petabeis, mepitiberar wev diadnua 7pad- TOS PETA TETPAKOGLOGTOY Kai EPdounKOOTOY TpPa- Tov €tos, mpos 5€ prvas tpets, €€ ov KaTHeu dads eis THY xwpav amadAayeis TAS Ev BaBvAduu 71 dovAelas: tav 5é€ adeAd@v tov pev pel” €avtov "Avrtyovov, ed0KeL yap ayamav, nyev loortipws, tous 6 aAdous eipyvuar d1jcas. deopet b€ Kal Thy pnTépa devexbeioay mrepi Ths e€ovolas, TUT HY yap Kuplav TOV ohwy 6 *lwavyns amoneAoiret, Kal expe Tooa’Tns wuoTnTos mpo7nAbev, WoTe Kal Aw®@ dradbeipar Sedeuevyv. 72 (2) [leprepyerar S5€ adrov*? 4 mow7* els Tov 1 €vi (with Hegesippus) Niese, cf. A. xiii. 299, xx. 240: év tpoiv mss. Lat., ENI having perhaps been read as EN I. 2 AM: xar7\ev the rest. ® AMC: avrd&(v) the rest. * AM: riots the rest. 4 481 years according to A. xiii. 301. Both numbers are $4 JEWISH WAR, I. 68-72 (=anr. xiii. 299-303) rebels were defeated. For the rest of his days John lived in prosperity, and, after excellently directing the government for thirty-one whole years, died leaving five sons ; truly a blessed individual and one who left no ground for complaint against fortune as regards himself. He was the only man to unite in his person three of the highest privileges: the supreme command of the nation, the high priesthood, and the gift of prophecy. For so closely was he in touch with the Deity, that he was never ignorant of the future ; thus he foresaw and predicted that his two elder sons would not remain at the head of affairs. ‘The story of their downfall is worth relating, and will show how great was the decline from their father’s good fortune. (iii. 1) On the death of Hyrcanus, Aristobulus, the eldest of his sons, transformed the government into a monarchy, and was the first to assume the diadem, four hundred and seventy-one years® and three months after the return of the people to their country, when released from servitude in Babylon. Of his brothers, he conferred upon Antigonus, the next in seniority, for whom he had an apparent affection, honours equal to his own; the rest he imprisoned in chains. His mother also, who had disputed his claim to authority, John having left her mistress of the realm, he confined in bonds, and carried his cruelty so far as to starve her to death in prison. | (2) Retribution, however, overtook him® in the too large; the decree of Cyrus for the return of the Jews is dated 537 s.c., 432 years before Aristobulus I. The chron- ology of Josephus appears to be based on the “* seventy weeks ”’ (=490 years) of Dan. ix. 24. 6 See §§ 81 ff, 35 ARISTO- BULUS I 105-104 73 74 ~] 76 JOSEPHUS adeAdov ’Avriyovov, Ov nyara Te Kal Tis Baou- Aelas KOWW@vov eixev" KTelvel yap Kal TOUTOV €K diaBoray, as ot movnpot TOV KaTa TO Baothevov éveokevacavTo. Ta pev 81) Tp@ta Sinmiorer Tots Aeyouevors 6 “ApiotoBovdos, ate 87) Kat Tov adeA- dov ayan@v Kat d.d0vs plovey ta moAAa tay Aoyorrovoupeveny ws e 6 * Avtiyovos Aapmpos amo oTparetas HAGev els THY E€opTHv, Ev 7 oKNvO~ moveiabar matpiov TH Oed, auveByh pev Kat €xelvas Tas Huepas voow xpnoacba tov ’Apioto- Bovdov, tov dé “Avriyovov emi téAew THS EopTis avaBavra peta TOV Tept adTov OmALTa@V, Ws evi pdAdvoTa KEKOGLnLEeVOY, TMpookUVyGaL TO TrA€ov bmép tadeAbob. Kav TovTW TmpooLoVvTEs Ot TOVy- pot T@ Paotre? tHv Te TouTHY THV OTALTaV €d7- Aovy Kai 70 TapaoTnua Tob “Avtvyovou peilov 7 Kat (OwwTnv, OTL TE apelin’ peTa peyloToU oUP- Taypatos avaipnowy adtvrov' od yap avexeobarti KaTAGYXeElV. r , \ ‘ A ’ / € (3) Tovroiw Kata pikpov akwv emiorevoev Oo \ adyAov Kabiorna® ev Tovs owparopurakas €v TWe Tv vVroyaiwy aAaumet, KaTéKerTo 5° ev Trp Bapec mpodtepov atfis 8 *Avtwria petovopa- abelian, mpootaéas avomAov pev améyecbar, KreEt- vew dé TOV ‘Avriyovov, el pera. T@Vv OTAwy Tmpoaiot, Kal 7pos avTov emrepiipev TOUS 7poepobvTas dy: omAov €Abeiv. mpos TovTO mavy Tmavoupyws 7p Baciitcoa ovvTdoceTat peta Tav é€mBovdAwv Pf 1 C:; rape the rest, 2 duigrno. LVN. 36 JEWISH WAR, I. 72-76 (=anT. xiii. 303-308) person of his brother Antigonus, whom he loved and had made partner of his kingdom ; for he slew him also, owing to calumnies concocted by knavish courtiers. Aristobulus at first distrusted their state- ments, out of affection for his brother and because he attributed most of these fabricated reports to envy. But one day when Antigonus had come in pomp from a campaign to attend the festival at which, according to national custom, tabernacles are erected in God’s honour,? Aristobulus happened to be ill ; and, at the close of the ceremony, Antigonus, surrounded by his bodyguard and arrayed with the utmost splendour, went up (to the Temple) and offered special worship on his brother's behalf. Thereupon these villains went off to the king and told him of the military escort and of Antigonus’s air of assurance, grander than became a subject, and that he was coming with an immense body of troops to put him to death, disdaining the mere honours of royalty when he might occupy the throne itself. (3) Gradually and reluctantly Aristobulus came to believe these insinuations. Taking precautions at once to conceal his suspicions and to secure himself against risks, he posted his bodyguards in an unlit subterranean passage—he was lying at the time in the castle formerly called Baris, afterwards Antonia —with orders to let Antigonus pass, if unarmed, but to kill him if he approached in arms. To Antigonus himself he sent instructions to come unarmed. To meet the occasion the queen concerted with the »onspirators a very crafty plot. They induced the @ The autumn feast of Sukkoth or Tabernacles. 37 murders t brother Antigonu: JOSEPHUS \ \ ‘ - rovs yap meudbevras meiGovow ta pev Tapa Tod ~ \ \ \ 5 Ul aciAéws ciwmnoa, Aéyew b6€ mpos tov “Avti- € if > \ > /, ev A e ~ yovov ws 6 adeAdos axovoas o7Aa Te atT@ Tap- eokevakevat KaAAaTa Kal ToAcuLKOV KOopOV eV TH / \ \ \ > , b) \ > - TadtAaia, dia pev tHv acbeverav atros eémidetv o ~ > \ exaota KwAvfein, viv 8 emer Kat ywpilecBar / 4 > a“ <4 / b] a iJ pedro, Oedoatr’ av Tovar ge ev Tots 6rAots. 77 (4) Tair’ axovoas o ‘Avriyovos, evijyev 5 7 Too adeAgod duableots pndev drromTevew Tovnpov, eywper peta Tov OrAwy, ws pos emideréw. A / yevopevos 5€ Kata TIV cKoTEWnVY Tapodov, UTpa- ~ ~ / Twvos é€Kxadeito mUpyos, tmo0 TaV aowpatodvAd- A~ / ~ ~ Kwv avaipettar, BéBavov amodeiEas Ott TAcav ev- \ , , \ \ LEN! 4 vorav Kat dvow KomTer S:aBoAn Kai oddev ovTWwS tav ayabav rafav icyupov, 6 TH Pbdvw péxpe TAVTOS GVTEXEL. 78 (5) Oavudoa 8 dv tis &v rovTw Kai “lovdar, *Eacaios iv yévos ovK €oTw OTE TTAloas 7 Yev- abeis ev Tois mpoaTrayyeApacw, Os em7ELd7) Kal TOTE tov “Avtiyovov €Gedcato mapiovTa bia Tod iepod, Tpos TOvS yvwpious aveKpayev, joav 8 ovK oXyo. mapedpevovtes atT® Tov pavbavevtwyr, - «ec / -~ > \ / ” ” ae \ ~ ao 19 ‘‘ ramral, viv eo Kadov,” edn, ‘To Oaveiv, ote / = ~ jeov' mpotebvnkev 7 aArjGeva Kal Te THY bm” ewod ‘ > Tm poppy Fevrwy duefevorar: CH yap *Avtiyovos ovroal onpLEpov odetAwy avnphoba. xwpiov de av7@ mpos opayiy Xrpatwvos mUpyos elwapto* Kat TobTo Lev amo efaxootwy evtedlev . otadiwv carly, par be Tis TEpas 7307 Téaoapes. oO 87 80 ypovos exkpovel TO peavTevpa. Tadr eimwv oKv- Opwros émi cuvvoias 6 yépwr Sduexaptéper, Kal 1 Niese: ou MSS. 38 JEWISH WAR, I. 76-80 (=anrT. xiii. 308-313) messengers to keep the king’s orders to themselves, and instead to tell Antigonus that his brother had heard that he had procured for himself some very fine armour and military decorations in Galilee ; that illness prevented him from paying a visit of inspec- tion; “ but, now that you are on the point of de- parture, I shall be very glad to see you in your armour. (4) On hearing this, as there was nothing in his brother’s disposition to arouse his suspicions, Anti- gonus went off in his armour as for a parade. On reaching the dark passage, called Strato’s Tower, he was slain by the bodyguard ; affording a sure proof that calumny severs all ties of affection and of nature, and that of our better feelings none is strong enough to hold out interminably against envy. (5) Another feature of this case which may well Predicti excite astonishment was the conduct of Judas. He ne was of Essene extraction, and his predictions had Judas tt . ssene. never once proved erroneous or false.t On this occasion, seeing Antigonus passing through the court of the temple, he exclaimed to his acquaintances— a considerable number of his disciples were seated beside him—‘ Ah me! now were I better dead, since truth has died before me and one of my prophecies has been falsified. For yonder is Anti- gonus alive, who ought to have been slain to-day. The place predestined for his murder was Strato’s Tower, and that is 600 furlongs from here; and it is already the fourth hour of the day. So time frustrates the prophecy.’ Having said this, the old man remained plunged in gloomy meditation. A 3 For the Essenes as prophets see B. ii. 159 with note. 39 81 82 8&4 JOSEPHUS > SAL > , Al , > rr pier’ =OAtyov =avnpnevos vtityovos nyyeAAeTo a \ ‘ , KaTa TO UmoyaLov xwpiov, 6 57 Kal avto Utpa- “~ ~ ~ , twvos exadeito mUpyos, ouwvvpodv TH Tapadiw x 7 ~ 4, Katcapeta. totto yoty tov pavtw dverdpakev. . > 4 \ 2 \ e \ ~ (6) “ApiaroBovAw ye perv evbds TEpi Tov ‘ A pvcous jeTapeAeta vocov evoKiTTEL Kal pos = — he evvotavy ToD dovov THY PuvynV Exwv ae TeTAapay- ~ ; pevynv ovveTnkKeTo, pexpt TOV omAdyxyvwv v7 ~ 7 akpatov THs Avmns omapattoevwv abpovy aiua > ~ ~ ~ , / avaBadAer. todro tis TOV ev TH Oepameia zaidwr > / / / “4 > a exdepwv Saysovia mpovoia oadddAderar Kal? dv 4 tomov “Avtiyovos €odaxto, Kat awopevois €Tt ~ > ~ e ~ / Tots avo TOU dovov omidots TO aia TOO KTEWaVTOS > 4 ¥ > b) \ > \ ~ ezeEe€xeev. 7p0n 8 evOds oiuwy7 tav Geaca- eve, woTep EemitTnd A“ ~ Dd.ut ~ > / ToAu@vros eimeivy waddAov évéxerto pabeiv béAwy: / > > _ \ / > \ > téAos 5° azetAobv7 Kat Bialouevw tadnfes \ >’ , 4 ‘ 6 6€ zovs adBadruwods eumimAno. Saxptwv Kal otevagas Ooov jv attT@ Svvapis eizev: “ovK ” _ / > A > > »” > / dpa Qeod péyav odfaduov én’ Epyows abepitos / ~ Anoew €ueAdov, aAAd pe Tayeia péreror Sixy dovov avyyevots. péxpt Tod’ wor, o@ya avarde- ~ ‘ atatov, Tv adeAP@ Kal pntpi KaTdxpitov vynv ~ > ~ KabeEcis; jexpt Tod’ 8 atrots? éemomeiow Kara > 2 ~ pépos tTovpov aia; AaBerwoav abpdov rodzo, , ~ ~ 5 ~ ~ Kal pyKeTL Talis ex TOV Eeu@v aonmAayxyvwv yxoais 1 Niese: od Mss. 2 Destinon (with Lat.): avvés mss. 40 JEWISH WAR, I. 80-84 (=anr. xiii. 313-317) little later came the news that Antigonus had been slain in the underground quarter, also called, like the maritime Caesarea, Strato’s Tower. It was this identity of names which had disconcerted the seer. (6) Remorse for his foul deed had the instant effect of aggravating the malady of Aristobulus. His mind ever distracted with thoughts of the murder, he fell into a decline ; until, sheer grief rending his entrails, he threw up a quantity of blood. While removing this, one of the pages in attendance slipped, so divine providence willed, on the very spot where Antigonus had been assassinated, and spilt on the yet visible stains of the murder the blood of the murderer. An instantaneous cry broke from the spectators, believing that the lad had intentionally poured the bloody libation on that spot. ‘The king, hearing the cry, inquired what was its cause, and, when no one ventured to tell him, became more insistent in his desire to be informed. At length, under pressure of threats, they told him the truth. With tears filling his eyes and a groan such as his remaining strength permitted, he said: ‘‘ My law- less deeds, then, were not destined to escape God’s mighty eye; swift retribution pursues me for my kinsman’s blood. How long, most shameless body, wilt thou detain the soul that is sentenced to a brother’s and a mother’s vengeance? How long shall I make them these drop-by-drop libations of my blood? Let them take it all at once, and let heaven cease to mock them with these dribbling @ For Strato’s Tower on the coast, afterwards rebuilt by Herod the Great and renamed Caesarea, see B. i. 408 ff. The quarter in Jerusalem so called is not mentioned else- where except in the parallel passage in A. xiii. VOL. II c2 41 The enc Aristob JOSEPHUS eveipwvevecba To Saruoviov. ” tabr’ elma €v- Béws teAevTa Baovrevoas ov metov EVLAUTOD. 85 (iv. 1) Avoaca 8 7 yuv7) TOUS adeAdovs avtToo Bacwréa Kabictnow *AdeEavdpov, tov Kat Kal? nAukiav Kal peTpioTnTe mpovyew Soxobyta. 6 be TapeAbav eis tHv e€ovolay Tov ETEpov pev TOV adeAdav Bacirer@vTa Kreiver, Tov Se Katadm- Tavopevov ayana@vtTa To Chv diya mpaypatwv elyev .* 86 (2) Twerac 8 atdt& Kat mpos tov Adbovpov emuxAnbévta IroAeuatov ovpBod7) moAw *Aowyw mpyKora, Kal moAAovs prev avetAev TOv Trodepiov, 9 O€ vex mpos ILroAcwatov Eppewev. emret oe obtTos v70 Tis [ANT pos KAconarpas duwyGeis ets Aiyuntov dvexwopnoev, “AdeEavdpos DPaddpwv TE moAvopkia Kpatet Kai “Apabodvtos, 6 67) pwéyroTov pev tv epuna tov brep “lopddvnv, Ta TywwTaTa d€ tTHv Ocoddpov tod Zijvwvos KTnuaTwv Hv ev 87 atT@. emeMav 8 e€aidvyns 6 Oeddwpos ta TE odétepa Kal THv TOD Baoiiéws amocKeuny aipel, tav 8 “lovéaiwy eis puplovs Kreiver. yivetar 8° evavw THs mAnyns “AAéEavdpos Kal tpamrdmevos els THv TapdAvov aipet Talay te cai ‘Pdduiav Kai "AvOndova tiv atfis bd’ “Hpadov rob Baciréws ’Aypinmiaba émuxAnbeicar. 88 (3) "Eéavépamodicapéevw d5€ tavtas émaviorarai 70 ‘lovdaikov év €opty: padwora yap ev Tats 1 évy ti44y OM. Mss.: inserted by Hudson from dA. xiii. 323. @ Salina (v.l. Salome) or Alexandra, A. xiii. 320. Thougt Josephus never expressly says so, it appears certain that besides the throne, she gave Alexander Jannaeus her hanc in marriage. For her subsequent reign see § 107. 42 JEWISH WAR, I. 84-88 (=anT. xiii. 318-372) offerings from my entrails.’’ With these words on his lips he expired, after a reign of no more than a - year. (iv. 1) The widow of Aristobulus¢ released his arexan: imprisoned brothers and placed on the throne {)%<3"° Alexander, who had the double advantage over the others of seniority and apparent moderation of character. However, on coming into power, he put to death one brother, who had aspirations to the throne ; the survivor, who was content with ° a quiet life, he held in honour. (2) He also had an encounter with Ptolemy, sur- His earl; named Lathyrus, who had taken the town of Asochis ; “*"* although he killed many of the enemy, victory in- clined to hisopponent. But when Ptolemy, pursued by his mother Cleopatra, retired to Egypt,’ Alexander besieged and took Gadara and Amathus, the latter being the most important of the fortresses beyond Jordan and containing the most precious possessions of Theodorus, son of Zeno. Theodorus, however, suddenly appearing, captured both his own treasures and the king’s baggage and put some ten thousand Jews to the sword. Alexander, nevertheless, re- covering from this blow, turned towards the coast and captured Gaza, Raphia, and Anthedon, a town which subsequently received from King Herod the name of Agrippias.? (3) After his reduction of these places to servitude, The Jew revolt | the Jewish populace rose in revolt against him at against 1 evOr\“Teveds” © More correctly to Cyprus, where he reigned after his expulsion by Cleopatra from the throne of Egypt; A. ] xiii. 328, 358. 4 See B. i. 416 (where the name is givea as Agrippeion). 43 JOSEPHUS ~ \ / ‘ evwyxlais avT@v oTdois amTeTat. Kat eddoKEL 7 “ , ~ ~ J \ \ dv Kpeittwyv yevéobar tis émuBovAfs, et py TO - ‘ ; ~ / / ‘ / fevixov av7@ mapeBor Gee: Ilicidac Kat KidcKes joav" Vupous yap ovK ed€XETO pucaBoddpous d1a. Ty eupurov avr av mpos TO eOvos amréxGevav. 89 kreivas 5€ TOV enavacravtTwy b7ép éEaxraytAlous "ApaBias 7 l } ov Tadaadé paBias 17TeTO, Kat TavTns €eAwv aadiTas ‘ A / > kat MwaBiras, ddopov re attots émitagas, av- ‘ > ‘> ~ QQ 7 \ A A €otpewev emt Apafodvta. Oeodapou d€ zpos Tas ~ A eUmpayias avrobd' KatamAayertos epnuov AaBwy To dpovpiov KatéoKarev. ~ > 90 (4) “Evevra ovpBarov °OBéda tH *ApaBav Baotre? mpodoxicavte Kata tHv TavAdvny évédpas avT@ yevowerns macav amoPadAee thy oTpatuay, = \ , , \ 7 acuvwoleicay kata Pabeias dapayyos Kat mAjbei Kap.7jAwy ouvTpipeioay. dvaguyev 8’ adros eis ‘lepoodAvpa T@ peyeber Tijs ouppopas mada. pcoby 70 Zbvos TpéBiaev els emavdoraow. yivera d€ Kal TOTE KpeiTTwY Kal pdayats émraAArAoLs ovr eAatrov mevrakiopupiwv “lovdaiwy aveiAev ev & ereow. ov pry evdhpaiveTd ye Tais viKais TH €avtod Pacreiav dvaXickwy: dev mavadpevo: ~ oe 4 > , , ‘ \ Tav OTAwy Adyos ezexeiper Svaddecbar mpos Tov 92 U7oTeTaypevous. ot d€ uGAdAov euicovy TH peTa volav avTov Kal TOD TpOTOUV TO avwyuadov, muVOa vojevw Te [TO alto |* Ti av Toujoas caraatetAece avtTovs, amofavay, edeyov: VEKP@ yap av Svar Aayijvac uoAus TH Tocadra SpacavTt. dua dé Ka tov "Axatpov émkAnbévta Anprtpiov emexadobyto 9 I 1 airod Lat., Hegesippus: adrév mss. * omit Destinon: has probably arisen out of re ri av. 44 JEWISH WAR, I. 88-92 (=anrT. xiii. 374-376) one of the festivals ; for it is on these festive occasions that sedition is most apt to break out. It was thought that he would never have quelled this con- spiracy, had not his mercenaries come to his aid. These were natives of Pisidia and Cilicia; Syrians he did not admit to the force on account of their innate hatred of his nation. After slaying upwards of six thousand of the insurgents, he attacked Arabia; there he subdued the people of Galaad and Moab and imposed tribute upon them, and then returned once more to. Amathus. Theodorus being overawed by his victories, he found the fortress abandoned and razed it to the ground. (4) He next attacked Obedas, king of Arabia. The latter having laid an ambuscade near Gaulane, Alexander fell into the trap and lost his entire army, which was cooped into a deep ravine and crushed under a multitude of camels. He himself escaped to Jerusalem, but the magnitude of his disaster pro- voked the nation, which had long hated him, to insur- rection. Yet once again he proved a match for them, and in a succession of engagements in six years killed ao fewer than fifty thousand Jews. His victories, however, by which he wasted his realm, brought him ittle satisfaction; desisting, therefore, from hos- tilities, he endeavoured to conciliate his subjects by dersuasion. But his change of policy and incon- sistency of character only aggravated their hatred ; and when he inquired what he could do to pacify them, they replied “ Die ; even death would hardly econcile us to one guilty of your enormities.”” They simultaneously appealed for aid to Demetrius, sur- 45 His long war with his subjec and with Demetrius theUnread JOSEPHUS padiws b€ traKxovoavtos Kat’ éAmida perlovwv Kal ETA OTPATLAS HKOVTOS GUvVEemLoyoV ot “lovdator Tois ovppayous Tept Lika. 93 (5) Adyerar 8 Exarépovs *AAéeEavdpos inzetor ev xAiors, praboddpors dé wrelots oxraKvoxiAtors* Taphy d€ at7Ta@ Kal TO edvoobv ‘lovdaixov eis upious. Tav 8 evavtioy inmets ev Foav Tpis- xtAvor, meC@v b€ ptpior TeTpaKioxiAor. Kat mp els yeipas eAbeiv dtaxnpvaaorvtes ot Bactreis émet- p@vTo Tav map’ adAnAos amoordcewv, Anunrpios pev tovs *AXeEdvdpov picboddpous, *AAdEavdpos 6€ tovs dua Anuntpiw ‘lovdatovs petameioew 94 €Azicas. ws 8 otre ot “lovdaior Guudv,' ovre ot “EAAnves énatcavto mloTews, SvexpivovTo 70n Tos 95 O7Aots ~GupTEcoVTes. Kparet d€ 7H paxn Anpny- Tpios, Kaltot 70AAa tay ’AAcEdvdpov prctodopwv Kat Wuyjs epya Kat xewpos emiWerEapevwv. yuwpet 6€ 70 TéAos THS Tapatakews mapa dofav aydorte- pois’ ovte yap Anpnrpiw mapéwewav viK@vte ot kaXéaavtes, Kai Kat’ oiKTov THs meTtaBodAjs *AXe- Eavdpw mpoceywpyncav eis Ta Opn KataduyovTe *lovdaiwy é€axioytAio. tavTnv THY pomy ovK TIVEy KEV Anpntptos, GAN’ troAaBwv nbn pwev atid - paxov elvat 7aAw “AdeEavdpov, peTappetv b€ Kal mav To €Ovos els atrov, aveywpnoer. yg (6) Od pv ro ye Aowtzrov AAAs sroxwpn- odvTwy Tv cuppdywv Karélevto tas d.adopas, auvex7js b€ mpos *“AXr€Eavdpov Fv adrois 6 7oXepos,}, 1 C: dpxw» PAM Lat., whence Destinon restores dpydav. * Demetrius III, king of Syria; his nickname is else- where given as Eukairos, “ the timely,’’ here Akairos, “ the) untimely.” 46 JEWISH WAR, I. 92-96 (=anrT. xiii. 377-379) named the Unready.* Hopes of aggrandizement brought from him a prompt response. Demetrius arrived with an army, and the Jews joined their allies in the neighbourhood of Sichem. (5) Their combined forces, amounting to three thousand horse and fourteen thousand foot, were met by Alexander with one thousand horse and eight thousand foot, mercenaries ; besides these he had some ten thousand Jews who were still loyal to him.? Before action the two kings endeavoured by proclamations to cause desertion from the opposite ranks; Demetrius hoped to win over Alexander’s mercenaries, Alexander the Jewish allies of Demetrius. But, when neither would the Jews abate their resentment nor the Greeks their fidelity, they ended by referring the issue to the clash of arms. The battle was won by Demetrius, notwith- standing many feats of gallantry and strength dis- played by Alexander's mercenaries. The upshot, however, proved contrary to the expectations of both combatants. For Demetrius, the victor, found himself abandoned by those who summoned him ; while Alexander, who took refuge in the hills, was joined by six thousand Jews, moved by compassion for his reverse of fortune. This turn of affairs was more than Demetrius could stand; and in the belief that Alexander was now once more his match and that the whole nation was streaming back to him, he withdrew. (6) The remainder of the people, however, did not, on the withdrawal of their allies, drop their quarrel, but waged continuous war with Alexander, >’ The numbers in A. xiii. 377 are different: there Demetrius has 3000 horse and 40,000 foot, Alexander 6200 mercenaries and about 20,000 Jews. 47 JOSEPHUS [EXpL mAelatous dmoKretwas Tovs Aowrovs amjAacev els BepwéoeAw 7oAw, Kal TAUTIV KaTaoTpepapevos 97 atxpadurrous _aviyayev els ‘lepooodupa. 7 pou- Kopev. om avT@ bu brrepBoArp Mute ets do¢Bevav ro THS WLOTHTOS* TOV yap Angbevraw OKTAKO- cious avacTaupwoas €v eon TH 7OAEL yuvaikds TE Kal Téxva at’tav anéodatev ' tats oeot, Kal TavTa Tivwy Kal GuyKaTakeipevos Tats maAAaKiow 98 adewipa. tocatn b€ KatamAnkis Ecyev TOV SHpov, WoTe TOV avTictac.acT@v Kata TH émovcay vUKra guyew oxraKvaxtAious e€w “lovdaias oAns, ois opos THs tee ts 0 "AdeEdvOpov Davaros KATEOTN. TovovToLS Epyots owe Kal wodis Hovxiav 77H Baotdeia Topicas avevavcato TaV OT7Awyr. 99 (7) Tiera 6€ att@ madw apx7n SoptBuv *Av- tioxyos 6 Kat Atovucos® emikdAnfeis, Anunrpiov 4 > \ »” ~ \ ~ > ‘ , puev adeAdos wr, TeAevTatos d€ THV ato Ledevxov. totrov yap delaas orpatevecbar emt Tous “ApaBas WPLLNLevov, TO [LEV peTa£o THs vmep ’Avtimatpibos Tapwpelov Kal TOV ‘lowns alyiaAay Siatadpever dapayyt Babeia, mpo de Tijs Tagpov Tetxos TYEtpev dyn Ao kat €vAWwous mupyous EVETEKTTVATO Tas 100 evpapeis eBoAas amopparrav. ov pny cipEat YE Tov "Avrioxoy t loxucev" eumpnoas yap Tous mbpyous Kai THv Tadpov ywoas dujAavve peta THS Suva- pews. Oéuevos & ev bevtépw THVv mpos Tov KwAU- 101 cav7a apvvav ebOvs emi tovs “ApaBas jer. Tav 8’ 6 BaaiAeds avaywpav els 74 xpnoy.edtepa THs 1 ins. Herwerden. 2 Avovicros Mss.: for text cf. A. xiii. 387. 2 In 4A, xiii. 380 Bethome (unidentified). 45 JEWISH WAR, I. 96-101 (=anrT. xiii. 380-391) until, after killing a very large number of them, he drove the rest into Bemeselis®; having subdued this town, he brought them up to Jerusalem as prisoners. So furious was he that his savagery went to the length of impiety. He had eight hundred of his captives crucified in the midst of the city, and their wives and children butchered before their eyes, while he looked on, drinking, with his concubines reclining beside him. Such was the consternation of the people that, on the following night, eight thousand of the hostile faction fled beyond the pale of Judaea; their exile was terminated only by Alexander’s death. Having, by such deeds, at last with difficulty secured tranquillity for the realm, he rested from warfare. (7) A fresh cause of disturbance, however, arose in the person of Antiochus, surnamed Dionysus, brother of Demetrius and the last of the Seleucid line.’ This prince having set out on a campaign against the Arabs, Alexander, in alarm, dug a deep dyke to intercept him, extending from the mountain- side above Antipatris to the coast at Joppa, and in front of the trench erected a high wall with wooden towers inserted, in order to bar the routes where attack was easy. However, he failed to check Antiochus, who burnt the towers, levelled the trench and marehed across with his army. Deferring his vengeance on the author of this obstruction he at once pushed on against the Arabs. The Arabian king began by retiring to territory more favourable > Antiochus XII Dionysus, c. 86-85 B.c. The last of the Seleucid line, before Syria became a Roman province in 64 3B.c., was actually Antiochus XIII Asiaticus (Bevan, House of Seleucus, ii. 266 f.). 49 His massacr‘ the Jews His last wars. JOSEPHUS YWpas mpos THVv waxny, erevra THY UnrTov efaidvys emoTpewas, pupia oe mY Tov apiOuov, atraKrous eTUTUTTEL Tots mept TOV "Avtioxov. Kaprepas: de peaxns yevouerns, ews Mev Tepuyy “Avrioxos avT- eixev 7» Svvayis advrod, Kaimrep avedny b70 TOV 102 “ApaBwv dovevopevoe’ TEGOVTOS dé, Kal yap 7po- exwdUvevev Gael Tots TT wLEvols zapaponGav, eykXivovat TaVTES, Kal TO pev mXeloTtov abTa@v emt TE THs TapaTakews KAY TH ouyh dvadbetperar, Tous d€ oizovs Katadvyovtas eis Kava? Kany omdaver TOV emiTndeiwy avadwbjvar ovveBn ARV oNywy amavras. 103. (8) *Ex rovrov Aapacknvot dia TO Tpos IIroAe- patov tov Mevvaiov picos *Apérav émayovTat Kat Kkafior@aw KotAns Xvpias Baotréa. oTpareverat 6 otvtos ext TIP *Tovdalay Kat payn viKnoas 104 *AdAdEavdpov KOTO ovvOjKas _dvexeopnoev. ’ AdeE- avopos de [léAAav ede emi Tépacav yer madAw T@v Pcodapov KT NATO yAtxopevos, Kal Tpiot Tous Ppoupovs meptBoro.s amotetyiaas dixa® pans 105 76 ywptov wapaAapBaver. KaTaoTpEepeTau dé Kat PavAdvny Kai Ledeveevav kas tiv *Avrioxou ddpayya kahoupevny, pos ois Tapadav Ppovptov KApTEpov edav, Tov apyovta Anjrpiov ev avr@ tapadvcas* ex 7oAA@v éykAnpatov, em aveow vels ‘Tovdaiar, tTpia mAnpwoas é€Tn THs oTparetas. aopevws & tro rob Ebvovs ed€xOn Sia THY €v- 1 Bekker: éxxXivoved(v) mss. ? From 4A. xiii. 391: ‘Avay or”Avva mss. ® Destinon: dia mss.; cf. A. xiii. 393}| duaxi, and for the phrase da uayns B. iv. 372. * Acorr-: the other mss. have mwepiAvoas or mepidvcas (cf. A. repiéducer). 50 JEWISH WAR, I. 101-105 (=anv. xiii. 391-394) for battle, and then suddenly wheeling round his cavalry, ten thousand strong, fell upon the troops of Antiochus while in disorder. A hard fought battle ensued. So long as Antiochus lived, his forces held out, though mercilessly cut up by the Arabs. When he fell, after constantly exposing himself in the front while rallying his worsted troops, the rout became general. The bulk of his army perished either on the field or in the flight; the rest took refuge in the village of Cana, where all save a few succumbed to starvation. (8) On the death of Antiochus, the inhabitants of Damascus, from hatred of Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, brought in Aretas and made him king of Coele- Syria.t. The latter made an expedition into Judaea, defeated Alexander in battle, and after concluding atreaty withdrew. Alexander, for his part, captured Pella and proceeded against Gerasa, hankering once more after the treasures of Theodorus.” Having blockaded the garrison by a triple line of walls, he carried the place without a battle. He also con- quered Gaulane and Seleuceia and took the so-called “Ravine of Antiochus.” He further captured the strong fortress of Gamala and dismissed its com- mander, Demetrius, in consequence of numerous accusations. He then returned to Judaea after a campaign of three whole years. His successful career brought him a cordial welcome from the nation ; yet @ Ptolemy was king of Chalcis and the surrounding dis- trict in Coele-Syria (c. 85-40 B.c.) ; Aretas was king of the Nabataean Arabs. > Cf. § 86. 51 JOSEPHUS mpayiav, Kat AapBaver THY avatavow Tod moAEueEtv 106 apynv vocov. TeTaptatats dé mepiddois mupeTav evoxyAovpevos w7On Siaxpotcecba' tiv voor mdAw asdpevos mpaypatwv. 610 87) otpatetats akaipois é€avTov émdidovs Kai Bialopevos Tapa dvvamw TO capa 7 pos Tas évepyelas am7Adakev. teAcuTa yoov ev j€ooLs Tots FopvBors aoTpepopevos BaciWevoas extra m™pos Tots elKOOW €T7. 107. (v. 1) Karadetzer de THY Baowretav “AreEavdpa ™ yuvaukt TETELOPEVOS TAUTY pdduor’ av v7aKov- oat Tous *Tovdaious, eme.07) Tihs WPOTNTOS avtoo peaxpav dmodeovea Kal Tats Trapavopiaus avé- 108 vorapLev) TOV O7jov els e€vvoLav mpoonyayeTo.” Kal ov dujpaprev THs €Amidos: éxpatnoev yap THs apxijs TO ytvatov dia do€av edoeBetas. 7K piBov yap 8 padtota Tot ebvous* Ta maTpLa Kai Tovs 7AnppeAobvTas «eis Tovs lepods vopouvs €& apyts 109 mpoeBadrero. dvo 8° atrH maldwv ovtwy €€ *AdcE- dvdpou, Tov pev mpeaBUTepov “Yipravov Oud TE THY HAcKiav d7odeiKvuow dpxve pea. Kai aAAws 6 evra. vwhéarepov 7 wate evoyAciv mEepi TMV GAwY, TOV d€ vewstepov "AprotoBovAov da Oepotyta Katetyev (Out. 110 (2) Ilapadvovrar 5é€ atris eis rHv e€ovolay Mapicaio, atvtaypa te “lovdaiwy doxoty evae- Béatepov eivat t@v aAAwy Kal tods vopous axpt- 11] Béorepov adnyetoBac. ToUTois mepiccov 8H TL 7 poaeixev 1) “AdeEdvdpa cecoBnpevn® TEpl TO Geiov. of 5€ tiv andAdtnTa THs avOpwrov Kata 1 Bekker: d:axpotcac@a mss. 2 rponyayero AM: mpoc- is supported by B. i. 153. 3 yéuou PAM*, * M margin: ceBouévy the rest. 52 JEWISH WAR, I. 105-111 (=anv. xiii, 398-407) rest from war proved but the beginning of disease. Afflicted by a quartan ague, he hoped to shake off the malady by a return to active life. He, accord- ingly, plunged into ill-timed campaigns and, forcing himself to tasks beyond his strength, hastened his end. He died, at any rate, amid stress and turmoil, after a reign of twenty-seven years. (v. 1) Alexander bequeathed the kingdom to his wife Alexandra, being convinced that the Jews would oe bow to her authority as they would to no other, because by her utter lack of his brutality and by her opposition to his crimes she had won the affections of the populace. Nor was he mistaken in these expectations ; for this frail woman firmly held the reins of government, thanks to her reputation for piety. She was, indeed, the very strictest observer of the national traditions and would deprive of office 4 any offenders against the sacred laws. Of the two sons whom she had by Alexander, she appointed the elder, Hyrcanus, high priest, out of consideration alike for his age and his disposition, which was too lethargic to be troubled about public affairs; the younger, Aristobulus, as a hot-head, she confined to a private life. (2) Beside Alexandra, and growing as she grew, arose ® the Pharisees, a body of Jews with the reputation of excelling the rest of their nation in the observances of religion, and as exact exponents of the laws. ‘To them, being herself intensely religious, she listened with too great deference ; while they, gradually taking advantage of an ingenuous woman, @ Or perhaps “ banish from the realm.” » Literally, ‘‘ grew up beside into her power” (like suckers round a tree). 53 His di 8 B.C Queer EX. 69 Grow! powe! Phari JOSEPHUS 4 t , “5 ‘ 51 ‘ n 5A uxpov vmiovTes ON Kat dtorKnTaL Tav oAwv 4, a > / eyivovTo, Siwikew Te Kal KaTayew ovs €fédAotev, AVew tre Kal Secpetv. Kalddov 8 ai pev amodAav- ~ / ’ / > \ > > / gets Tay PBacireiwy exelvwy ioav, Ta 8° avade- \ ‘ , rte Sp , \ 112 waTa Kal at dvoxeperar THs AAcEavépas. dew?) S qv ta peilw diuiKetv, dvvapw te det ovy- Kpotovaa dimAagiova KatéoTnoe Kat EeviKyy ovv- , ) > ’ e \ / / A nyayev ovdK oAlyny, Ws pn Lovey KpaTivecBar TO 34+ ” \ \ \ Tae > oiketov €Ovos, doBepay b€ Kat tots e€whev civar Suvdoras. éKpater d€ Tav pev aAAwy adrh, Mapicaio: 8 adrijs. 113 (3) Avoyévny yoty twa Tav emojuwy, didov *"AdcEavipw yeyevnuevov, KTElvovcw avrTol,’ ovp- Bovadov éyxadobrtes yeyovevat TEpl TOV avacTavpw- févtwy to Tod Baciiéws oxtakociwv. évijyov de \ > , ’ : ‘ ‘ ” , tiv “AdrcEavdpav ets 70 Kat Tovs addAovs dvaxerpt- i , 5.9. & , \ > ‘ cacbat Tav mapo€vvavtwy em’ exetvous Tov ’AAEE- 5] , ’ e ‘ Ul > a avdpov- evdidovons 6 Um devordayovias avrpovv 114 ods €OéAovev adrot. mpoodevyovor 5é€ *Apioto- BotAw 7&v KxwédvvevovTwy ot mpovyew SoKobdvtes, Kakelvos meer THY untepa deloacbar pev Sia TO agiwua Tav avdpa@v, exmeuisar 6’ abrovs, ef p27 Kalapovs vmetAndev, ek THS TOAEwWS. Of pEeVv Obv dofeians adeias e€axedacbnoav ava THY ywpar. 115 "AAcEavdpa b€ exréuaca emi Aapackor orpariap, mpodaais 8° rv IroAepatos aei OAiBwv tHv moAw, TauTny pev vmedeEato unfev a€iAoyov épyaca- 116 wévnv' Trypavnv b€ tov “Appeviwy Bactdéa zpoc- KabeCouevov [lroAeuatés Kat moAvopKotvta KAco- 1 oito Destinon, 5+ JEWISH WAR, I. 111-116 (=anT. xiii. 409-419) became at length the real administrators of the state, at liberty to banish and to recall, to loose and to bind, whom they would. In short, the enjoyments of royal authority were theirs; its expenses and burthens fell to Alexandra. She proved, however, to be a wonderful administrator in larger affairs, and, by continual recruiting doubled her army, besides collecting a considerable body of foreign troops ; so that she not only strengthened her own nation, but became a formidable foe to foreign potentates. But if she ruled the nation, the Pharisees ruled her. (3) Thus they put to death Diogenes, a dis- tinguished man who had been a friend of Alexander, accusing him of having advised the king to crucify his eight hundred victims.¢ They further urged Alexandra to make away with the others who had instigated Alexander to punish those men; and as she from superstitious motives always gave way, they proceeded to kill whomsoever they would. The most eminent of the citizens thus imperilled sought refuge with Aristobulus, who persuaded his mother to spare their lives in consideration of their rank, but, if she was not satisfied of their innocence, to expel them from the city. Their security being thus guaranteed, they dispersed about the country. Alexandra sent an army to Damascus. on the pretext of the constant pressure put upon that city by Ptolemy ; the troops, however, returned to her without having achieved anything remarkable. On the other hand, by means of treaties and presents, Alexand foreign policy. she won over Tigranes, king of Armenia, who was «. 70-69 4.§,97. 55 JOSEPHUS matpav ovvOijKais Kal dwpois trnyayeto. POdver 6 €xeivos amavaotas dia Tas olkot Tapayas éeu- BeBAnKotos eis tHv “Appeviay AevKoAdov. 117. (4) Kav rovrvw voaovons *AdcEavdpas 6 vew- Tepos T@v Taidwy *ApiotoBovros tov Katpov apmdoas peta THY olKelwv,’ elyevy 5€ oAAOvs Kat mavtas evvous dia 71v Oepyornta, Kpatet ev THY epundtwy amavtwy, tois 8 ex TovTwy yxpyyacw utaboddpovs abpoicas €avtov azodeikvuat Bactdréa. 118 7pos Tatra odupopevov tov “Ypxavov 7 pnrnp olKTElpaca THY TE yuvatka Kal TOUs Tatdas ’Apioto- BovAov Kabeipyvvcw els trv “Avtwviav: dpovpiov 5° vv 7@ Bopeiw KAiwate Tob lepod mpooKeipevor, maAau ev, ws Edy, Bapus ovopalopevor, avlus b€ TAaUTHS TVXOV TIS mpoonyopias ETLKPATHOAVTOS *Avtwvriov, Kabamep azo Te TOD LeSaorod Kat "Aypinma LePaotn Kat “Aypimmias mode ez}, 119 evopdabncar. mpl de emeEeADeiv ’AXeEavdpa tov ‘AptoroBovdov Tis tad_eAgod katadvoews teAcuTa dioikyjoaca Thy apxnv eTeow evved. 120 (vi. 1) Kai KAnpovoj.os jLev 7 TOV ode ‘Yp- Kavos, @ Kat (Hoa tiv Paotdrelav evexetptoey, Suvdper Se Kat dpovipare mpoeiyev 0 “Apioro- Bovdos. VEvowerns de avtois meEpt Tov 6Awy ou Bodjjs mept ‘leptyotvTa Katadurovres ot moAAot Tor "Vipkavov peTaBatvovow mpos tov *AptoroBovAov 1210 6e pera, TOV OU pew avTov Pbdvee ovppuyan emt tTHv “Avtwriav Kal Kuptevoas Tv Mpos awry: 1 oixelwy Herwerden: olxerGv mss. and Niese. @ Cleopatra or Selene (A. xiii. 420), daughter of Ptolemy Physcon, and married to several of the Seleucid kings. W: 56 JEWISH WAR, I. 116-121 (=ant. xiii. 419-xiv. 5) seated before Ptolemais, besieging Cleopatra.2 He, however, had to beat a hasty retreat, recalled by domestic troubles in Armenia, which Lucullus had invaded. (4) Alexandra now falling ill, her younger son Aristobulus seized his opportunity and with the aid of his followers—a numerous body, every one o whom was devoted to him because of his fiery nature—took possession of all the fortresses and, with the money which he found there, recruited a mercenary force and proclaimed himself king. The complaints of Hyrcanus at these proceedings moved the compassion of his mother, who shut up the wife and children of Aristobulus in Antonia. This was a fortress adjoining the north side of the temple, which, as I said,? was formerly called Baris, but afterwards took this new name under Antony’s supremacy; just as Augustus and Agrippa gave their names to the cities of Sebaste © and Agrippias.? But before Alexandra could take action against Aristobulus for his deposition of his brother, she expired, after a reign of nine years. (vi. 1) Hyrcanus, to whom even in her lifetime his mother had entrusted the kingdom, was sole heir to the throne, but in capacity and courage was surpassed by Aristobulus. A battle for the crown took place near Jericho, when most of the troops of Hyrcanus deserted him and went over to Aristobulus. Hyrcanus, with those who remained with him, hastily cook refuge in Antonia and secured hostages for his earn from Strabo. xvi. 749, that Tigranes on his retreat rom Syria carried off Cleopatra as a prisoner and sub- sequently put her to death. MSG ¢ Samaria. 4 Formerly Anthedon, § 87. 57 Revolt of her son Aristobult Her death HYRCANU: Il abdicat in favour | ARISTO- BULUS II 69-63 B.C. 122 womep adeAdov Baciréws. emi tovtois d:adAayev- 123 124 kai THs aAAns loxvos Tpwrevwr Tod EAvous. ovTOS JOSEPHUS piav op7pev" tatta 8 Hv 7 “A ptotoBovAov yuv” peTa TOV TEKVOV. ayeAer mp dvnKéoTou aaGous dueAVOnoav, wWote Bacirevew pev *“AptaoroBovdov, “Ypxavov d€ exotavta tis aAAns amoAavew TYyLAs Tes €v T@ lep® Kal Tod Aaod mepteat@tos dido- / 24 / : > / / ‘ > ’ dpovws adAnAovs aormacdpevot Sijpeubav Tas otKlas* > / ‘ \ > \ / c ‘ AptatoBovros pev yap eis ta Bacivea, ‘Ypxavos 8° > / > \ >A 5A > 2 avexwpyoev els tTHv “AptotoBovAov otkiav. (2) Aéos 6€ tots te GAAois tTHVv ’AptatoBovAov diaddpwv éeuninter map’ é€Amida Kpatnoavtos Kat peddtota “Avtimatpw mada diaprcovpévw. ‘yévos 5’ Ww “ldovpatos, mpoyovwy te evexa Kat mAovToU >’ <4 al ‘ ¢ ‘ > / / ~ dua Kat tov “Ypxavov ’Apéta mpoodvyovta TO ~ =~ > , > / \ / Baowret tis “ApaPias avaxtjoacba: tHv Bactveiav »” ‘\ A > / / ‘ ‘ ¢ A emeiev, kai tov “Apéerav d€Eacbai te tov “YpKavov Kal KaTayayelv emi tHv apxnv, moAAa pev Tov *AptotoBovAov eis TO 7O0s diaBadAAwv, moAAa 8° ] ~ ‘ - a ‘ [ / Py / 6 7 1 \ evawa@v tov “Ypxavov [mapyver dé€acbar},* Kat ws mpeTov: 146 7avTAa TpoTOV elpyovTwy avwiev. Kav atéA€eoTOs ¢ JOSEPHUS 77 mpo tovTwy dapayya dofepav To Te tepov €v70s 77s dapayyos oxUpwraTa TETELXLOMEVOY, wate Tod aoateos adtcKouéevov devtépav eivar Kataduyiv TovTO Tots 7oAEmtots. (2) Avazopotvtos & emi moddyv xpovov otdaais Tois é€vdov euminter, Tav pev *AptotoBovdAou ToAepelv aévovvtTwy Kal puecbar tov Baa.réa, Ov d€ ta ‘Ypxavod dpovowvrey avovyew Hopanio Tas mvAas* 7oovs d€ tovTous ézoler TO d€os, ag- op@vtas els Tv TOV “Papaioy evTagiay. TT pevov dé 70 “ApiotoBovdov [L€pos ets TO tepov avexwpnoev KaL TI)V ouvdmrovoay am avTod TH mover yédupay amoxKoisavtes avticyely els EaxaTov mapeoxevalovto. tay bé étépwv Seyopevwy “Pw-} platouvs TH moAee Kat ta Bacirera mapadidovTwr, emt pev tatta lloumnios eva tav tbh’ €eavTa@ otpatny@v Ileiowva eloméumer peta oatparias’ ds diadaBwv dpovpais thy moAw, émetd7) THV els TO lepov Katadvyovtwy ovdeva Adyots eEmeBevh cuuPyvar, Ta mépr€ eis mpocPodAas edtpémlev Exe zovs mept tov “YpKavov els Te Tas emuwotas Kal Tas Umnpeocias mpoBvpous. (3) Adros be Kara 70 7 pooapKTLov kAipa TV Te Tadpov EXOU Kal THv ddpayya maoav, _vAny cupgopovons Tis Ovvdpews. xaAemov 5° yw Te avatAnpobv dia Babos dzeipov Kai tav “lovdatwnr ” -~ / ¢ / >? \ \ ¢ Euewev Tois “Pwyatois 6 movos, et ur) Tas €Bdo-F pddas ETLTNPO@V O Hopmnuos, ev als mavTos Epyou dia 77V OpyoKetay Xetpas amiaxovaw ‘lovdator, Te y@ua vibov Tis KaTa xeipa avpPodAjs elpywv Tovs 66 JEWISH WAR, I. 141-146 (=antT. xiv. 57-64) task of their assault, the frightful ravine in front of them, and within the ravine the temple also so strongly fortified as to afford, after the capture of the town, a second line of defence to the enemy. (2) However, during his long period of indecision, sedition broke out within the walls ; the partisans of Aristobulus insisting on a battle and the rescue of the king, while those of Hyrcanus were for opening the gates to Pompey. The numbers of the latter were increased by the fear which the spectacle of the perfect order of the Romans inspired. The party of Aristobulus, finding themselves beaten, re- tired into the temple, cut the bridge which con- nected it with the city, and prepared to hold out to the last. The others admitted the Romans to the city and delivered up the palace. Pompey sent a body of troops to occupy it under the command of Piso, one of his lieutenant-generals. That officer distributed sentries about the town and, failing to induce any of the refugees in the temple to listen to terms, prepared the surrounding ground for an assault. In this work the friends of Hyrcanus keenly assisted him with their advice and services. (3) Pompey himself was on the north side, en- gaged in banking up the fosse and the whole of the ravine with materials collected by the troops. The tremendous depth to be filled, and the impediments of every sort to which the work was exposed by the Jews above, rendered this a difficult task. Indeed, che labours of the Romans would have been endless, aad not Pompey taken advantage of the seventh lay of the week, on which the Jews, from religious scruples, refrain from all manual work, and then mroceeded to raise the earthworks, while forbidding 67 147 148 149 JOSEPHUS oTpaTiitas* Umép povov yap Tod ouwparos apv- vovtat' Tots caPBarous. 767 O° avaremAnpwevns Tijs dapayyos mUpyous bymA ovs emoTioas TH xopare Kal Tpooayayoy Tas ex Tupov Koprabetoas pnxavas émeparo TOU TElyous" aveoreAAov d€ at mreTpoBoAou TOUS Kkabiepbev kwAvovras. dvTetxov 6°’ eémi mAeiov of Kata TodTO TO pépos TUpyot peyeler te Kat KdAXer diadépovtes. (4) “Ev@a 87) modAAa taév ‘Pwpaiwy Kaxo7a- Govvtwy 6 louis ta re adda Tis Kaptepias tovs ‘“lovdatovs amefavyalev, Kat padiora Tov pndev tapadtoar THs OpyoKetas év éaous Tots BéAcow aveAnpeévous: aomep yap elpryns Badetas KaTexovons TH moAw at te Ovaiar Kal? Teepay | Kal of évayiopot Kal Taca Oepaveia Kata Taxpipes} e€eteXeiro 7TH Ged. Kat ovd€ Kat adtiv THVI: dhwow mrepl TO Bape povevopevot TOv Kal? Tear voto ets THY OpnoKeiav dm€arnoav. Tpit yap pnve THs moAvopKias ports eva. Tov TUpyov Katappipavtes elaémimtov eis TO tepov 6 d5€ mpa@tos brepBHvar ToAunoas TO Tetyos XVAAo mais %v Datdatos KopyjAvos Kai pet’ atrov Exa: tovrdpyat dvo Wovpios* Kai DaBios. etzeto de EKAOTW TO loLoV OTiPos, KaL TEpLOYOVTES TAaYTAX? TO lepov EKTELWWOY OUs Lev TH va@ mpoadevyovtas ovs d€ auvvopevous mpos oAtyov. 1 +xai VRNC Lat. (etiam). 2 Lat., Heg.: Ppovpios mss. * Military engines for flinging stones and other missiles. > A. xiv. 66 gives the precise year (Olympiad 179 ane the Roman consuls of 63 B.c.) and adds “on the day of th fast,’ i.e. probably the Day of Atonement (10th Tishr’ September-October). Dio Cassius, xxxvil. 16, says “* on th ma JEWISH WAR, I. 146-149 (=antT. xiv. 64-70) his troops to engage in hostilities; for on the sabbaths the Jews fight only in self-defence. The ravine once filled up, he erected lofty towers on the earthworks, brought up the battering engines which had been conveyed from Tyre, and tried their effect upon the walls; the ballistae,* meanwhile, beating off resistance from above. However, the towers, which in this sector were extraordinarily massive and beauti- ful, long resisted the blows. (4) While the Romans were undergoing these severe hardships, Pompey was filled with admiration for the invariable fortitude of the Jews, and in particular for the way in which they carried on their religious services uncurtailed, though enveloped in a hail of missiles. Just as if the city had been wrapt in profound peace, the daily sacrifices, the expiations and all the ceremonies of worship were scrupulously performed to the honour of God. At the very hour when the temple was taken, when they were being Capture o massacred about the altar, they never desisted from ‘?¢ Temp the religious rites for the day. It was the third month of the siege® when, having with difficulty succeeded in overthrowing one of the towers, the Romans burst into the temple. The first to venture across the wall was Faustus Cornelius, son of Sulla ; after him came two centurions, Furius and Fabius. Followed by their respective companies, they formed 1 ring round the court of the temple and slew their victims, some flying to the sanctuary, others offering 1 brief resistance. sabbath ” (év 7H Tod Kpévov judpa): and it has been held yy some that “* the fast’ named in Josephus’s non-Jewish source meant the sabbath, according to a mistaken and wide- spread idea in the Graeco-Roman world that the Jews fasted m the sabbath (Schiirer). 69 JOSEPHUS 150 (5) “EvOa zoddoi tév iepéwv Evdypers Tovs moAepious éemiovtas BArémovtes abopt¥Bws éni ris Opyoxetas ELEWaV, omevoorTeEs de ameapaTTovTo Kal Oupuautes: [Kat | Tijs mpos TO Uetov Bepazeias ev Seut Tépw TIHV owrnpiav T€pevor. mActaotot 8 to TOV opopvawy dvTLoTacLagTav avn podvTo Kal KATA TOV KpHLV@v EppimTov EeavTovs a7reipot’ Kal Ta mepl TO TEtXos om evLoLw pavi@vtTes ev Tats 151 apnxaviars Umempnaay Kal ovyKatepr€yovo. *Tov- daiwy jev ovv avnpelnoay peviptov Kal diaxiAvor, “Papaic d€ oAlyou ev Tavu veKpol, TpavpaTiat 6° €yevovto 7Actous. 152 (6) Oddev 8 ovtTws ev tais ToTEe aupdopats Kabnpato tod ebvous ws TO Téws adpatov aytov} exxadudbev to ta&v adAodvAwy. mapeABav yoodvt, avv tots mept atdrov o Jlopyaios eis Tov vaov,}| ev0a povw Oewitov Hv Tapiévar TO apxrepet, Tal; , p mav7a, mAbs TE apwyaTwv ocEeowpevpevov Ka}! 153 (ep@v ypnudtwy ets tdAavta dicxiAva. ove def toUTwv ovte dAAov twos TOV tep@v KeysnAtan nwato, adda Kat peta play THS aAwoEews HLEpal Kabgpat TO lepov Tois vewkKOpois TpoceTakev Ka Tas eg eGous éenitedciv Ouaias. atOis 8’ amodetéa: ‘Ypxavov apxiepea, ta te GAAa mpofvpotatoi €avTov ev 77) ToAvopKia TapacxovTa, Kal O.voTe TH KATA TIV xopav 7 A7jGos anéarnoev ‘ApwaroBovag oup7oAcpeiv" WPHTNLEVOV, eK ToUTwV, ommEp 7 mpoonKkov ayaba atpatny®@, Tov Aaov edbvoia mAéo; 1547) O€eu mpoonyayeTo. ev be Tots alypadwrTor 1 guumovery C, 70 JEWISH WAR, I. 150-154 (=antT. xiv. 70-73) (5) Then it was that many of the priests, seeing the enemy advancing sword in hand, calmly con- tinued their sacred ministrations, and were butchered in the act of pouring libations and burning incense ; putting the worship of the Deity above their own preservation. Most of the slain perished by the hands of their countrymen of the opposite faction 3 countless numbers flung themselves over the preci- pices; some, driven mad by their hopeless plight, set fire to the buildings around the wall and were consumed in the flames. Of the Jews twelve thou- sand perished; the losses of the Romans in dead were trifling, in wounded considerable. (6) Of all the calamities of that time none so deeply affected the nation as the exposure to alien eyes of the Holy Place, hitherto screened from view Pompey indeed, along with his staff, penetrated to the sanctuary, entry to which was permitted to none but the high priest, and beheld what it contained: the eandelabrum and lamps, the table, the vessels for libation and censers, all of solid gold, an accumula- tion of spices and the store of sacred money amount- ing to two thousand talents. However, he touched neither these nor any other of the sacred treasures and, the very day after the capture of the temple, yave orders to the custodians to cleanse it and to jresume the customary sacrifices. He reinstated j dyreanus as high priest, in return for his enthusiastic upport shown during the siege, particularly in de- } aching from Aristobulus large numbers of the rural vopulation who were anxious to join his standard. sy these methods, in which goodwill played a larger art than terrorism, he, like the able general he was, onciliated the people. Among the prisoners was 71 Hyrcanus reinstated as high priest. 155 , ’ Ul > > > > ~ ‘ ‘ 156 xapilopevos. nAevbepwoev 8 am att@v Kai tas 158 JOSEPHUS €AndOn Kai 6 "ApiotoBovAov mevbepds, 6 8° adres hv Kat Geios att@. Kal tods alituwtdrous pev TOU moA€uouv meAéKer KoAdle:, Daicrov S€ Kal Tous pet adtod yevvaiws dywvicayévouvs AapTpois apictelois Swpynoduevos TH Te xYwpa Kai Tots ‘lepocoAdpots émitdacer ddpov. (7) “AdeAdjevos S€ tod EBvous Kal Tas év KolAn Lupia modes, as etAov, tréra~ev TH Kat’ exeivo ‘Pwyaiwy ortpatny®@ Katatetaypévw Kal povots avTovs Tots tdlois Opots mepiéKAccoev.' avaxtiler d¢ kat Tadapav imo ‘lovdaiwy Kkateotpapperny, Tadapizn twit tav idiwv ameAevPepwr Anuntpiw > - , / ad \ 4 ev 7H pecoyetw modes, Goas pn PUacavtes KatT- éoxabav, “Inmov UxvbdmodAw te wat IléAAav Kat Lapydpevav kat “Iapverav kat Mdpicav “Alwrov te kat “Apéfovoav, opoiws 6€ Kat Tas mapadious Talav *lonanv Adpa kat tiv mada pev Utpatwvos | amUpyov Kadovpéevnv, vorepov S€ petaxtiabeicar}| e > e / , 7, te UP ‘Hpwdov BaciAéws Aapmpotato Kata-}) oKevdopacw Kat peTovonacbeicay Karodpevav. as}! maaas Tois yvynalos amodovs moXitais Karéraker|! els THv Lupraxny éemapxiav. mapadovs de TavTHr Te Kal 7T7V “lovdatav Kat Ta péxypis Aty’mrov Kai Etddparov XKavpw biérew Kat 600 TOV TaypaTwv b] ‘ \ , ] ¢ / , / A abros Oia KidAckias ets “Papnv nretyeto Tov, "AptatoBovAov dywv peta Tis yeveds atyydAwrov fy, duo 8 joav att@ Ovyarépes Kai dvo vieis, dv c id \ > / > ~ e ~ / etepos ev “AddEavdpos éx tis 6600 diadidpaoKet * Named Absalom (A. xiv. 71). 72 JEWISH WAR, I. 154-158 (=anrt. xiv. 73-79) the father-in-law of Aristobulus, who was also his uncle.? Those upon whom lay the main responsibility for the war were executed. Faustus and his brave Judaea : - : - 4 made companions in arms were presented with splendid jributary rewards. The country and Jerusalem were laid & Rome under tribute. (7) Pompey, moreover, deprived the Jews of the Redistril cities which they had conquered in Coele-Syria, territory placing these under the authority of a Roman governor appointed for the purpose,’ and thus con- fined the nation within its own boundaries. To gratify Demetrius, one of his freedmen, a Gadarene, he rebuilt Gadara, which had been destroyed by the Jews. He also liberated from their rule all the towns in the interior which they had not already razed to the ground, namely Hippos, Scythopolis, Pella,¢ Samaria, Jamnia, Marisa, Azotus, and Are- thusa; likewise the maritime towns of Gaza, Joppa, Dora, and the city formerly called Strato’s Tower, which afterwards, when reconstructed by King Herod with magnificent buildings, took the name of Caesarea. All these towns he restored to their legitimate inhabitants and annexed to the province of Syria. That province, together with Judaea and the whole region extending as far as Egypt and the Euphrates, he entrusted, along with two legions, to the administration of Scaurus; and then set out in haste across Cilicia for Rome, taking with him his prisoners, Aristobulus and his family. That prince aristobu had two daughters and two sons. Of the latter, artive t jone, Alexander, made his escape on the journey ; Rome. ® kar’ éxeivo, ““ad hoc,” or perhaps “of the Roman governor placed over that region.” ¢ A.adds Dium. VOL. II D2 73 159 160 161 162 JOSEPHUS adv S€ tuis adeAdats 6 vewtepos *Avtiyovos ets ‘Poéynv éxopileto. (viii. 1) Kav tovcw Uxadpos eis tHv "Apafiav > va | -~ ) / ” Aa / euPadwv TAS ev Ilérpas elpyeTo Tats dvoywpiats, e7opber dé Ta mépee 7oAAa. Kav TOUTW KakoTrabav: eXipwrrev yap 7 oTparid. Kal 7pos TOUTO ‘Vpxa- vos emeBorjet dua “Avrumazpov Tamir 7dEld TET, év Kal Kalina Lkadpos o ovtTa avv7yn 7 mpos A pérav, Omws eT Xpjpeaow duadvcairo tov dAcpov. meiberar & 6 “Apays tpiaxdo.a Sodvar tadAavta, > \ 7, ~ ; -~ ~ > / \ Kam TovTois LKatpos e€qyev THs “ApaBias Hv dvvapw. (2) ‘O & amobdpas trav "ApiatoBovAov Tratowy Hopajuov "AdeEavdpos xXpovw ouvayayav xetpa ouxy7y Bapvs qv ‘Vipkav@ Kal THY ‘lovdatay KAaTETpEXEV, edoxet Te av KkataAtoau TaXews avTov, os ye 7301 Kat TO Katappidbev stro Llopuaniov Teixos ev ‘lepooodAdpors dvanriew eGappet mpoc-}. eAddv, ef py TaBivios eis Xupiav mepdbeis} v—v , 8 4) / AAA a > 48 Xeavpw Siaddoyos ta te GAAa yevvaiov améderkev ¢ ‘ b) 7 sats B / ¢ | €autov ev moAXois Kat én’ “AAeEavdpov wpynoev. ¢ A , ) \ ” , ’ ‘ 6 b¢€ deicas mpos tHv Eehodov Svvayiv Te TAELwW auvéereyev, ws yevéobar pupiovs pev omdAtvas} xtAlous 6€ Kal mevTaKoolous immeis, Kal TA €mt-} *2 ~ s ; , 5 , , Z THOELA THY ywpiwy éreiyilev, ’AAcEavdpevov vel. Kat ‘Ypxaviav' cat Maya.podyta mpos tots “Apa- Biows opecw. PaBiuos d€ pe7a peépovs Tis oTpatias}. Mdpkov *Avtwvov mpoméupas adtos elmeto TH 1 Niese (so it is called elsewhere): ‘Tpxav(e)coy Mss. ¢ 2 According to Appian, Syr. 51, there were two inter-}. mediate governors of Syria between Scaurus and Gabinius, 74 JEWISH WAR, I. 158-162 (=anT. xiv. 79-84) Antigonus, the younger, was conducted with his sisters to Rome. (viii. 1) Meanwhile Scaurus had invaded Arabia. Antipat Being held up at Petra by the difficulties of the S38". ground, he proceeded to lay waste the surrounding 2gainst country, but here again suffered severely, his army being reduced to starvation. To relieve his wants Hyrceanus sent Antipater with supplies. Antipater being on intimate terms with Aretas, Scaurus dis- patched him to the king to induce him to purchase release from hostilities. The Arab monarch con- senting to pay three hundred talents, Scaurus on these conditions withdrew his troops from the country. (2) Alexander, son of Aristobulus, the one who Revolt o escaped from Pompey, in course of time mustered Al’san¢ a considerable force and caused Hyrcanus serious Aristobu annoyance by his raids upon Judaea. Having already advanced to Jerusalem and had the audacity to begin rebuilding the wall which Pompey had destroyed, he would in all probability have soon deposed his rival, but for the arrival of Gabinius, who had been sent governn to Syria as successor to Scaurus.¢ Gabinius, whose 9f G3bin valour had been proved on many other occasions, now marched against Alexander. The latter, alarmed at his approach, raised the strength of his army to ten thousand foot and fifteen hundred horse, and fortified the strategic positions of Alexandreion, Hyreania, and Machaerus, adjacent to the Arabian mountains. (3) Gabinius sent Mark Antony ahead with a ge dete. division of his army, following himself with the main Alexand | viz. Marcius Philippus (61-60 B.c., Schiirer) and Lentulus 4 Marcellinus (59-58 B.c.). 75 JOSEPHUS oAnv éxwv Stvayw. ot d€ mepi tor *Avrimatpov emidextot Kai To GAAo taypa Tav ‘lovdaiwy, wv MadAtyos jpyev cat IlevAoAaos, ovppi€avtes Tots mept Mapxov ’Avraviov yenoow tajnvTwy *Ade€- dvépw. Kal wet’ od moAv mapyv aya TH dadayye 163 TaBivios. evovopévny b€ tHv THv ToAcuiov bvvayw ovx vmopetvas “AAdEavdpos aveywper Kai mAnatov 707 ‘lepocoAvpe YEVOJLEVOS avayKalerau cup Bare, Kai Kara tiv wayyy é€axiaxyiAlous amo- Badwry, dv tproxtAcor jeev Emecov TpiaxtAcor be eCwypyfnoav, devyer adv Tois Katadedbeiow eis *AdeEdvdpevov. 164 (4) TaBivuos &€ mpos to *AAcEadvdperov €APayv é7e.d7) moAAovs etpev e€aTparomedeupevous, eEmret- paro ovyyveuns Umocxéoet TEpl THY TuapTn- pevenv T™po paxyns avrovs mpocayayéobat- pendev d€ péTpiov dpovovvre dmoKretvas mroAovs Tovs 165 Aoumods amékAecev eis TO Epupa. KaTa TavTHY apiorever THY axnVv o Hyenwv MadpKos ’Avtudvos, TavTayoo pev yevvaios det daveis, ovdayod 8 ov7ws. LTaBinos d€ rods e€aipnoovras To dpovptov KaTadimwv avtos emer Tas ev aTopOnTovs moAets Kkaliorduevos, Tas b€ KaTeoTpappevas avakrilwr. 166 cuvevoAicbnoav yobv tovTov KeAevoavtos LUxvbo- moXs TE Kal Lapdpeva Kat "AvOndav Kai ‘AzroA- Awvia Kal ‘Idpvera Kal “Paddeva Mapicd te Kai "Adwpeos Kat Tapadat cai “Alwros Kai adda moAAat, Tv oiknTopwv aopéevws ed -ExdoTnv ouvGeovtwr. 167 (5) Mera d€ tHv TovtTwy émipédecav eave ay mpos To “AdcEdvdpevov éeméppwoev 77v ToAvopKiay, 1 VC: TdSada the rest: Gadara Lat.: Gaza A.|j 76 { JEWISH WAR, I. 162-167 (=anT. xiv. 84-89) body. Antipater’s picked troops and the rest of the Jewish contingent under the command of Malichus and Peitholaus joined forces with Antony’s generals and proceeded against Alexander. Gabinius ap- peared before long with the heavy infantry. Alex- ander, unable to withstand the combined forces of the enemy, retired, but when approaching Jerusalem was forced into an engagement. In this battle he lost six thousand of his men, three thousand killed, and as many prisoners. With the remnant of his army he fled to Alexandreion. (4) Gabinius, following him thither, found many of his men camping outside the walls. Before attacking them, he endeavoured, by promise of pardon for past offences, to bring them over to his side; but, on their proudly refusing all terms, he killed a large number of them and confined the remainder in the fortress. The honours of this combat went to the commanding officer, Mark Antony ; his valour, dis- played on every battlefield, was never so conspicuous as here. Leaving the reduction of the fort to his troops, Gabinius made a parade of the country, restoring order in the cities which had escaped devastation, and rebuilding those which he found in and rest order in country. ruins. It was, for instance, by his orders that. Scythopolis, Samaria, Anthedon, Apollonia, Jamnia, Raphia, Marisa, Adoreus, Gamala, Azotus, and many other towns were repeopled, colonists gladly flocking to each of them. (5) After supervising these arrangements, Gabinius returned to Alexandreion and pressed the siege so LT JOSEPHUS a > , cw > \ ‘ a e ’ wate “AXéEavdpos amoyvods mept tT@v OAwY eémt- KnpuKEeveTal pos avTov, avyyvwoljval te TOV juapTnwevwr Seduevos Kal TA OvLLEevovTa' dpovpia mapadidovs “Ypxaviavy cat Mayaipotyta- atfis be ‘ ‘ > cree > , a , 168 kat to *AAcEavdperov evexetpioev. G TavTa Ta- Bivios evayovans THs ‘AdeEdvopov ENTpos KaT- €otpewev, ws wy 7aAw opntnpLov yevo.ro devTépov 70A€ pou" Tapyy b€ pecAccoopevy tov VaBivov kara d€0s Tov emi Tis ‘Pays aixpadurev, ToD TE 169 avédpos Kai THv aAAwy téxvwv. peta d€ tadra eis ‘lepoodAvyua TaBinos ‘Ypxavov Kxatayaywv Kat THV TOU lepod Tapadovs Kyndenoviav at7@ Kabiatato tiv GAAnv moATElav emi TpooTacia THY apictwv. 170 detAev 5€ av 70 EeAvos eis mévTE GUVddOUS, TO \ e 9 / \ \ / e pev ‘lepocoAvjous mpoataéas, To be Taddpois, ot 6° va ovvteA@ow ets “Apabobyta, to 6€ TéTaptov ets ‘lepryotvra kexAnpwto, Kal T@ TéuTTw Ler- > f dupis amebetx On 70Xs Tijs Tadratas. dopdves d€ 77s € evos emiKpaTetas eAcvbepwhevtes TO Aow7ov apiotoxpatia diwKobdvto. > b) , ‘ b] ~ > 4 , 171 (6) Mer’ od zodv ye pny avrois apxn ywerat BboptBwv °*Apiot BBaahos amodpas ek ‘Pays, és athis modAdovs *lovdatwy emLOUVLOTN TOUS pev em Bupobv7as peTaBodjs, tous 8° ayam@vras avrov mada. Kai TO pev 7 parrov Kaz adaBopevos TO "ArcEdvdpetov avateryilew ezeipato ws be Ta- Binos tzo Xioévva Kat “Avrwviw Kat Lepourava 1 gu\Andbevta PAM. * cuvédous; Reinach would read cuwvédpia, “ councils,’ as in the parallel passage A. xiv. 91. * So the mss. in B. and A.: but we should rather read Gazara, i.e. the O.T. Gezer, how half-way between Jeru- salem and Joppa. The Hellenistic town Gadara in N. 78 | i an ee neal ( ak we uci OO ar JEWISH WAR, I, 167-171 (=ant. xiv. 89-93) vigorously that Alexander, despairing of success, sent him a herald with a petition for pardon for his offences and an offer to surrender the fortresses of Hyreania and Machaerus, still in his possession ; subsequently he gave up Alexandreion as well. All these places Gabinius demolished, to prevent their serving as a base of operations for another war. He was instigated to take this step by Alexander’s mother, who had come to propitiate him, in her concern for her husband and remaining children, then prisoners in Rome. After this Gabinius re- instated Hyrcanus in Jerusalem and committed to him the custody of the Temple. The civil adminis- tration he reconstituted under the form of an aris- tocracy. He divided the whole nation into five unions ;% one of these he attached to Jerusalem, another to Gadara,® the third had Amathus as its centre of government, the fourth was allotted to Jericho, the fifth to Sepphoris, a city of Galilee. The Jews welcomed their release from the rule of an individual and were from that time forward governed by an aristocracy. (6) They were soon, however, involved in fresh troubles through the escape of Aristobulus from Rome. Once more he succeeded in mustering a large body of Jews, some eager for revolution, others long since his devoted admirers. He began by seizing Alexandreion and attempting to restore the fortifications; but on hearing that Gabinius had dispatched an army against him, under the command Peraea had been severed from Jewish territory by Pompey. The names are elsewhere confused (Schiirer). Judaea proper is thus represented by three towns, Galilee by one, and Peraea by one (Amathus), a little E. of Jordan, to the N. of the river Jabbok. 79 Aristocr: constitu’ of Judae Fresh re and re- capture | Aristobu JOSEPHUS oTpatiav erepwpev em avrov, _yoos aveywper emt 172 Mayatpobvtos. Kai Tov jev axpnorov dyxAov amepopticato, povous 8 eényyeto tTovs w7A- Gueévous, OvtTas els oKTaKioxAlovs, €v ois Kal Tlev8dAaos jv 6 €& ‘lepocoAvpwv troortpatnyos avropodnoas peTa xiAlwv. ‘Papator 5° émnKo- Aovbour, Kal yevoperns ouuBorAjs péxpe moAAod peev of mept tov “ApioroBovdov diexaptépovv yev- vaiws aywrilopevor, TéAos 5€ Biacbevtes b70 THv Wuaiwy mimTovor pev TevTaKicxiAol, Epi Oe dvaxtAtous aveduyov eis twa Addov, ot S€ Aouzoi xiArou ouv “AptoroBovAw diaxowavres THY parayya TOV ‘Papatey eis Maxatpobvra ovveAavvovTat. 173 ev0a 87) THY TpwTnv éomépav 6 Baatreds Tots epeimiows evavAtcdpevos ev €Amict ev Av adAAnv ovvabpotcew dvvapw, avoxny 700 TroA€jLoOv 6.d0rTos, Kal TO dpovpiov KaKOS wxvpou- TpoomrecovT wy 6é ‘Pwpalwy emt bdo TL€pas dvTLaX@v b7ep dvvapw aXiokerat Kat pet’ “Avtiydvov Tod mratdds, Os amo ‘Papns adrad ovvaréopa, deonwtys emt TaBinov av7jxOn Kal ao TaBwiov madw els ‘Papny. 174 TODTOV ev ou 7) avyKAntos eip€ev, Ta TéeKVa O° avTod dinKev’ eis “lovdaiav, TaBwiov &’ éemoroAdy dnAwcavtos TH “AptotoBovAov yuvarkt tobto avtt bey Tapaddcews 7@v €pupare cpodoynxevar. 175. (7) PaSwie & émi [lapfous Appnevey oTpa- teverw ylvetat I]toAepnatos €pmod.ov, ov? bzro- otpefas an’ Etdpdrov Kariyev eis Atyumtov, 1 6jxev Destinon (after Lat.; cf. dvijxev A. Mss. 2 Hudson: 6s mss. : Olnyep @ Servilius, A. xiv. 92, and many Mss. of B. ° Cf. § 168. ¢ Ptolemy Auletes, driven from the throne of Egypt by 80 JEWISH WAR, I. 171-175 (=anr. xiv. 92-98) of Sisenna, Antony, and Servianus,* he retreated towards Machaerus. Disencumbering himself of his rabble of inefficient followers, he retained only those who were armed, numbering eight thousand ; among these was Peitholaus, the second in command at Jerusalem, who had deserted to him with a thousand men. The Romans pursued and an engagement took place. Aristobulus and his men for long held their ground, fighting valiantly, but were ultimately overpowered by the Romans. Five thousand fell ; about two thousand took refuge ona hill ; Aristobulus and the remaining thousand cut their way through the Roman lines and flung themselves into Machaerus. There, as he camped among the ruins on that first evening, the king entertained hopes of raising another army, given but a respite from war, and proceeded to erect some weak fortifications; but, when the Romans attacked the place, after holding out beyond his strength for two days, he was taken, and, with his son Antigonus, who had shared his flight from Rome, was conducted in chains to Gabinius, and by Gabinius was sent back once more to Rome. The Senate imprisoned the father, but allowed his chil- dren to return to Judaea, Gabinius having written to inform them that he had promised this favour to the wife of Aristobulus in return for the surrender of the fortresses.® (7) An expedition against the Parthians, on which Gabinius had already started, was cut short by Ptolemy,° to effect whose restoration to Egypt the former returned from the banks of the Euphrates. his subjects, induced Gabinius by a large bribe to undertake his restoration (55 B.c.). He had since his expulsion in 58 been working for this at Rome and had obtained the in- fluential support of Cicero. 8] 56 B.C. Further revolt an defeat of Alexands 55 B.C. 3 €mevcev. THS 8 GAAns Lupias zpos tov LaBwiov JOSEPHUS emit ndetots els dmavra XpwpLevos Kara THY o7pa- relay se prave Kal “Avtumdt py" Kal yap yphuata Kat o7Aa Kat oiTov Kal eT LKOUPOUS *Avtimatpos mpoonyev, Kal Tovs TavTy ‘lovdaiovs Ppovpobvtas tas Kata TO IInAovowov éBodras zapetvar TaBiviov Xwpropov Ku7beions Kat “lovdatous maw ar- €oTH GEV "AheEavdpos 6 0 “AptoroBoudou, peylorny be ovyKpoT7oas dvvap.w WwpyLyTO mavTas Tous KaTa THY xwpav ‘Pwpatous aveAeiv. mpos 6 T'aBinos deicas, 719 de Topi am Atyiatov Tots THE GopuBous x NITELY[LEVOS, E7TL Twas pLev TOW adeot ara ’"Avtimatpov 7 mporepibas peTeTELoev, ovvepevoy de ’AdeEavipw Tpets pupiddes, Kkaxelvos WpLNTO TwoAepelv. OUTwWS: efelow 7mpos pany. OmTIyVTWv 8’ of *lovdaior, kat cvpPadrdv7wy mepi 70 “ItaBvprov Opos pvpio prev avatpobvtar, TO be Aoitov TAHGos eoxedaaby pvyy- kat Tafivos eAfwv eis ‘lepoao- Avpa mpos 76 “Avtimatpov BovAnpa Kateotiaato THY modtelav. evlev opyrjoas NaBaraiwy TE Lax Kparet Kal Mcbpidarny kat “Opoavyy gpu- youTas eK HapGav Kpuga pev amémeuibev, mapa 6€ TOls oTpaTwwTais EXeyev amodpavat. (8) Kav tovtw Kpacoos att@ diadoyos &AOwv mapaAauPaver Xvpiav. otros els tiv emt Ildp- ous otpateiav Tov Te GAXov Tob ev ‘lepocoAtvpots vaod ypvoov mav7a mepicitey Kal ta dioxide tTdAavra ipev, wv amécyeto Iloumjuos. draPas ° Or “ river-mouths.”” For the charge of the river Nile entrusted to the Jews cf. Ap. ii. 64. > As Reinach remarks, this detail, which has no relevance to Jewish history, shows that Josephus is abridging a general history. The language, both here (xpiga dréreupev) and 82 JEWISH WAR, I. 175-179 (=anr. xiv. 99-105) For this campaign Hyrcanus and Antipater put their services entirely at his disposal. In addition to pro- viding money, arms, corn, and auxiliaries, Antipater further induced the local Jewish guardians of the frontiers ¢ at Pelusium to let Gabinius through. His departure, however, was the occasion for a general commotion in Syria; and Alexander, son of Aristo- bulus, heading a new Jewish revolt, collected a vast army and proceeded to massacre all Romans in the country. Gabinius was alarmed. He was already on the spot, news of the local disturbances having hastened his return from Egypt. Sending Antipater in advance to address some of the rebels he brought them over to reason. Alexander, however, had still thirty thousand left and was burning for action. Gabinius, accordingly, took the field, the Jews met him, and a battle was fought near Mount Tabor, in which they lost ten thousand men; the remainder fled and dispersed. Gabinius then proceeded to Jerusalem, where he reorganized the government in accordance with Antipater’s wishes. From there he marched against the Nabataeans, whom he fought and defeated. Two fugitives from Parthia, Mithri- dates and Orsanes, he privily dismissed, giving out to his soldiers that they had made their escape.? (8) The government of Syria now passed into the thands of Crassus, who came to succeed Gabinius. | To provide for his expedition against the Parthians, Crassus stripped the temple at Jerusalem of all its gold, his plunder including the two thousand talents left untouched by Pompey.*° He then crossed the in the parallel A. xiv. 103 (7@ dé Adyw amédpacay avrév), is oased on Thue. i. 128. oNSer Tae ‘Te 83 Crassus plunders the temp 54-53 B.C JOSEPHUS \ ‘ : , b) / > 4 . ‘ d¢ tov Eddpatny abtos te amwdAeTto Ka 0 oTpaTos attod, mepi wv ov viv Kaipos A€yew. ‘ > iso (9) [apous de preva Tov Kpdooov emLOLa~ Baivew eis Lupiav sae aveKoTTTEV Kao- a.os eis Thy eTapytav duaduyev. TepiToinaa- uevos 8 atrny emt “lovdaias nrelyero, Kat Tapt- , ‘ e \ ’ = 42> > / > xatas ev ede els Tpets wupiadas *lovdaiwy avdpa- 15 , \ \ / \ > modiletar, Teer d€ Kat [levoAaov tovs *Apioto- ~ / BovAov otacworas eémiovvictavTa* Tov dovov > > , 181 6€ wv oavpBovdos Avrizarpos. TOUT YHLAVvTt ~ 7~ > , > / / yuvaika tT@v eéemonuwy e€ “ApaPias, Kumpov* ToUvo“a, Téaoapes prev viels yivovTat, Dacdn- ‘ ¢e 8 > c / ‘ e Nos Kat o Baatreds atfis ‘Hpwdns, mpos ois} : / \ / A / / leanmos Kai Depwpas Kat Ladcpn Ovyarnp. =~ U e€werwpevos b€ Tovs TavTayotd duvarovs diAtats} Te Kal €eviais pudAvota mpoonyayero Tov ’ApaBwr} Bactréa dia tHv emevyauBpiav, Ka7ed7) Tov 7pos} ‘ 5 / > , / , / tov “ApiotdBovAov aveiAero 7oAepov, exelvw Tapa-} is2 KaTabyjKnvy eneuev ta tTéxva. Kaaowos d€ Kartal) , e / > , > 4 vats ouvOnKas novyalew “AdAcEavdpoy avayKacas emit TOV Eddparny dméatpewev, [dpGous SiaBaivew dv-} eipEwv, TEpL WY ev ETEpOLS Epodjev. \ ~ is3 (1X. 1) Katoap d5€ L[loumniov Kat tH ovy- / / e \ ‘ > , e , \ ~ KAntov duyovtwy v7ep Tov ‘lovioy ‘Pwuns Kat Tan ~ ~ > OAwy KpaTiHoas avinot wev THY Seau@v Tov “Aptoro- BovAov, mapadovs 8° abt@ bv0 Tdypata KaTa TAaXOs ” b) / / e U > / eveuwev eis Lupiav, tavTnv te padiws €Amicas Kat Ta wept tHv ‘lovdaiay &” adtrtod zpoo- 1 Hudson: Kuzpw mss. 2 i.e. the Euphrates (§ 182). » This promise is not fulfilled; the corresponding phr 84 JEWISH WAR, I. 179-183 (=antT. xiv, 119-123) Euphrates and perished with his whole army ; but of those events this is not the occasion to speak. (9) After the death of Crassus the Parthians rushed to cross the river % into Syria, but were repulsed by Cassius, who had made his escape to that province. Having secured Syria, he hastened towards Judaea, capturing Tarichaeae, where he reduced thirty thou- sand Jews to slavery and put to death Peitholaus, who was endeavouring to rally the partisans of Aristobulus. His execution was recommended by Antipater. Antipater had married a lady named Cypros, of an illustrious Arabian family, by whom he had four sons—Phasael, Herod afterwards king, Joseph, and Pheroras—and a daughter, Salome. He had, by kind offices and hospitality, attached to him- self persons of influence in every quarter ; above all, through this matrimonial alliance, he had won the friendship of the king of Arabia, and it was to him that he entrusted his children when embarking on war with Aristobulus. Cassius, having bound over Alex- ander by treaty to keep the peace, returned to the Euphrates to prevent the Parthians from crossing it. Of these events we shall speak elsewhere? Cassius 53-51 B.¢ Rise of ANTIPAT (ix. 1) When Pompey fled with the Senate across Jutis the Ionian Sea, Caesar, now master of Rome and the empire, set Aristobulus at liberty ; and, putting two legions at his service, dispatched him in haste to Syria, hoping by his means to have no difficulty in bringing over both that province and Judaea with in A. xiv. 122 is ws kat bm’ drAXNwy Sed7jAwTat. It is uncertain whether Josephus in this and kindred phrases, mainly re- lating to Parthia and the Seleucids, has thoughtlessly taken over a formula from his source, or whether he actually wrote, or contemplated writing, a work which has not come down to us. 85 CAESAR 49 B.C, JOSEPHUS Q 184 a€ecOar. P@aver 0 dOovos Kat tHv YAptoto- BovAov mpofvuiay Kai tas Kaicapos €Amidas- dappakw yobv avaipeleis b770 TOV 74 Hopaniov dpovovvTav expt moAdod bev ovde Tadis ev TH TaTpwa xywpa peteixey, EKELTO dé pede ouv- Tnpovjevos 6 vexpos [avTod] ews tm’ *Avtwriov "lovdatois =ééudOn tots PBaciAcKois pvynpetous evTadnaopevos. 185 (2) "Avaipetrar 5€ Kat 6 vids adrtod ’AdAéEav- Spos meA€xer U0 Ueimiwvos ev “Avtioyeia, Llop- mylov TobT émoTtetAavTos Kal yevowevns KaTHyoplas m™po Tod Bryaros dv ‘Pwyuaiovs €BAabev. tovs 8 adeAdods atrod IIroAeuatos 6 Mevvaiov mapa- AaBuiv, ds expdrer THs tro TH ArPavw Xadxibos, Ditizmiwva tov viov én avrovs eis “AckdAwva} 186 7éumrer. KaKelvos amoomdcas THs “ApiotoBovdAov}. YUVaLKOS ‘Avrtyovov Kal Tas adeAdas avToo pos | TOV TATE pa avayaye. adovs 8 Epwrt yapret Tip évepay® Kal peTa abe” b70 TOU TATpOS: bc adrip KTELVETAL* yapet yap IIroAepatos TH *AdXe€- avdpav aveAaw TOV viov Kal bua TOV ‘yajov KnOE- LLOVLKWTEpOS AUTOS Tv mpos Tovs adeAdous. is? (3) “Avrimzarpos 5€ pera tHv Llouaniov tedev- THY peTaBas eGepamevev Kaicapa, Karrevo7] Mc- Opidarns 6 Hepyapnves pel? 7s Tye em Alyvr- tov duvapews elpyopevos T@v Kar TO II jAov-}s awuv eupoAdv ev “AckdAwye KateixeTo, ToUs Tel, "ApaPas E€vos wy EmELcev ETmLKOUpHGaL Kal AUTOS, 1 PA Heg.: vewrépay the rest (perhaps rightly). 2 Q. Caecilius Metellus Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey and governor of Syria; defeated by Julius Caesar at th battle of Thapsus 46 s.c. 86 JEWISH WAR, I. 184-187 (=anrT. xiv. 124-128) the surrounding country to his side. But the zeal of Aristobulus and the hopes of Caesar were thwarted by malice. Poisoned by Pompey’s friends, it was Death of long before Aristobulus obtained even burial in his 4°’ native land; the corpse lay preserved in honey until it was sent to the Jews by Antony for interment in the royal sepulchres. (2) His son Alexander also perished; under and of Pompey’s orders, he was beheaded at Antioch by awe Scipio,“ after a trial in which he was accused of the injuries which he had caused to the Romans. Alex- ander’s brother and sisters were taken under the roof of Ptolemy,’ son of Mennaeus, prince of Chalcis in the Lebanon valley, who sent his son Philippion to Ascalon to fetch them. The latter succeeded in tearing Antigonus and his sisters from the arms of Aristobulus’s widow and escorted them to his father. Becoming enamoured of one ° of the princesses, the young man married her, but was subsequently slain by his father on account of this same Alexandra, whom Ptolemy, after murdering his son, married himself. His marriage made him a more attentive guardian to her brother and sister. (3) Antipater, on the death of Pompey, went over Services to his opponent and paid court to Caesar. When pee Mithridates of Pergamus, with the army which he was 1° Bert leading to Egypt, was forbidden to pass the Pelusiac 48-47'e.c. frontier @ and was held up at Ascalon, it was Antipater who induced his friends the Arabs to lend their assistance, and himself brought up an army of three nNSeess 10s. ¢ Another reading ‘“‘ the younger.” 4 Or “arm of the Nile.” The authorities at Pelusium } must have sent early notice refusing him a passage; Ascalon fwas six days’ march from that mouth of the Nile (B. iv. 361 ff.). 87 JOSEPHUS = »” > > / , , e / HKev aywv ‘lovdatwy els tpiaxtAiovs omAitas. , A \ \ > , \ ae 188 mapwpunoev S5€ Kal Tovs ev Lupia dvvatovs éni \ / , > »” ~ , tHv Bonferav tov 7 €moikov tod ArBavov IIto- A ‘i ee oe . a ¢ , / Aewatov Kat “lauBAryov, b° ots at tavrTn modes 189 éTOlULws auvedrjisavto Tod moAéwov. Kat Oappav nn Mibpidarns 7H, mpooyevonevn Se *Avti- TaTpov icxt. mpos TO I] qAovovov e€eAavvet, Kw- Avopevos te SieABeiv emodopKer Tiv TOAW. yivetat d€ Kav 7H mpooBoAn diacnpdtatos *Avtimatpos: TO yap Kal”? atzov peépos Tod Teixous dSiappréas TMp@tos eloemHOnGEv els THY TOAW peTA THY OdV au7@. i190 (4) Kai 70 [yAovorov ev é€diw, mpocw 6 auTov lovTa cipyov avhis ot THY Diwan 7pooayo- pevoperny ywpav Katéxovtes: Foav be ‘lovdaio. Atytmtwt. tovtous “Avtimatpos ob povov pr , »” > A 4 > /, ~ / KkwAdvew emevcev, GAAa Kal TamiTHOeLa TH Suvape |, al Ld 3 \ c A , » , Tapacxeivy- obev ovde of Kata Méudw ere eis}: xetpas HAGov, Exovo.or b€ mpooébevto Mibpiddry 191 KaKeivos 707 to AéAra mepreMow ouveBaAre Tois Aoimots Atyumtios ets paxny Kata xapoi ‘lovdatey oT parorebov KaAeirat. KWOvVEVOVTC > avtov ev TH Tapatager oly CAw 7TH be€sa Képate pvetat mrepreAGav *Avtimatpos mapa 7o; 192 alytadov tod motapobd: t&v yap Kal’ éauto expate. T0 Aatov Exwy Kepas: ETELTA TpooTEGY - / , > / A tois SiaKovor Mibpidaryv améxtewev ToAAovs Ka péxpt Togovtov Tovs KaTadeizopevous €diwtev WS Kal TO OTpaTomEboV aiTav Edeiv. OydorKOVT: 2 Son of Sohemus (4. xiv. 129), not the son of Mennaeu mentioned above (§ 185), though living in the same regior Nothing more is known of him and Jamblichus. 88 JEWISH WAR, I. 187-192 (=antT. xiv. 128-135) thousand Jewish infantry. It was he who roused in support of Mithridates persons so powerful in Syria as Ptolemy,? in his Lebanon home, and Jamblichus through whose influence the cities in those parts readily took their share in the war. Emboldened by the reinforcements which Antipater had brought him, Mithridates now marched on Pelusium, and, being refused a passage, laid siege to the town. In the assault it was Antipater again who won the greatest distinction; for he made a breach in the portion of the wall which faced him and was the first to plunge into the place at the head of his troops. (4) Thus Pelusium was taken ; but the conqueror’s advance was again barred by the Egyptian Jews who occupied the district which took its name from Onias.® Antipater, however, prevailed on them not only to refrain from opposition, but even to furnish supplies for the troops; with the result that no further re- sistance was encountered even at Memphis, whose inhabitants voluntarily joined Mithridates. The latter, having now rounded the Delta, gave battle to the rest of the Egyptians at a spot called “ Jews’ camp. In this engagement he, with the whole of his right wing, was in serious danger, when Antipater, victorious on the left where he was in command, wheeled round and came along the river bank to his rescue. Falling upon the Egyptians who were pur- suing Mithridates he killed a large number of them and pushed his pursuit of the remainder so far that he captured their camp. He lost only eighty ° of » For the Jewish temple built in Egypt by Onias, a re- fugee from Jerusalem, see B. vii. 421 ff. © AS Siti?” 89 JOSEPHUS d€ wovous THv idiwyv améBarev, kai Mibpidarns ev Th TpoTH mEept oKTaKoOlovs. awheis 8’ atdtos map’ eA7vida paptus aBdoKavos yiverar mpos Kaioapa tav *Avtimatpov Katopbwuatwv. 193. (5) ‘O 6€ tore ev Tov avdpa Tois émaivots Kat Tats €Amtow els tovs UmEep EavTod KWdtvoUs éz- éppwoev, ev ois ma0w mapaBoAwratos aywrioTis yevopevos Kai 7oAAa Tpwheis éf’ GAov cyedov TO 194 gujatos elyev Ta Onpeia THS apeTHs. avbOis de KaTaoTynodpevos Ta KaTa THY Alyumtov ws éz- avijkev eis Lupiav, woATela Te adtov TH “Pwpatwvy édwpyncaro Kai ateAeia, THs Te GAANS TYAS Kal dirodpovicews evexev CnAwtov emoinaev, Kat THY apxiepwavvynv b€ db: adrov emextpwoev ‘Ypxava. 195 (x. 1) Kaz’ atro 6€ Kat *Avtiyovos 6 *Apioto- BovAov zpos tov Kaicapa mapav yivetat mapa- Sdéws *Avtimatpw petCovos mpoKoTm 7s attios: déov yap' amodupecfar mepi tod maTpos mepapuaxOar Soxodvtos €x tov zpos Iloumjov s:adopadv Kat wept tadeAdotd} THY Lkimiwvos wyoTynTa , ‘ \ > ‘ ” ZS peudecbar Kai pondev eis tov €Aeov mapapitar dfovepov mabos, 6 8 émi tovtos “Ypxavotd Kal 196 "Avrimdtpov Katnydper mapeAPdv, ws mapavo- pwraTa pev avtrov peta Tov adeAba@v mdons ameAavvotev THs Tatplov yrs, moAAa 8 els TO ZOvos abrot bia Kdpov e€vBpiloev, Kal dre® tHv eis Atyuntov cuupaxlav ovK em evvola atT@ mépibevcav, GAAa Kara S€0s THv adda dradopav 1 yoov LVRC. 2 d67e LVR. 90 JEWISH WAR, I. 192-196 (=anrT. xiv. 135-140) his men; Mithridates in the rout had lost about eight hundred. Thus saved beyond all expectation, Mithridates bore to Caesar's ears ungrudging witness of Antipater’s prowess. (5) The praise bestowed by Caesar at the time on the hero of the day and the hopes which it excited spurred Antipater to further ventures in his service. Showing himself on all occasions the most daring of fighters, and constantly wounded, he bore the marks of his valour on almost every part of his person. Later, when Caesar had settled affairs in Egypt and returned to Syria, he conferred on Antipater the privilege of Roman citizenship with exemption from taxes, and by other honours and marks of friendship made him an enviable man. It was to please him that Caesar confirmed the appointment of Hyrcanus to the office of high-priest. (x. 1) About this time Antigonus, son of Aristo- bulus, waited upon Caesar and, contrary to his inten- tions, became the means of Antipater’s further promotion. Antigonus ought to have confined him- self to lamentation over his father’s fate, believed to have been poisoned on account of his differences with Pompey, and to complaints of Scipio’s cruelty to his brother,? without mixing up with his plea for com- passion any sentiments of jealousy. But, not content with that, he came forward and accused Hyrcanus and Antipater. They had, he said, in utter defiance of justice, banished him and his brothers and sisters from their native land altogether ; they had, in their insolence, repeatedly done outrage to the nation ; they had sent supports into Egypt, not from any goodwill to Caesar, but from fear of the consequences 2 §§ 184 f. 91 Honours conferrec Antipate Antigont accuses Antipate: before Caesar. 198 199 20] JOSEPHUS Kal tHv mpos tov Iloumjov diAiav azooKevalo- jrevot. (2) Ilpos zat’ 6 ’Avrimatpos amoppibas tHv ecbnra 7o mAnbos éemedeikvuey THY Tpavydatwv, Kat mept pev THs eis Kaicapa etvoias ovx €dy Aoyou deiv att@* Kexpayévat yap 76 o@pa ow- a@vtos* “Avziydvov b€ Bavualew tHv toAnav, et moAeutiov “Pwpyaiwy vids dv Kai “Pwyatwy dpa- mETOV Kal 70 vEewTEpoTroLos elvat Kal oraawwdns avTos TAT p@ov EX, Tapa 7@ ‘Papate TYEHOVe KaTnyopew ETLKEXELPIKEV eTepey Kal Tetparau Tuxeiv ayalod twos, déov ayamav ote CH Kai yap vov edicofar mpayyatwy o¥ Tocovrov & azopiar, add’ iva *lovdaious d:actacidon mapeAPcv Kai xp7- ontat Kata Ta@v SovTwv Tats adopyats. (3) Tovrwy Katoap dxovoas ‘Ypxavov prev a€vairepov THs dpxvepwovvns amepiVvaro, “Avte- maT pu dé duvacretas aipeow eOwkev. 6 6 emt TO TYyLHOAVTL TO PEeTPOV THS TYLTS Gemevos 7maons emitpomos “lovéalas amodeikvuTat, Kal mpogemt- TUYXavEL TA TELXYN THS TaTpidos avaKTioal KaT- eoTpaypeva. tas pev 87) Tysas tav’tas Katoap ezeoteAdev ev 7@ KazetwXiw xapaybivat, ris TE avTov dikatoovvyns onpelov Kal THs Tavdpos €ao- jrevas" aper is. (4) “Avtimatpos d€ Katoapa mpoTeuipas eK THs Lupias eis *lovdatav U7€eaTpewper. Kal mpa)Tov pev TO TELxYoS dvedetuaro THs maz ptoos b70 Hop- \ 7Hlov KaTEOTpappéevov Kal TOvSs ava 77 xwpar GopiBous ema KatéoteAAev, ametAntis apa Kai 1 Nitze: é€couévns Or écouevov MSS. 2 Or “ procurator.” 92 JEWISH WAR, I. 196-201 (=anT. xiv. 141-156) of old quarrels and to obliterate the memory of their friendship tor Pompey. (2) At these words Antipater stripped off his clothes and exposed his numerous scars. His loyalty to Caesar needed, he said, no words from him; his body cried it aloud, were he to hold his peace. But the audacity of Antigonus astounded him. The son of an enemy of the Romans, son of a fugitive from Rome, one who inherited from his father a passion for revolution and sedition, presuming to accuse others in the presence of the Roman general and looking for favours when he ought to be thankful to be alive! Indeed (said Antipater), his present ambition for power was not due to indigence ; he wanted it in order to sow sedition among the Jews and to employ his resources against those who had provided them. (3) After hearing both speakers, Caesar pronounced Hyrcanus to be the more deserving claimant to the high-priesthood, and left Antipater free choice of office. The latter, replying that it rested with him who conferred the honour to fix the measure of the honour, was then appointed viceroy @ of all Judaea. He was further authorized to rebuild the ruined walls of the metropolis.2’. Orders were sent by Caesar to Rome for these honours to be graven in the Capitol, as a memorial of his own justice and of Antipater’s valour. (4) After escorting Caesar across Syria, Antipater returned to Judaea. There his first act was to rebuild the wall of the capital which had been overthrown jby Pompey. He then proceeded to traverse the country, quelling the local disturbances, and every- ® In A. xiy. 144 this permission is given to Hyrcanus. 93 Caesar upholds Antipate! and make him vicer of Judaea Antipate: takes the governme of Judaeg into his own hanc JOSEPHUS avuBovros wv éexdoro, Ott Ta prev ‘YpKavod— dpovotvtes ev OABw Kat Kal? yovyiav Pudcovrat, TaVv Te lOlwy KTHUaTwWY Kal KoWs elpyvyns azro- 202 Aavovres: ef 5€ meifowrTo Tais puypais eATiow Tov vewtepilew emi Képdeow oiketois ebedovTwr, ws avTov TE TELpdcovoWw ayTL KndSe“ovos SeaTrOTHYV Kat “Ypxavov avtt BactAéws tupavvov, ‘Pwyaious ye pay Kat Kalocapa modepiovs avi? yyepovev Kat didAwy: ob} yap aveEecbar jeTaKWOU[LEVOY ek THS 203 apyjs ov avrot KaTEaTHOGY. aya, oe tabra Aéyoow Kat dv adtob Kabioraro TH Xewpar, opav TOV ‘Ypxavov vwhy te Kat Baotrelas aroveirepov. PacdnAov pev 67, TOV Taltdwv Tov mpeoBuraror, ‘lepocoAtpony Kal TOV me pee oTpaTnyov kabiorn- ow, TOV dé pet? adrov “Hpwdnv emt Tots toots eotetAev eis TadAatav Kouid7 véov. 204 (5) ‘O 6€ ay dvcer dpacripios vAnv €edlews EUploKEeL TO Ppovnpare. kataAaBov ovv *Elexiav TOV dpydnoriy TA Tpooexn TH Lupia KaTa- |} TpEXovTa peta, peylorov origovs, avTov TE ovA- 205 AaBaw amoKreiver Kal 7oAAovs TOV Ayorav. a) cy) pddvora Tots Lvpous Hyaanro” KEXaplopLevov' bp- veiTo ‘yoo ava Té Tas K@pas Kal év Tais 7oAeow ‘Hpedas ws elpryyyy avrois Kal Tas KTIHCENT avaceowKkws. ywetar & €x tovTov Kal Leérw Kaicape yrospysos évte ovyyeve? tod peydAou 206 Kaicapos Kat d:orxodvtt tiv Lvpiav. mpos dé Tov adeAgov evdoxyotvTa Kai Dacandros édidrotipetro Thv ayabny epw, tovs ev tots ‘lepocoAvpos €v- 1 qyarnro con). (cf. A. || 7yarnoar): qyeiro PAM: xardpOwxe the rest. O4 JEWISH WAR, I. 201-206 (=anT. xiv. 156-161) where combining menaces with advice. Their sup- port of Hyrcanus, he told them, would ensure them a prosperous and tranquil existence, in the enjoy- ment of their own possessions and of the peace of -the realm. If, on the contrary, they put faith in the vain expectations raised by persons who for personal profit desired revolution, they would find in himself a master instead of a protector, in Hyrcanus a tyrant instead of a king, in the Romans and Caesar enemies instead of rulers and friends ; for they would never suffer their own nominee to be ousted from his office. But, while he spoke in this strain, he took the organization of the country into his own hands, finding Hyrcanus indolent and without the energy son, Phasael, governor of Jerusalem and the en- virons; the second, Herod,®? he sent with equal authority to Galilee, though a mere lad. (5) Herod, energetic by nature, at once found material to test his metal. Discovering that Ezekias, ja brigand-chief, at the head of a large horde, was ravaging the district on the Syrian frontier, he caught him and put him and many of the brigands to death. This welcome achievement was immensely admired by the Syrians. Up and down the villages and in )|cestorer of their peace and possessions. ‘This exploit, )| moreover, brought him to the notice of Sextus Caesar, 1 kinsman of the great Caesar and governor of Syria. Phasael, on his side, with a generous emulation, vied with his brother’s reputation ; he increased his popu- @ An incorrect term; Hyrcanus had only the title of xq2thnarch, A. xiv. 191, ete. » Herod the Great, whose history fills the greater part of he remainder of this book. 95 necessary to a king.* He further appointed his eldest — Youthful exploit o HEROD ir Galilee. ce 47, B.C; His brot! Phasael governor Jerusale JOSEPHUS \ > er ~ \ w” vovatépovs Kabiorapevos, Kal du’ adtod pev Exwv \ / A > 3 / > \ > , Thy ToAw pndev 8 ameipoKddws eis Thy e€ovatav ” > > 207 e€uBpilwv. evbev’ “Avtimdtpw Oepameia te hy €k TOU eOvous BaotAcKn Kal Tuwat Tapa TAVTWY WS decom 7077 T@v OAwy: od pny avros Ths mpos ‘YpKa- vov evvolas 7) MloTEWS TL mETEKLVNGEV. , 208 (6) "Apryavov 8 ev evzpayias POovov da- ~ * ~ > e A dvyeiv. “Ypxavos yobv 76n pev Kai Kal” éavtov ~ , ~ / Hovyn mpos TO KAéos Tay veaviokwy edaKveTo, / > > / \ ¢ / / A padtota 8 e€Avrer ta “Hpwidov xatopbapata Kat / > , - > @ > / Kipukes e7aAAnAo ths Kal? Eexaotov evddo€ias} ~ ~ / mpootpéyovtes. moAdot 5€ tTHv ev tots BaatAetous | ~ “ - Backdavwy npébilov, ois 7 TO TOV Taidwy H TO " > e 209 °Avtimatpov awdpovikoy mpociotato, A€éyovTes ws} > ~ ~ ~ F Avtimdtpw Kai tots vioits abtot mapaywpyaas|}, Tv Tpaypatwy Kabéloito totvouwa povov Baat- Aé€ws Exwv epnuov eEovaias. Kat péxype Tod” mAa-}; / > e ~ ~ > / > \ vyOncetar Kal” éavtod Baoireis emitpédwv; ovdefi yap eipwvevecOar tiv emitpomny avrovs ert, dave-|! > > A povs 5° elvat deamoTas Ttapwaapévous éxetvor, il! > - ye pnte evtoAas dovtos pte éemiotetAavtos adrot TogovTous Tapa Tov Tav “lovdaiwy vowov avipynKerty € > Hpwdns: ov, et pty Bactrevs eatw GA’ Ere tdud- So aA > \ / i<4 TE KAL TOls TaTploLs VopmoLs, Ot KTElVELY GKpLTOUS ovK edidow. 210 (7) Tovrous Kata puxpov ‘YpKavos é&exaterc Kal T7V opyny TeAevTatov exp7jfas exdArer KprOn- copevoy tov “Hpwdnv. 6 d€ Kai Tob matTpos map: 1 évreidey P. * Destinon: zod mss, * dxpirouvs Dindorf: dxpitwo mss. He 96 JEWISH WAR, I. 206-210 (=anT xiv. 161-169) larity with the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and kept the city under control without any tactless abuse of authority. Antipater, in consequence,* was courted by the nation as if he were king and universally honoured as lord of the realm. Notwithstanding this, his affection for Hyrcanus and his loyalty to him underwent no change. (6) But it is impossible in prosperity to escape envy. The young men’s fame already caused Hyrcanus a secret pang. He was vexed in particular by Herod’s successes and by the arrival of messenger after messenger with news of each new honour that he had won. His resentment was further roused by a number of malicious persons at court, who had taken offence at the prudent behaviour either of Antipater or of his sons. Hyrcanus, they said, had abandoned to Antipater and his sons the direction of affairs, and rested content with the mere title, without the authority, of a king. How long would he be so mistaken as to rear kings to his own un- doing ? No longer masquerading as viceroys, they had now openly declared themselves masters of the state, thrusting him aside; seeing that, without either oral or written instructions from Hyrcanus, Herod, in violation of Jewish law, had put all this large number of people to death. If he is not king but still a commoner, he ought to appear in court and answer for his conduct to his king and to his country’s laws, which do not permit anyone to be put to death without trial. (7) These words gradually inflamed Hyrcanus ; until at last, in an explosion of rage, he summoned Herod to trial. Herod, on his father’s advice, and @ Or *‘ thenceforth.” VOL. II E Q7 Hyreanus instigated against Herod an< his family Herod's trial and acquittal. JOSEPHUS a.wwobdvtos Kal TOV TpaypaTwv SidovTwy Tappyatav avjet, Ppoupais SiadaBwy mporepov tHv Tar- Aaiav. rec d€ eta Kaptepod' atidous, ws pyre , , aa ‘ io \ 2 »” bu kataAdvew dd€erev “Ypxavov adpav? aywv dtvvayw / J 3 Ld ~ / / \ an 211 unre yupvos euTécor TH Plovw. LVeEtos Se Kai- cap delcas 7epi T@ veavia, uy TL Tapa Tois éx- Opois amoAndbeis maby, méumet mpos “Ypravov \ ~ 5 /2> > Av ‘H , Tovs TapayyeAobvtas Sdtapp7dnv amoAvew ‘Hpoi-f ~ -~ / € \ A »” ¢ dnv tis dovikys Sikyns. o d€ Kat GAAws wppn- , , , 4 ¢ , > / pévos, yyaTa yap ‘Hpwdnv, azopndilerac. \ a ¢ , »” px 212 (8) Kai 6s toAapBavwy axovtos tod Baat- Aéws diaduyetv ets Aapackov aveywpnoev mpos Leérov, mapackevalopevos odd’ ad&is traKxodcat KkadobvTt. Kal maAw ot Tovnpot mapwévvov Tov cy ‘ > > , ” ‘ c 4 Ypxavov kat’ opyjv te otyeoBar tov “Hpwdnvf Aéyovtes Kal TapecKevacpevoy Kat adttov: Tm- otevwy 8 6 BaciAevs ov elyev 6 Te xp7) Spay, wsh 213 €wpa peilova tov diuddopov. émet 5€ bo LeErov Kaicapos Kat otpatnyos avedetx On KotAns Xupias \ , > / »” kat Lapapelas, ov povov Te KaT eEUvVOLaY THY eK tod ebvous adda Kai duvdper foPepos Fy, eis €axatov déous Katémecev [‘Ypxaves],* dcov ovmw mpoodok@v em avTov Opuycew peTa oTpaTias. 214. (9) Kat od dijpaprey tis olnoews: 6 yap ‘Hpwdns Kat’ opyny tis wept thy Sixny amedqs otpatiav abpoicas emt ‘lepocoAvpwv yer Kata- Avowv tov “Ypxavov. Kav €¢6n todro Tolnoas, 1 dpxerod conj. Destinon (A. || droxpavros). 2 LVRC: \Aaurpav PAM. 3 ins. P: om. the rest. 98 JEWISH WAR, I. 210-214 (=anr. xiv. 169-180) with the confidence which his own conduct inspired, went up to the capital, after posting garrisons throughout Galilee. He went with a strong escort, calculated to avoid, on the one hand, the appearance of wishing to depose Hyrcanus by bringing an over- whelming force, and, on the other, the risk of falling unprotected a prey to envy. Sextus Caesar, how- ever, fearing that the young man might’ be isolated by his adversaries and meet with misfortune, sent express orders to Hyrcanus to clear Herod of the charge of manslaughter. Hyrcanus, being inclined to take that course on other grounds, for he loved Herod, acquitted him.® (8) Herod, however, imagining that his escape was »ontrary to the king’s wishes, retired to join Sextus at Damascus, and made ready to refuse compliance -o a second summons. The knaves at court con- sinued to exasperate Hyrcanus, saying that Herod aad departed in anger and was prepared to attack uim. The king believed them, but knew not what o do, seeing his adversary to be more than a match or himself. But when Sextus Caesar proceeded to yppoint Herod governor of Coele-Syria and Samaria, ind he was now doubly formidable owing to his popularity with the nation and his own power, dyrcanus was reduced to consternation, expecting “very moment to see him marching upon him at the 1ead of an army. (9) Nor was he mistaken in his surmise. Herod urious at the threat which this trial had held over him ‘collected an army and advanced upon Jerusalem to lepose Hyrcanus. This object he would indeed have @ In A. xiv. 177 Hyrcanus merely adjourns the trial and dvises Herod to escape. 99 >» His intended ? retaliation forestalled 216 217 pera mdons THIS duvdpews. ois Kai Ota TOV aie JOSEPHUS el p11) mpoeteABovres e Te TaTnp Kal 6 adeAdo exAacay atrob TH Opuny wapaxadobyTes [Kat | avrov avetAy Kal avaTacer povn peTpHoat ™7 auvvav, deicacbar d€ tod BaciAéws, td’ ob} péexp TocavTns Suvduews mponAGev- Seiv te, et KAnOet em diKyy 7 TapHevvrat, Kal Tept THs adécews ev: xaproteiv Kal 7) 7 m™pos pev 70 oxvlpwrov amavTav mept b€ TIS ow7nptas axdpiotov civan. et de 8 Aoyiat€ov ein Kat modA€uov pozas PpaPevecba , Fewpyr€éov® elvat 77S o7Tparetas® 7 dSixov. 810 87) Kal wepi tis viens od xpqvat Ka o »” > / / 5 ~ amav eveAmw civar, péeAdov7a ye? ouvpPadret Baotre? Kat ovvtpodw Kai modAdKis pev evepyeTy xarer@ Se odd€zote, mAy Soov Tovnpois oup Bovdows ypurjevos emioeicerev at7@ oKiav aduKnfh paros. metBerau TOUTOLS "Hpdidys tohaBew €l tas €Amidas avTapKes evar Kal TO THY toxU emidetEacbar T@ EObvev. (10) Kav tovrw yiverar wept "Amaperay tapay e / 4 / > 4, , « Pawpatwy Kat moAepos éeudtAros, KarxtAiov pe Bacoov 1a tH ets THopmiov evvorav d0A0gov7 = Ore ae K / \ = > / bu } cavtos LeErov Kaicapa Kai trv éxelvov Sdtvapu / ~ > »” / wapadaBovros, tv 8 adAwy Katoapos otpatr yov. emt TYyLEpLa tod dovov Bacow oupBaldvre TpILEVvov Kat Oud TOV TEpLovTa Katoapa, diAdor GvTas adotépous, oO "Avrimazpos dia THY Tada eveppev cuppaxtav. [LNKUVOLEVOU d€ tov oA 2 om. VC. 2 663, Sewontéov conj. after Aldrich: @ewpytréovy PAML Gee, x\ ‘\ ~ > , ’ , pov Mofpxos péev amo tis “Itadtas *Avtiotiov' mapayiverar diadoxos. be / \ ¢ / A 7 S19 2o (aa; f) Luvioratar bé Pwyaiots KATA TOUTOVE TOV Kalpov 6 péyas moAeunos, Kacaiov Kal Bpov- Tov" KTeWwavT@ body Katoapa, KaTaoxovTa THY apxny ex’ €Tn Tpla Kal pifvas ena. peylorou 8}: em. TO gover yevojLevov KWLATOS Kal dvacTa- c.acbévtwy tov Suvatav Exactos eAriow oikelat > / ‘ a / e 4 ‘ ‘\ exper mpos & avupdépew treAduBavev, Kat 87 Kat Kadoowos eis Lupiav KatadAnopevos tas zept 219 ‘Amdpevav duvdpets. evOa Bacow te Modpxor Kal 7a dueoTOTa Taypara, diaddéas crevbepoi jeev "Adpevav THs moAvopKias, TyoUpevos avTos THS oTpaTias emer dopodoy@v tas dAets \ 7 Kal Tapa dUvapuv Tas elompakets TOLOvpLEVOS. 909 ©6=- (2):~KeAevobev b€ Kai “lovdatois eloeveyKets e / / / > / \ > emtakoo.a TdAavtTa, deioas “Avtimatpos THY a7ret: \ ~ / A ~ a > / Any Too Kacotov Tots Te viois duetAev elompaTTeu Ta XpywaTa Kat TLOW aAdXots Tov émur dete KaTC TAXOS, €v ois Kal Madixe Twi Tov Sdradopwv 92] OUTWS Wrevyev_ 1 dvdyKn. m™p@Tos oe dmeperAt ato Kaaauov ‘Hpoidns TH €avTod potpay éK TH! r aAchatas Kopicas EKATOV tahavra, Kat du TobtTo ev Tots paAdvota didos tv. tovs dé Aouzov: > ~ ~ ~ ~ ets BpaduTqra Kaxkioas attais eOvpotro Tat: / / ~ ‘ > ~ ‘ , 222 70Acow. Todva yotv Kat "Appaoty Kat du e / ~ > / ETEpas TOV TamewoTepwv eEavdpaTrodiadpevos EX 1 Lat. (=C. Antistius Vetus, who besieged. Bassus ii Apamea before the arrival of Murcus, Dio Cass. xlvii. 27) av7i Kacciov P: dyti Keoriou A: éérov the rest (apparentl: from A. |)). 2 + a¢vw PAMC. 2 See critical note. 102 JEWISH WAR, I. 217-222 (=ant. xiv. 270-275) on and Murcus arrived from Italy to succeed Antistius.? (xi. 1) At this time the great war of the Civil war Romans broke out, arising out of the death of Caesar, 2/°" urd treacherously murdered by Cassius and Brutus after Caesar holding sovereign power for three years and seven bee months. This murder produced a tremendous up- heaval; leading men split up into factions; each joined the party which he considered would best serve his personal ambitions. Cassius, for his part, Cassius in, went to Syria to take command of the armies con- S¥*\t "S centrated round Apamea. There he effected a re- conciliation between Murcus and Bassus and the ypposing legions, raised the siege of Apamea, and, outting himself at the head of the troops, went ‘ound the towns levying tribute and exacting sums which it was beyond their ability to pay. (2) The Jews received orders to contribute seven vundred talents. Antipater, alarmed at the threats of Cassius, to expedite payment distributed the task f collection between his sons and some of his icquaintance, including—so urgent was the necessity f the case—one of his enemies named Malichus. Terod was the first to bring his quota—the sum f one hundred talents—from Galilee, thereby ippeasing Cassius and being regarded as one of his vest friends. The rest Cassius abused for dilatori- ess and then vented his wrath on the cities them- elves. Gophna, Emmaus and two other places of ess importance © he reduced to servitude. He was b “3 years and 6 months,”’ A. xiv. 270. From the battle f Pharsalia (9 August 48) to 15 March 44 the period was ist over 3 years and 7 months. ¢ Lydda and Thamna, A. xiv. 275. 103 223 224 ~ae - JOSEPHUS pet pev ws Kal MaAryov dvaipnowy, OTL LT omev- cas eloémpagev, evéoyev Sé THY ToUTOU Kal THY 7@v GAAwy woAewy amwAcrav ’Avtimatpos Taxéews €xatov tadavtois OBeparevcas Kacovov. (3) Od phy Madatyos avaywpyoavtos Kacatov THs xapitos ameuvnuovevoey “Avtimdtpw, Kara d€ tot zoAAaKkis aowrihpos émiBovdAnv éveokeva- lero amevdwv averciv tov éeumdduov atvtod Tots adiknpacw ovTa: “Avrizazpos d€ THY Te ltoxvy Kal TO Tavovpyov Tavdpos U7odeioas d.aBaiver TOV ‘lopdavny, oTpaTov abpotowy els THY THS emiBovdrs auvvav. dwpabeis d€ Madtyos avadeta ta@v “Avtimatpov maldwy mepryiveTac’ Tov Te yap ‘lepocodtpww dpoupov Macandov Kat ‘Hpwdny 7 ETLOTEVLEVOV 7a OmdAa moAAais amoAoyiats Kau Opkois exyontetvcas dsadAaKtas att@ mpos Tor matépa meiGer yivecbar. waAw yotv tm’ *Avte- maTpov awletar metcavtos Moipkov tov Tore aTpaTnyobvta Lupias, 6s wpuntro KTetvat Madtyou ed ols evewrépicev. (+) Xvordvros 5€ tot zpos Kdoowov cai Bpod:- tov zoA€uov Katoapi te 7H véew Kal *Avtwria eee kat Modpkos o7pariay GOpotcavres €F 77s Luptas, Emre) peya p€pos els Tas xpetas ‘Hpwdns edo€e, tore prev adrov Luplas amaon: ezyseAntiy Kabioraow Sdtvauw melyv te Ka immuxny Sovres, era Se THY TOU 7oh€ewou Ka7Ta Avow azodeiEew Kaaavos UTEDXETO Kal ‘lovéata: Baotréa. ovvéBy 8 *Avtimdrpw tiv te taxdy Toi maidos Kal tTHv €Amida aitiav amwAeias yevécBar * Or perhaps *“‘ out of consideration for the large par which H. had played in rendering assistance.” The un 104 JEWISH WAR, I. 222-226 (=anrT. xiv. 276-280) proceeding so far as to put Malichus to death for tardiness in levying the tribute; but Antipater saved both his life and the other cities from destruc- tion, by hastily propitiating Cassius with a gift of a hundred talents. (3) However, on the departure of Cassius, Malichus, far from remembering this service of Antipater, concocted a plot against the man who had often saved his life, impatient to remove one who was an obstacle to his malpractices. Antipater, dreading the man’s strength and cunning, crossed the Jordan to collect an army to defeat the conspiracy. Malichus, though detected, succeeded by effrontery in out- \Jerusalem, and Herod, the custodian of the armoury, jzajoled by a multitude of excuses and oaths, con- sented to act as mediators with their father. Once jagain Antipater saved Malichus by his influence with Murcus, who when governor of Syria had determined 0 put him to death as a revolutionary. (4) When the young Caesar and Antony declared jin army in Syria, and, regarding Herod’s future issistance as a great asset.” appointed him then and , iim ee of Judaea. These powers and brilliant ‘xpectations of the son proved in the end the occasion J ertainty arises from the absence of a verb (yerjcecOa: as in MY \1- XV. 264, or yevéo Oar as ib. 307). The addition, cuuBeBr\7jr8a1, > Or * procurator “'; A. says ** governor of Coele-Syria,” less considerable and more probable appointment. VOL. II EQ 105 witting Antipater’s sons ; for Phasael, the warden of var on Cassius and Brutus, Cassius and Murcus levied 5 Antipater assassinat yi Malichus, JOSEPHUS TatTa yap deioas 6 Mddrxos diadBeiper twa THY Bacthixaiv olvoxow Xprnpacw dodvat dapyakov “Avrumdr py. Kal oO jLev aywviopa Tijs MadAlyou Tapavopias yevojmevos pera TO oupiTroovoy OvijoKet, 7a te dAdo Opac7rpios. avijp ev adiyy7aet T™pay- pedroy Kal THY apxny avaKtTyadpevos Te ‘Ypxav@ Kat diadvAdéas. 227 (5) MadAryos b€ xa? trdvoav ths dapyakeias opyilopevov TO mAnO0s apvotpevos emeHev Kat Suvarurepov eavTov KarecKevalev omAitas avy- KpoT Ov: ov yap Tpepenjoew “Hpwdny d7eAdp Paver, os o7) Kal mapny avtiKa oTpatov aywy emt 228 TYyLwpia Tod mazpos. WDacarAov Sé tadeApod aupBovrevcartos att@ pu) davep@s Tov avodpa peTievar, Siactaciacew yap TO mAAGos, TOTE EV azoAoyovpevov te mpocierar tov MdAvyov Kal THs Uzovolas amoAvew wpodrdyer, Aapmpay dé opm emi T@ Tatpl Kydetas érédecev. 229 (6) Tpameis 8 ei Lapdperav ordoe: TeTapay- Hevyvy KaTeoTHGaTO THY TOAW: exerta Kal” opty iméatpedev eis ‘lepoadAvsa tovs omAitas aywv. Kal méumwv ‘Ypxavos, eviyev yap SedouKws Ti epodov Madrryos, exwAvev rods aAdodvAous e€ic- ayayeiv ef ayvevovtas Ttods emiywpious. 6 Se Tis mpopdcews Katadpovijcas Kal Tod mpoortdac- 230 govros elaepyetar bia vuKTos. Kai maAw MdAryos mpocwwyv ekAaev *Avtimatpov: avOumexpiveto Se pods “Hpwdns tov Ovov exéywv cai Kacoiw dv emiaToA@y tiv Tod maTpos davaipeow amwdvpera pugodv7e Kal dAAws MaAryov. 6 8 att@ perievat 106 JEWISH WAR, I. 226-230 (=anr. xiv. 281-288) of his father’s destruction. For Malichus, taking alarm, bribed one of the royal butlers to serve poison to Antipater. Thus, a victim of the villainy of Malichus, Antipater expired after leaving the ban- quet—a man of great energy in the conduct of affairs, whose crowning merit was that he recovered and preserved the kingdom for Hyrcanus. (5) Malichus, being suspected of poisoning him, appeased the indignant populace by denial, and strengthened his position by mustering troops. Tor he never supposed that Herod would remain idle, and in fact the latter appeared forthwith at the head of an army to avenge his father. Phasael, however, advised his brother not to proceed to open vengeance on the scoundrel, for fear of exciting a popular riot. Herod, accordingly, for the moment accepted Malichus’s defence and professed to clear him from suspicion. He then celebrated with splendid pomp the obsequies of his father. (6) Samaria being distracted by sedition, Herod betook himself thither, and, after restoring order in the city, set out on the return journey to Jerusalem, then keeping festival, at the head of his troops. Instigated by Malichus, who was alarmed at his approach, Hyrcanus sent orders forbidding him to ntrude aliens upon the country-folk during their deriod of purification. Herod, scorning the subter- ‘uge and the man from whom the order came, sntered by night. Malichus again waited on him ind wept over Antipater’s fate. Herod, scarce able (0 restrain his wrath, dissembled in his turn. At sche same time he sent a letter to Cassius, deploring the murder of his father. Cassius, who had other grounds for hating Malichus, replied, “ Have your 107 43 B.C. Herod's revenge Or Malichus. JOSEPHUS % / ~ \ > , A -~ ey? i aa dovea — gidherh pits srs. KQaL pit gs a Geiv ets mpaew dikaiav. o3).-° 47) Ken z€107) Aaodixerav €éAdvtos avrob cuv7joa ot mavtaxydfev Suvatoi Swpeds te Kai oTedavov dépovtes, “Hpeidns péev totdrov TH Tyswpia TO \ > , ‘ \ e , e > Katpov aduwpicev, MaddAryos b€ tromrevoas, ws € , ‘ ~ \ -~ Tupw yivérat, Tov Te vidv OpynpevovTa Tapa Tot 7 -~ ‘ . BI ? Tuplois umeEayayetv e€yvw Aadhpa Kai avTos et 232 77v “lovdaiav amodpadvat mapeoxevdleto. map , ‘ ~ : wévvev & adtov 7 THS GwrTnplas amdoyvwais evOu - U U , petcBar Kai peilova: 76 Te yap eOvos émavacTy € / ” , 7 \ > A cew “Pwyators 7Amcev, Kacoiov 7@ zpos “AvTw-t ‘ ’ ‘ viov TmoAcuw Tepiommpevov, Kal BaciAevoew adtosie “Ypxavov Katadvoas evuapas. 233. (8) “EzeyéAa 86° dpa 76 yxpewv atrod Tails hi’ oF € awa te 72 7 > A . & eAziow. 6 yodv “Hpwdns mpoidopevos atrod tHvp ¢ “ = - p cpunv tov te ‘Ypxavov Kakeivov émi Seimvov €xa- ~ ~ ~ ‘ det, mapeota@tra 8 ézeita THY olkeTa@v TWA TpOs avTov eioémeuiev ws emi tTHv Tov Seizvov mapa-Fe =~ ~ = > okeunv, T@ S€ OvtTe mpoeimeiv Tots xtAcapyots e€- - ? \ s) Sisk > 7 ~ Ul ns 234 eAGeiv emi tHv evédpav. Kaxkeivo. t@v Kacoior TpooTaypaTwy avayvnabévtes emi Tov mpo THF ‘ 2 4 ; / / »” Ar moAews atyradov e€jecav Erdrjpers, evba mept- A ~ > ~ } tavtes Tov MaAryov moAAois tpavpacw avaipotaw =f A be ~ \ A @ Seas | ¢€ > > Ay pkavos de mapaypjua pev Avbeis' ta EexmdAr- »” , \ > \ c / / Eews ezecev, wodts de aveveykwv ‘Hpwdnv dinpwra 235 7(s oO Ktelvas ein MadAtyov. amoxpwapevov ~ s , Twos TOV xiAtapywy ‘70 Kaoolov mpdoraypa, ‘Kdoowos dpa,’ é€dn, “‘ Kaye Kal THY marpid 43 \ > / > / > / iP pov owle. tov ayudotépwyv émiPovAov avedAwy. ” \ ~ ¢ ‘ id "4? ec \ ‘ cette 5€ dpovdv “Ypxavos otrws if trod dé€ous 108 JEWISH WAR, I. 230-235 (=anT. xiv. 288-293) revenge on the murderer,’ and gave secret orders to the tribunes under his command to lend Herod aid in a righteous deed. (7) When Cassius took Laodicea, and the grandees from all parts of the country flocked to him with gifts and crowns, Herod fixed on this as the moment for his revenge. Malichus had his suspicions, and on reaching Tyre resolved to effect the secret escape of his son, then a hostage in that city. while he made his own preparations to fly to Judaea. Desperation stimulated him to conceive yet grander schemes ; he had dreams of raising a national revolt against the Romans, while Cassius was preoccupied with the war against Antony, of deposing Hyrcanus without difh- culty, and of mounting the throne himself. (8) But Destiny derided his hopes. Herod, divin- ng his intention, invited him and Hyrcanus to supper, and then dispatched one of his attendant menials (0 his house, ostensibly to prepare the banquet, in ‘eality to instruct the tribunes to come out for the umbuscade. Remembering the orders of Cassius, shey came out, sword in hand, to the sea-shore in ront of the city, and there, surrounding Malichus, stabbed him through and through to death. Hyrcanus ‘rom sheer fright instantly swooned and fell; when drought, not without difficulty, to himself, he asked Herod by whom Malichus was killed. One of the fribunes replied ~ By. Cassius’s orders.” ‘‘ Then,” said Hyrcanus, “‘ Cassius has saved both me and my ountry, by destroying one who conspired against doth.” Whether he expressed his real opinion or 1 éxrudeis C, 109 JOSEPHUS Ouoce TH pater ywpav elmev, adnAov jv. aAdal yap metys jev ouTws “H poss peT7AGev. 236 = (xil._ 1) Kacotou de dvaxwpioavTos €x Lupias madw oaraos ev ‘lepocoAtpo yiverar, “EAtKkos#i peTa oTpatids emavactavtos DacajAw Kal Kata TH b7Eep Madcxou TYyLwplav apvvecBat BédovrosP ‘Hpedqy els TOV ddeAdov. ‘Hpoidns de ETUXEVE poev ov Tapa DaBiy T@ oTpaTny@ Kara Aapa-f oKov, Coppnuevos 5€ Bonbetv b70 vocou KaT- 237 eiyeTo. Kav ToUTw Dacanros Kal? €auTov “Educos ; TEPLYEVOLEVOS ‘Ypxavov oveidulev els dxapiotiav Ov TE “EAuce ovpmpagerer, Kal OTL TEplopwn TOE adeAdov TOV MadXiyov ra dpovpua kataAapBdvovra: A 7oAAa yap 81) KateiAnmTo Kal TO TavTWwY dxU- pwratov Macdéar. 238 §=6(2) Ov pay avT@® Te mpos tiv “Hpedov Biarfy Tpkeoev, 6s dvappwobels Ta TE ara TrapaAap.- Bdver Kakeivov é€x ths Macabédas tkérnv adijKev e€jAacey be Kai ex THs TadAaias Mapiwva tov Tupiwy tupavvov 76n Tpia KaTrecxnkoTa T@v eEpu-F , \ \ ; 7 ” 1 patwv, tovs de Andbévtas Tupiovs €owoev perf TavTas, naav & ovs Kat dwpynodpevos arrémepibev eUvoLlav €avT@ Tapa THS TOAEws Kal TO TUPavVE. 239 tacos ~mrapacKevalouevos. 0 de Mapiwy 7€twrc pev THS TUpavvidos bo Kacciov tupavviow macarh, dvaAaBovros tHv LXupiav, Kata d€ TO zpos “Hpw- dnv €xfos ovyxatnyayey *Avtiyovoyv tov *Apiato- Bovdov, Kal TO mA€ov dia Dafrov, ov "Avriyovos XPT Laow mpoomrownadLevos Bonfov clyev THs Kab-f, ddov" xopnyes 5° qv azavtwy 0 Kndeo77s Irode- peatos *Avtvyova. 1 46n LVRC., 110 JEWISH WAR, I. 235-239 (=anrT. xiv. 293-298) from fear acquiesced in the deed, was uncertain. Be that as it may, thus was Herod avenged on Malichus. (xii. 1) The exit of Cassius from Syria was followed by a fresh outbreak at Jerusalem. A certain Helix, with a body of troops, attacked Phasael, wishing to punish Herod, through his brother, for the chastise- ment which he had inflicted on Malichus. Herod at the time was with Fabius the Roman general at Damascus, where, though impatient to lend his aid, he was detained by illness. Meanwhile Phasael, un- assisted, defeated Helix and reproached Hyrcanus for ingratitude both in abetting the rebel and in allowing the brother of Malichus to take possession of the fortresses. Quite a large number of these had been taken, including Masada, the strongest of all. (2) But nothing could avail the captor against the might of Herod. Once restored to health, he re- covered the other forts and ousted him from Masada, ‘a suppliant for mercy. He likewise expelled from Galilee Marion, the despot of Tyre, already master of three of the strongholds. The Tyrians whom he took prisoners, he spared to a man; some he even sent away with presents, to procure for himself the favour of the citizens and for the tyrant their hatred. Marion owed his position to Cassius, who had cut up the whole of Syria into principalities. Hatred of Herod had led to his taking part in bringing back the exiled Antigonus,? son of Aristobulus ; and in this he was influenced still more by Fabius, whom Antigonus had induced by bribery to assist in his restoration. All the exile’s expenses were met by his brother-in- law,? Ptolemy. @ Of. § 173. > § 186. ee | 42 B.C. Revolt of Helix. Herod defeats his adversarie 240 24) 242 243 JOSEPHUS (3) [pos ots “Hpwdns avtimapatagdapevos emt tav éeuPoAav tHs “lovdatas Kpatet TH waxy, Kat zov “Avtiyovov e€eAaoas tméortpepev eis ‘lepo- ooAvna taqw ayamnTos wy emi T& KaTopBapatt’ Kal yap ol p37) 7 poaeXovTEs madat TOTE WKELWYTO dua Ty ps ‘Ypxavov emyaptav auto. 7 pore pov prev yap KTO yuvaika Tov em xpi ovK a- onnov, Awpis éxadeito, €€& Hs éeyévynoev “Avti- matpov, TOTE be yryas THY AAeEavdpou tod “Apioto- BovAov bvyatépa, Ouvyatpidyqv Sé ‘Ypxavod, Ma- piaypny otkeios T@ Baotdet yiverac. (4) “Ezet 5€ Kaoowov epi DirAimmovs av- eAdvres avexw@pynaav eis pev “ITadiav Kaioap emt dé 7Hs "Aaias' “Avtwrios, mpeoBevoevwy Tav aAAwy 7oAewv mpos ’Avrwviov ets Bifuviav jKov Kat ‘lovdaiwy ot dvvatot Katnyopodvtes WDacandAov Kai ‘Hpwdov, Bia pev abtovs Kpateiv TOv mpay- patwv, Ovowa dé jLovov Tepletva ‘Yprava) TYLLov. mpos a mapwv “Hpeidns Kal TefleparevKws ovK dXiyots “Avtuvov ypyyacw ovTws beOnKev, ws unde Adyov tav éexPOpav avacyéabar. Kat Tore prev ovTws dieAVOnoav. (5) Ad&is d€ ot ev TéAce “lovdatov eKaTOv avdpes HKov eis THY mpos “Avt TLOXELAY Aadvnv én *Avtwrviov dn T@ KAeomatpas epwtt dedovAw- evov" Of TpooTyGapevat TOvs akiwpaTte Kat Aoyw of@yv dvvatwtatovs KatTnyopovy tav adeAdav. Umnv7a d€ MeaoaddAas azodoyovpevos ovptrap- 7 cy ~ ‘ ‘ -2> ‘ > 944€0T@T0s ‘Ypxavotd dia TO KHd0s. Kai ‘“Avtwrios ’ L*VR: rv ‘Aciav the rest. ¢ Or rather, apparently, betrothed: the marriage is re- corded later in § 344. 112 JEWISH WAR, I. 240-244 (=anr. xiv. 299 ff -324) (3) These enemies were opposed by Herod at the entry to the territory of Judaea, where a battle took place in which he was victorious. Antigonus being banished from the country, Herod returned to Jeru- salem, where his success won him all men’s hearts. Even those who had hitherto stood aloof were now re- conciled by his marriage into the family of Hyrcanus. His first wife was a Jewess of some standing, named Doris, by whom he had a son, Antipater; but now he eed Mariamme, daughter of Alexander, the son His of Aristobulus, and erand ee of Hyrcanus, and Way's thus became kinsman of the king.® Mariam (4) After the death of Cassius at Philippi, the . ant victors departed, Caesar going to Italy, Antony to Heer Asia. Embassies from the various states waited Jewish upon Antony in Bithynia, and among them came the ace Jewish leaders, who accused Phasael and Herod of brother usurping the government and leaving to Hyrcanus appoint merely titular honours. Herod thereupon appeared prepa and by large bribes so wrought upon Antony that Judaea he refused his adversaries a hearing. So for the time ‘*! ® being these enemies were dispersed. (5) But on a later occasion a hundred Jewish officials approached Antony, now a slave to his passion for Cleopatra, at Daphne beside Antioch, and, putting forward the most eminent and eloquent of their number, laid accusations against the brothers. The defence was undertaken by Messala,° Hyrcanus supporting him because of his marriage connexion with Herod. After hearing both parties, Antony * Hyreanus IJ, incorrectly entitled “‘ king,” as in § 203. ¢ M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, c. 70-3 s.c., attached himself in the civil wars respectively to Cassius, Antony and Augustus; author, orator and patron of literature, a friend of Horace and Tibullus. 113 24 3) 6 JOSEPHUS aKovoas EKaTE POV ‘Ypravod Sueur Odvero Tous “pot sarge ovras dpxew TOD be Tous Tept “Hpwday mpoxpwavros," nabeis, Wy yap 707 i €€vos avrois matp@os, dexDels tn “Avte- BUD diAoppovas are vets tiv “lovdatav ovv TaBuwiw zapéBaddrev, tetpapyas amodeixvucw Tovs adeAdovs macav diorxety tTHv “lovdatav émuitpétwv. (6) Ilpocayavaxrotvtwy b€ Tav mpécPewv mev- Texaloeka prev ovdAd\aBow eipyvucw, ots Kal av- eAciv wppnoer, Tods d€ Aoizods pel” UBpews am- nAacev. mpos 6 petlwv ev tots ‘lepocodvpots yive- Tal Tapayn* xiAlovs yobv madw éezepav mpéoPers eis Tupov, evéa dverpyBev "Avrawvios émi “lepo- covey Openevos. €ml TovTovs KeKpayoTas EKTTE[LTTEL TOV apxovra tav Tupiwv Kodalew mpoardgas ovs dy AaB, ovykataoKkevalew Te? THY apxnv Tots bm’ avrod Kataotabetow TeTpapxaus. (7) [Ipo 6€ rovrov moAda Tapyver mpoehbo émi Tov atyvadov “Hpedns atv ‘Ypxava pnt? eavrois amwAelas aitious pyre TH TaTpide mroAe- prov yw * Oak- -coppice.’ 117 JOSEPHUS modAods Kat dopyiv TOv amoAwAdTwv avatpet ovpBahov, Kat Kal? Tpepav emeKUedvtwy adAr- Aows Kata Aoxovs dovos av adidrewmTos. 253 (3) "Evotdons 8 €optis, 7) mevTnKooTH Kadei- Tal, TA TE mepl TO lepov mavTa Kal 7 moAus oly mAjfovs Tav amo Tijs Xwpas avaryimAarar, TO mAéov omAiTov. Kal Macanros pev 70 TeiXos, ‘Hpwons 8 od peta moAABv eppouper Ta Baot- Neva: Kal Tots mroAepiors ere Opapo dovvTaKrous KaTa TO mpodaTetov’ mAEloTous pev avatpet, TpE- meta. S€ wavTAs Kal TOUS pev Els THY TOAW, TOdS Sé cis TO lepov, Tods 5€ eis TO Ew yapdKwya 254 ovyKAeler.” Kav tovTw diadAaKkryy pev “Avti- yovos mapaKanet Ildxopov cloadgeivar, _Pacdndos de meabeis TH Te TmoAEt Kal Eevia tov Ilap§ov elodexeTau peta, TEVvTAKOGt inméwv, mpopacer pev nKOVTAa TOO Tatoar THY oTdow, TO 8 adAnfles 255 “Avreyov: Bon Gov. TOV yoov Wacandov eév- edpevwv dveTeLoev T™pos Bapladparny mpeoBev- cacba mept katadvcews, Kaito. TE moAAa. azo tpéemovtos “Hpwddov Kat TapawodvTos dvatpety TOV emiPovAov, adda p71), Tats emBovdats €auToV €K- d.d0vat, puoet yap amorous elvat Tovs BapBapous, eferow ‘Ypxavov mapadaPuv. Kat ITaxopos, ws fttTov vmomTevoito, Katakizwv Tap “Hpwdn Twas T@v KaAoupévwy ~EAevbépwy inméwv tots Aourots mpoéreuiev DacanAov. 256 (4) ‘Qs & eyévovto Kata tiv Taddaiav, tovs 1 PA Lat. (so A. ||): mposapxriov the rest. 2 éyx\elee PAM. 3 te Niese: ye MSS. 2 Probal. y the cup-bearer, not the prince, for, as Reinach remarks, the latter would have been in a position to treat 118 JEWISH WAR, I. 252-256 (=anrT. xiv. 336-342) arms against the citizens and slew many of them. Every day small companies sallied out against each other, and slaughter was incessant. (3) When the feast called Pentecost came round, the whole neighbourhood of the temple and the entire city were crowded with country-folk, for the most part in arms. Phasael defended the walls ; Herod, with a small force, the palace. With this he descended upon the enemy’s disordered ranks in the suburb, killed large numbers of them, put the rest to flight and shut them up, some in the city, others in the temple, others in the entrenched camp out- side the walls. Thereupon, Antigonus petitioned for the admission of Pacorus* as mediator. Phasael consented, and received into the city and offered hospitality to the Parthian, who, with five hundred horsemen, had come ostensibly to put an end to strife, in reality to support Antigonus. With this object, Pacorus insidiously induced Phasael to go on an embassy to Barzapharnes with a view to the cessation of hostilities. So, notwithstanding the strong dissuasion of Herod, who urged his brother to kill the schemer and not to abandon himself to his schemes, barbarians being (he said) by nature per- fidious, Phasael left the city, accompanied by Hyrcanus. To allay suspicions, Pacorus left with Herod some of the cavalry called by the Parthians “Freemen’’;® with the remainder he _ escorted Phasael on his way. (4) On their arrival in Galilee they found the directly with Phasael and there would have been no need for the subsequent embassy. >» More precisely 200 cavalry and 10 “freemen” (A. xiv. 342). Most of the Parthian soldiers were slaves (Justin, xli. 2. 5, quoted by Reinach). 119 Phasael Hyreant are indu to leave Jerusale on an embassy to the satrap JOSEPHUS ~ oe prev ast mabe adeot@tas Kav tots omAots ovtas KaTa AapBavovow, TO oar parry 5° eveT Uy XAVOV mavoupyw' ogdcdpa Kai tais gud odpov7ceaw THY em Boudry KaAUmtovTt: d@pa yobv dovs advrtois 257 €metT’ ~=avaxwpotvTas eéAdxa. tois 8° atabyats yiveTat THs emiBovAns KataxUeiow ets TL THY mapabahacatwy xwpior, 6 Kadeitat *Exdinmwy: €kel yap TH. Te UToaxeow Tov xtAtwv 7Kovoay tahavrwy KQL WS “Avrtyovos Tas mAcioras TOV map avtTois yuvatk@v ev Tais mevTaKocias Kaf- 258 oowwoerev IlapGois, ott te ampodoyilowrTo pev - avrois at vixres Uo Tav PapBdapwy aet, maAar 5° av Kat ouvedrgincav, el p17) Tepreevov ev ‘lepo- aoAvpors ‘H peony TpoTEpov AaBeiv, ws py 7 po- mu@opevos Ta KAT avToUS pvadtaizo. TAT ovKét. Adyos Fv povov, adda Kai dvdakas d7 moppwlev? €avtmv éBAezov. 259 (5) Od pv DacadndAos Kaito. moAAa ap- awobvros “OdeAXiov devyew, mémvato yap obtos mapa LapauadAAa tod tAovowTdtTov ToTe Lipwv Thy avvTakw THs emBovdArs oAnv, Katadizeiv ‘Ypxa- vov U7éuewev, aAAa 7@ catpamn TmpoceAbaw avrt- Kpus wveidiley tHv emBovdArjv, Kai pado@ Gre yévolTto ToLovTOS xpnuaTtwr evekev* TAciw ye PNY avtos Umep cwrypias ducew dv *Avtiyovos b7eép 260 BaciAetas uméoxeTO. mpos TattTa mavotpyws o Ilap6os azodcyiais Te Kal GpKoils azooKeva- Gapuevos TV Umoyiav wyeTo zpos IIdKopov. ed- Géws d€ Tav Kataderdbevtwy [lap@wv ois mpoa- evétaxto DacadnAov te Kat ‘Ypxavov cvveAduBavor, 1 AM: zavotpyws the rest. 2 haud procul Lat. 120 Se ire =, a ee ee ae eee JEWISH WAR, I. 256-260 (=anT. xiv. 342-348) inhabitants in revolt and up in arms The satrap,? with whom they had an audience. was a very crafty individual who disguised his plot under a show of benevolence : he gave them presents, and then laid an ambush to catch them on their departure. They discovered the conspiracy at a maritime town, where they halted, named Ekdippa.?’ There they heard of the promise of the thousand talents,° and that the five hundred women whom Antigonus had devoted to the Parthians included most of their own; that the barbarians invariably kept a watch upon them at night ; and that they would long since have been arrested, had not the conspirators been waiting till Herod was caught at Jerusalem, fearing that the news of their capture would put him on his guard. This was now no mere idle gossip ; for already they could see the sentries posted in the distance. (5) Phasael, however, notwithstanding the urgent exhortations to flee made to him by a certain Ophellius, who had learnt the whole plan of the conspiracy from Saramalla, the wealthiest Syrian of his time, could not bring himself to desert Hyrcanus. Instead, he went to the satrap and frankly reproached him for the plot, and in particular for acting as he had done from mercenary motives ; undertaking, for his part, to give him a larger sum for his life than Antigonus had promised for a kingdom. To this the Parthian made a wily reply, clearing himself of sus- picion by protestations and oaths, and went off to join Pacorus.4 Immediately after, certain Parthians who had been left behind, with orders to do so, @ Barzapharnes. * Achzib (ez Zib), half way between Tyre and the promontory of Carmel. ¢ § 248. 4 Apparently the prince. 121 and are captured the Parthian JOSEPHUS \i ‘ \ > , ‘ ‘ »” ’ ~ moAAa' mpos TI émLopKiay Kal TO amLoToV adrots KaTapwpLevovs. 261 (6) ’Ev 6€ tovrTw Kat tov “Hpwdny o Trewgbels otvoxoos éeBovheve ovdafety, e€w) Tob Telxous dmariaas mpoeAbewv, woTep evtoAds cixev. 6 be am apxijs bromT eve TOUS BapBdpous Kal TOTE TETUOHEVOS els TOUS moAepious EULTETTWKEVAL Ta pnvvovTa tiv emiPovAjy atta ypaypata, mpo- - > > , , 7 > , a eMGeiv odx 7BovAeTo, Katto. dda a€voTioTws Tod Ilaxdpov ddoxovros detv adrov tvravTjaat Tots \ > A / »” ‘ e / Tas eémistoAds Kopilovow: ovtTe yap éadAwKévar Tots modelos attas Kal mepléxeww ovK e€mt- 262 BovAjv, add’ omdca diuezpakato Dacandos. Ervyev \ > »” \ \ > A 6€ map dAAwy mpoaKynKows tov adeAdov auv- etAnpevov, Kal mpooner “Ypxavod Ouyarnp |[Ma- pede } ouveToTar7 yuvaiKkay, katav7Bohoboa pT) mpoievar pd éumoTevew eavTov 70n havep@s emxetpobou Tots BapBapors. 263 (7 ) "Ere 6e TOV TeEpt [Taxopov oKeTTOpLEvenv, 7s av Kpuga THY em Boudry dmapricevay, ov yap éx davepod oldv 7° 7 avdpos ovTw duvarob® mrept- yeveobat, mpohaBav ‘Hpwdns peTa TOV OLKELO- TATWwV TpoouTro vuktwp emi “ldovpatias exper > ¢ / 264 Adbpa tay moAeuiwv. aicbopevor 6 ot Ldpbat KATEOLWKOV. Kaxeivos THY pev pNnTépa Kal Tas adeAdas* Kat tv Kabwporoynuevnv maida pera 1 zo\\a Destinon (with A. ||): 7a ve &AXKa Mss. 2 Perhaps a gloss (Niese), or read Mapiduuns 6€ wyrnp (Destinon), cf. A. xiv. 351. 3 cuverot LVR Lat. § ras ddekdas Niese, cf. A. || adeXpyv: rods ddeApods MSs. * Pacorus (§ 249): A. incorrectly has e’vodxos instead of olvox dos. 122 JEWISH WAR, I. 260-264 (=anr. xiv. 348-353) arrested Phasael and Hyrcanus, the prisoners cursing them bitterly for their perjury and breach of faith. (6) Meanwhile a plot to arrest Herod also was in progress, and the cup-bearer * who had been sent to execute it was, in accordance with instructions, en- deavouring to lure him to come outside the walls. Herod, however, having suspected the barbarians from the first, had now learnt that letters informing him of the conspiracy had fallen into the enemy’s hands. He, therefore, refused to come out, notwith- standing the highly plausible assertions of Pacorus that he ought to meet the bearers of the documents, which, he said, had neither been intercepted by his enemies, nor contained any mention of a plot but a full report of Phasael’s proceedings. But Herod had already heard from another source of his brother’s arrest. Moreover, Mariamme, the daughter? of Hyrcanus, most sagacious of women, came and implored him not to venture out or trust himself to the barbarians, who were now openly planning his ruin. (7) While Pacorus and his accomplices were still deliberating by what stealthy means they might achieve their design, as it was impossible openly to triumph over so powerful an adversary, Herod fore- stalled them and, unobserved by his enemies, set out by night, with the nearest and dearest of his family, for Idumaea. The Parthians, discovering his flight, started in pursuit. Herod, thereupon, directed his mother and sisters, the young girl who was betrothed ’ Strictly grand-daughter (§ 241) ; but A. xiv. 351 is here probably correct in mentioning ‘‘ the daughter of Hyrcanus, the mother of his betrothed.” His bride would hardly be referred to in this way. 123 Plot to entrap Herod. { Herod’s flight to Arabia. 265 266 267 268 JOSEPHUS THs pyNTpos Kal TOD vewrdTov Tav adeAday mpoc- zakas odevew attos aaodadds peta tav Oepa- movTwy avéxomte Tovs PapBdpous: Kat moAAods Kata macav mpooBoAny amoxteivas eis Macadav 70 dpovpiov AreElyeTo. (8) Baputépouvs 6€ Kata tHv dvynv TlapGwy *lovSalous ézelpaceyv, evoxyAncavtas pev dinvekas, amo 8 €€yKovta Ths moAews oTadiwy Kal mapa- Ta€apevous emetk@s TOAvY xpovoy. evla Kpaticas € 7 \ \ > ne > , > Hpwdns Kat moAAovs attay amoxtetwas atbis els puvipny ToD KaTopfuwyatos ExTLGEY TO XwWpLoOV kat PBacireious moAuTeXecTaTols eKOopNOEV, Kal akpoToAw oxupwrarny dvedeiaro, ‘Hpesdecov TE exdAecev ad’ €auTov. TyviKaira ye pny gev- youre Kal’ yuépav avr Tpoceyivov7o moAdol, Kal Kava ‘Proav yevonevw' tis “ldovpatas coer’ adeAgos vravTnoas ouveBovdevev Tous ToAAovs TOV eTTOmevwv azodoprioacbat, Tay yap ay ToooU- TOV 6yAov dé€acbat thy Maoddav- joav 5’ dmép Tovs evvakioxiAious. mrevaGeis [ody |* “Hpwdns tovs pev PBaputépovs ths yxpetas diadjKev ava TH > / ~ ‘\ > LAN A s) ~ > Iéo0upatay dods édddia, peta b€ THY avayKato- TdtTwy TovUs GAKiiwrTdtous KaTacxay Els TO Ppov- ptov dwacwlerar. Karadimav 8 eévraifa ais yuvatély dKtaKkooious dvAakas Kal d:apKy Tame- Tr OEeLa mpos ToAvopKiay attos ets THY “ApaPiKny Ilértpav 7retyerto. (9) Ildpfo 8 & ‘TepoooAvpous ed aptaynv \ t > Tpamopevor Tav duydvTwy eis Tas oikias e€lo- 1 xara 'P. yevoudvy Niese: mapicav yevouévy & éxt PAM: Kava (rhv) Opacav the rest, cf. A. xiv. 361 (év Opjog). ? om. PA. 124 “JEWISH WAR, I. 264-268 (=anrT. xiv. 353-363) to him, with her mother, and his youngest brother to continue their journey, and then, aided by his attend- ants, secured their retreat, holding the barbarians at bay. In every encounter he slew large numbers of them, and then pressed on to the fortress of Masada. (8) But he found in this flight the Jews even more troublesome than the Parthians, for they per- petually harassed him, and at a distance of sixty furlongs from the city brought on a regular action which was prolonged for a considerable time. Here Herod eventually defeated them with great slaughter ; and here subsequently, to commemorate his victory, he founded a city, adorned it with the most costly palaces, erected a citadel of commanding strength, and called it after his own name Herodion.?2 Thence- forward the fugitive was joined daily by many others, and on reaching Rhesa in Idumaea was advised by his brother Joseph, who met him there, to dis- encumber himself of the bulk of his followers, Masada being unable to accommodate such a crowd, number- ing upwards of nine thousand. Herod, acting on his advice, dispersed throughout Idumaea those who were more an encumbrance than an assistance, after supplying them with provisions; and retaining the most stalwart of them together with his cherished kinsfolk reached the fortress® in safety. Leaving there a guard of eight hundred to protect the women, with sufficient supplies to stand a siege, he himself pushed on to Petra in Arabia. (9) In Jerusalem, meanwhile, the Parthians gave themselves up to pillage, breaking into the houses 2 Above the west coast of the Dead Sea, near its lower extremity. ® A description is given later, §§ 419 ff. ¢ Masada. JOSEPHUS it / ~ énimtov Kal TO Pacidewov, amexopevor povwy TOV ‘Ypxavod ypnudtwv: jv 8 ov mAciw TpiaKociwy / > / A \ ~ ” > TaAdvrwy. eéneT¥yyavov dé Kal T@v aAAwy ovx A ” e A ¢ / > ~ \ dcois 7Amicav: o yap “Hpwdns é€x aoAAod tiv > / ~ / e , > A > amotiav tov BapBapwv thopupevos eis THY “ldov- paiavy ta Aaumpotata tev Keysndiwy Tpoav- ~ ~ / €oKevaoTo, Kal TOY av’T@ TpoceyovTwy opoiws oe / \ A A ¢ \ > \ ~ 269 Exao7Tos. Hdpor de HET EGS OPES Es TOG TOV UBpews € EXwpTaay ws eumArca peev dT PUKTOV moA€ ov THY Ywpav dmacay, dvdorarov be TOUoa 77v Mapicaiwy modw, py povov d€ KataoTHcat , yy / > \ \ A het Basitéa *Avtiyovov, adAad Kat mapadodvar atv7@ Macanddv te kat ‘Ypxavov deouwtas aixicacbar. 27006 d€ “Ypxavod pev mpoomecovtos’ attos Ta wra AwBGrat tots odovow, ws pndé adlis ev petaPoAy Tore dvvaiTo = T7HV pic detenta amoAafetv: Set yap oAoKAnpous dpxvepaaban. 4, 271 (10) Tis DacajAov b€ a apeTys dorepiler placav- TOS TET PO mpoopytar THY kepadyy, ws Kal ovo7- pov KaL Xetpav elpyeTO. KaKEtvOS pe, “Hpesdov ye7javov €auTov azmodetEas adeAdov Kat ‘Ypxavov ayevvéeotatov, avopeorata OvijoKer, movmodpevos A ~ THY KaTaoTpogyy Tots Kata Tov Piov Eepyos / / ‘ \ x» , ¢ > 272 mpemovoav. KaTtéxyer d€ Kal dAdos Adyos, ws av- / > ~ ~ > eveykKar ev EK THS TOTE TANnyHS, TEUdBeis 8° ta- \ > 2s ~ ~ tTpos um “Avtvydvov Bepamedoar d70ev adrov eu- / .) ~ mAnceev TO Tpadua SnAntnpiwy dappdkwy Kal 1 rpocmecévtos MLVR: om. Lat.: zpocreccy the rest, i.é. ** Antigonus personally assaulted H.” * Whether from sacrilegious scruples, because H. was high-priest, or more probably as reserved for Antigonus, does not appear. 126 JEWISH WAR, I. 268-272 (=anr. xiv. 363-368) of the fugitives and into the palace ; refraining only ‘rhe from the funds of Hyrcanus,* which, however, Parthians, masters of amounted to no more than three hundred talents. Jerusalem Elsewhere they found less than they had expected; for Herod, long since suspecting the barbarians of per- fidy, had taken the precaution of removing the most precious of his treasures to Idumaea, and each of his friends had done likewise. After the pillage, the insolence of the Parthians proceeded to extremes. They let loose on the whole country the horrors of implacable © war, laid the city of Marisa °¢ in ruins, and, not content with raising Antigonus to the throne, delivered up to him Phasael and Hyrcanus, in chains, for torture. Hyrcanus threw himself at the feet of Antigonus, who with his own teeth @ lacerated his suppliant’s ears, in order to disqualify him for ever, under any change of circumstances, from resuming the high priesthood; since freedom from physical defect is essential to the holder of that office.¢ (10) Phasael, on the other hand, courageously forestalled the king’s malice by dashing his head apon a rock, being deprived of the use of hands or steel. Thus showing himself to be a true brother of derod, and Hyrcanus the most ignoble of men, he lied a hero’s death—an end in keeping with his life’s sareer. According to another account, Phasael re- ‘overed from his self-inflicted blow, and a physician ent by Antigonus, ostensibly to attend him, injected 1oxious drugs into the wound and so killed him. ® Or “ undeclared.” ¢ Mareshah (Ivhurbet Mer‘ash), some 25 miles S.W. of erusalem, in Idumaea (§ 63). 4 A. xiv. 366 omits this detail, saying merely ‘* docked lis ears.”’ Cy. Lev. axis h7-23. 127 place Antigonus on the throne, Death of Phasael. 273 274 276 pry ovde wapa “Apa etpioxer diAiav ovaav.' « JOSEPHUS diadbetperev avtov. omdétepov 6 av adAnbés FH, Thy apxny Exel Aapmpav. daow yodv atrov Kat Tp extvevoat muGopevoy Tapa yuvaiov Tivos obs ‘Hpidys diaTedevyou, ‘ pov,’ elzretv, ‘‘ evBujos GEL TOV pet eevoopevov tovs exOpovs Kata- Mmwv Cavra.”’ (11) ‘O pev otv otrws tedevTad. Ilapfor de KGLTOL OinapTnKotes cv udaAora eveBUjLouv yv- vaiK@y KaliaTrGow pev ev ‘TepocoAtpors ” Avriyov 7a mpaypara., deopwrnvy 6 ‘Ypxavov avayovow els THY aire (xiv. 1) ‘Hpwoms de CVVTOVWTE POV TAavvev ets} thv “ApaBiav wes ete tadeAdod Cavtos emevyomevos xpyuata mapa tov BaotAdws Aafeiv, ois povots metcew UTep DacarAov tHv Tav BapBapwv nAmCev mAeoveEiav. edoyileto yap, et THs TaTpwas PiAtas dpLvnLovearepos 0 “Apa yévoiro Kal 700 Sobvaihy wpeav pixpodoyu7epos, daveloacba map’ avrot Ta Advrpa puovov Hels TOV TOU Avtpoupevov maida Kal yap ETIIYETO Tov adeAdidobdv GVTa €TOL ém7a: tdAavra 5° Fv ErousLos TpLaKkocta dodvat 7 po: aTynaduevos Tupiovs zapaxadodvtas. To xpewv 4 apa 7Hv avtod amovdny edbaxer kat DacaydAor TebvnKOTOS ets Kevev ‘Hpwdns didadeAdos jv: or yoov Bacweds avt@v MadAxyos mpoméuipas ex 7H: xwpas Kata Taxos mpocétraccev avaorpéedew mpodacer pev yxpurj.evos Iidpbas, emianpuKed cacbat yap avrovs exPadeiv “Hpwdny ths “Apa Bias, T@ O€ OvTe Karagxe TpoaipoujLevos Ta 7ap ’ Avrimdtpov xpéa Kai undev els Tas exelvov Swpea: 1 uévougay LV RC (perhaps rightly). i28 JEWISH WAR, I. 272-276 (=antT. xiv. 368-372) But whichever account be true, the initial act re- dounds to his glorious credit. It is said, moreover, that before he expired, being informed by a woman of Herod's escape, he exclaimed, “* Now I shall depart happy, since I leave one behind me who will have vengeance on my foes.’ (11) Such was Phasael’s end. The Parthians, though disappointed of their most coveted prize, the women, none the less installed Antigonus as master in Jerusalem, and carried off Hyrcanus a prisoner to Parthia. (xiv. 1) Herod, in the belief that his brother was still alive, was now accelerating his march to Arabia, hastening to obtain from its king the money by which alone he hoped to move the avaricious bar- barians on behalf of Phasael. For, should the Arab prove unduly forgetful of the ties of friendship with his (Herod’s) father and too mean to make him a present, he counted on borrowing from him the amount of the ransom and leaving in pledge the son of the prisoner whom he wished to redeem ; for he had with him his nephew, a lad of seven years old. He was, moreover, prepared to give three hundred talents, offering as his sureties the Tyrians who had volunteered their services. Fate, however, proved to have outstripped his zeal: Phasael was dead and Herod’s fraternal affection was allin vain. He found, too, that the Arabs were no longer his friends. For their king. Malchus, forwarded peremptory orders to him instantly to quit his territory, pretending to jave received formal notice from the Parthians to 2xpel Herod from Arabia; in reality, he was deter- nined not to repay his debts to Antipater, nor to be VOL, II F 129 Hyrcanus a prisoner. Herod, repulsed b Malchus, king of Arabia, 277 JOSEPHUS avTimapacyxeiv ypylovow Tots TéKvors Svowr7eicbat. - = > ~ e aupBovroas & éxpyto Tis avaidelas Tots Opoiws dmootepeiv tas “Avtimdtpov mapaxatabrkas béAov- ow: joav d€ Tov wept atvrov ot duvaTwrarTot. \ / A (2) ‘Hpa&dns pev 67 zrodeutovs tovs “ApaBas e ‘ > a 4 ” ‘ ~ > / evpav de a diAtarous 7Améev Kal Tots ayyedAots amoKpiaevos' ws banyopeve TO Talos UréeoTpeev 7/49 , / \ ‘ A , e 4 / en AtyUmtTov. Kal THY ev TPWTHY EOTEpav KATA 278 ~ > / e ‘ rs / ‘ e TL TOV emLXwpiwv lepov avAiletar Tovs tzodAed- 6évras avadaBuw, 7H 5 «Eqs els “Pwokxdpovpa mpoeAbovte Ta Epi THY TadeAdod TeAevTHY aTay- ’ ‘ ‘ / 2 sd > / yéAAerar. mpocdafBay d€ mévGous* dcov amebjKato dpovTidwy er mpoowréepw. Kai 67 Bpadéws o "Apa petavornoas ezeuisev d1a Tayous Tovs ava- p e vt ss ” X A ‘ / KkaAéaovtas Tov Ubpiopevov. edbavev d€ Kat TovTOUS ¢ 7% > 4 > / ” ~ Hpwons es Ij Aovorov APLKOJLEVOS, eva. THs mapodov pn TVyYavev b7r0 TOV edoppovvTmv® Tots TIYEMOOLW evTvy Xaver KAKEiVOL THY TE dqunv Ka TO afiwpa Tavopos aldeabevres TpoTmeuTrovatr abrov ets “AdcEavdperav. 0 b€ mapeABaw ets TH / ’ / ‘ ~ e ‘ 4 moAw ed€yby ev Aaprpas two KAeorarpas otpa- Tyyov eAmlovons efew els a mapeckevaleto diaxkpovoduevos d€ Tas mapakAnoets THS PactAidos KQl LITE THY AkuTNY TOD YElL@vos Umodeloas junTE x \ 4 > , , ll e / Tous Kata THv ‘ItaAiav GoptBous emt ‘Puyns emAet. 1 Uroxpwouevos PLY. 2 révOos PA. > égopucitvrev Spanheim: égopudvrwy mss, ° Or Rhinocolura (él- Arish), the maritime town on the frontiers of Egypt and Palestine. » Such seems to be the meaning of the text of the best mss., literally ** Having taken as much of grief as he laic 130 JEWISH WAR, I. 276-279 (=anT. xiv. 372-376) forced by any sense of shame into making the slightest return, for all he had received from the father, to his children in their hour of need. His advisers in this shameless conduct were the most powerful men at his court, who like himself desired to embezzle the moneys entrusted to them by Antipater. (2) Herod, finding the Arabs hostile to him for the very reasons which had made him look for their warm friendship, gave the messengers the reply which his feelings dictated and turned back towards Egypt. The first evening he encamped in one of the temples of the country, where he picked up those of his men who had been left in the rear. The next day he advanced to Rhinocorura,* where he received the news of his brother’s death. His load of anxiety thus replaced by as heavy a burden of grief,’ he resumed his march. The Arab king, now tardily -repenting his conduct, dispatched messengers in haste to recall his insulted suitor ; but Herod out- stripped them, having already reached Pelusium. Here, being refused a passage by the fleet stationed in that port, he applied to the authorities, who, out of respect for his fame and rank, escorted him to Alexandria. On entering the city he had a mag- nificent reception from Cleopatra, who hoped to entrust him with the command of an expedition which she was preparing ; but he eluded the queen’s solicitations, and, deterred neither by the perils of mid-winter nor by the disturbances in Italy, set sail for Rome. down of care.” Traill, following an inferior text, renders * Having tae such sorrow as became the occasion, he dismissed his grief’; similarly Whiston and Reinach. 131 makes hi way via Egypt JOSEPHUS ‘ (3) Kwéduvedcas 6€ mepi TapydvdAiavy Kai tod , s ~ > \ 5A > ‘p a) PS) doprov 70 mAciov exBadwv ports ets ‘Podov dia- owletat, ofddpa T@ pos Kaocvov woA€uw tetpu- Xxwperny, dexBeis" b70 IIroAepatou KQL Lamduiov tav didwyv. Kai7ep 5° av ev azropia Xpnparev -~ > e vauTnyelTaL Tpinpyn peyloTnv, ev 7 peta T@v didwy ets Bpevtéowov KxatamAevoas, Kaxeifev eis e , 5] / / 5 \ ‘ / Ad Pony émecybets, mpwiTtw da THY TaTpwav diAtav eveT UY XaVEV "Avtwviw, Kal Tds TE avTov Kal TOU yevous ovudopas Saearyeen, OTL TE TOUS OLKELO- Tatous ev dpovpiw KaTaAumo ToAvopKoupevous dca yeyu@vos mActoerev én’ adrov ikérns. > Ul . id ‘ A \ (4) “Avrwriov de WTETO Tpos THy peTaBoAny > oiKTos, Kal KaTa pvneny jeev Tijs Avrumdzpou Eevias, TO dé odov kat dia TH TOO mapovTos dper7y, eyva Kat TOT€ Baowréa kaboray ‘lovdatew év mpoTepov avTos emoinoev TETPAPYND. evajyev be ouK éAattov THs Eis “Hpwdnv diAotipias 7) m7pos pee” diadopa* Tovrov yap 87 oracwdy TE “Pejatery €xOpov b7eAduBavev. Kaioap* prev vu clyev ETOULOTEPOV avrod Tas “Avrumdzpov o7Tparetas® avaveovpevos,* ds KaT Atyumtov avrob T@ Tatpt ovvdiujveyKev, THY Te Eeviay Kal THY ev oe Ld e a / \ ‘ —! / amacw evvoiay, op@v7a ye MTVy Kal TO Hpwédov Spacripiov™ ouviayayev de tiv Bovdnv, ev F "Mea- odAas Kal peT avTov ‘Azparivos TapaoTnadpevor tov ‘Hpwédynv tas te matpwas evepyecias Kal THY avtod zpos ‘“Pwyatovs evvoray dteEjecav, azo- detkvivtes aua Kat ToAeutov tov *Avtiyovov ov 1 +62 andom. 5 below MLVR. 2 Kaicagp PAM: Kaicapa the rest. 3 crpatnyias P: crparcas most mss. * PM: dvaveotvuevoy the rest. 132 nn = —— — wae JEWISH WAR, I 280-284 (=anr. xiv. 377-384) (3) Nearly shipwrecked off Pamphylia, after throw- ing overboard the bulk of the cargo, he with difficulty came safe to Rhodes, which had suffered severely from the war with Cassius. Here he was welcomed by his friends Ptolemy and Sapphinius, and, notwith- standing his lack of funds, procured the construction of an immense trireme, which carried him and his friends to Brundisium, whence he sped to Rome. He waited first on Antony, as his father’s friend, and told him the story of his own and his family’s mis- fortunes, and how he had left his nearest relatives besieged in a fortress and crossed the sea in the depth of winter to implore his aid. (4) Antony was moved with compassion at his reverse of fortune ; and influenced by the recollec- tion of Antipater’s hospitality, but above all by the heroic qualities of the man in front of him, determined then and there to make him king of the Jews whom he had himself previously appointed tetrarch.? Besides admiration for Herod, he had as strong an incentive in his aversion for Antigonus, whom he regarded as a promoter of sedition and an enemy of Rome. Caesar proved a yet more ready champion than Antony, as his memory recalled the part which Antipater had borne with his own father in the Egyptian campaigns,’ his hospitality and invariable loyalty, while his eyes rested on Herod and read his enterprising character. So he convened the Senate, to which Messala, seconded by Atratinus, presented Herod and dwelt on the services rendered by his father and his own goodwill towards the Roman people ; demonstrating at the same time that Antigonus was their enemy, not only from the a § 244, > so 187 ff. 133 and Rhos to Rome, By Antor influence the Senat declares Herod ki. of the Je JOSEPHUS , > * , / > > A , peovov €€ wy Sinvexfy taxrov, addr’ Gru Kal TOTE dua HdpGav AdBor THY apy “Papatous direpLowy. Tis 5€ ovyKAnrov mpos TatTa Kexuwnperns, ws 4 > , \ ‘ \ A A mapeMayv *Avtwvios Kat mpos Tov Kata IlapOwy , / c / ’ »” moAenov Bactrevew “Hpwdnv oupdepew eAeyev, 285 erupndilovrat TAVTES. Avdetons dé 77S BovAjs 286 28 ~I 8 *Avtubvios ev Kal Katoap p-€oov EXOVTES ‘Hpwdny efyjeoav, mporyov de ouv tats aAAais apyais ot UTaToL Bucovrés TE Kal TO doypa avaljoovres els To KametwAtov. tiv d€ mpaTnv “Hpwdn tHs Baot- Netas 7épav ’Avrwrios etotia [adrov]}.* (xv. 1) Ilapa 6€ tov ypovov totrov ’Avtiyovos evoAwopKer tovs ev Macdda, tots pev adAdats emuT 7 0€LoUs dvapKoOvpEvous, omavilovras dé vdatos: 610 Kal ‘Leoon? mos adeAdos “Hpoidou ovv dvaKoatous Tov olKelwy Spacuov é€BovdAevero eis “Apafas, akykows Tav eis “Hpwdnv ayaptnudtwv MadAyw peeTapedew. Kav edbyn Katadimwv ro dpovptov, et Pa mept THY vuKTa THs e€0d0v cuvéeBy mAeioTov boat’ TOV yap éKdoyelwy vdaTos avaTAnoBevraw OUKET exp cer gvuyis, ann’ evreE Eoay 707 Tots Tepl TOV “Avrtyovor, Kal Ta pev davepas oULL- TAeKomevot, TA SE AoXDvTes avyvovs Sredberpov. od pay ev amaow evotoxouv, eotw 8 om? Kal avTol mTalovtTes avéatpedov. (2) Kav ToUTw Bevridtos o ‘Payaten oTpa- THYOS weupbets €x Xvpias Idpfous dveipyew per exeivous eis ‘Tovdaiay mapeBanev, Aoyer pev ws Bonljowy trois epi “lwonmov, epyw 8° ’Avtiyovov 1 om. Niese with C. 2 $7ov PAM. 134 JEWISH WAR, I. 284-288 (=anT. xiv. 384-392) earlier quarrel which they had had with him, but because he had also just been guilty of contempt of Rome in accepting his crown from Parthian hands. These words stirred the Senate, and when Antony came forward and said that with a view to the war with Parthia it was expedient that Herod should be king, the proposal was carried unanimously. The meeting was dissolved and Antony and Caesar left the senate-house with Herod between them, pre- ceded by the consuls and the other magistrates, as they went to offer sacrifice and to lay up the decree in the Capitol. On this, the first day of his reign, Herod was given a banquet by Antony. (xv. 1) All this time Antigonu3 was besieging the occupants of Masada, who, though well supplied with all other necessaries, were in want of water. In these straits Joseph, Herod’s brother, with two hun- dred of his men resolved to escape to Arabia, having heard that Malchus had repented of his criminal treatment of Herod He was on the point of leaving the fortress, when on the very night fixed for his departure, rain fell in abundance ; the reservoirs were replenished and Joseph saw no further need for flight. Instead, the garrison now began to sally out against the forces of Antigonus and partly in open combat, partly by ambuscades, destroyed a considerable number. They were not, however, uniformly successful, meeting with occasional reverses themselves and being forced to retire. (2) Meanwhile Ventidius, the Roman general dis- patched from Syria to hold the Parthians in check, had in his pursuit of them advanced into Judaea, nominally to relieve Joseph and his friends, but in 135 40 B.C. (€ Antigont besieges Herod's family in Masada. Ventidins and Silo In Syria. JOSEPHUS 289 dpyuptovpevos. eyy.ota ‘yoov ‘TepocoAvponv avAc- 290 291 292 odjLevos, ws _everrAjoOn Xpnpatwv, avTos pev dvexwpet ETA THS mActorns duvduews, Lihwva € avy je€pel KatéAumev," ws pn KaTadwpov TO Ajjupa Toijcevev mavTas dmavacryaas. *Avrt- yovos b€ maAw €Amilwv IdpGous €7apLuveElv Kal Lidwva téws eHepamevev, ws pydev evoxdAoin mpo THs €Amidos.” (3) "Hédn d€ “Hpebdns cataremAevuKws amo Tis *IraAlas eis Hrodepaida Kat ovvaynoxws Sivayw ye yNOX ovK oAlyny E€vwv te Kai dpodtAwy TAavvev dia ays TaAdtAatas én’ “Avtiyovov, ovAdapBavovtaw Bevridiov Kat “tAwvos, ots AéAAtos b77’ "Avrwviov Tedbbeis ‘Hpwdnv ovyKarayayely ETTELOEV. _ervy- xavev de Bevridzos pev ev tats moAeow Tas bud IdpGous Tapaxas Kabiotamevos, Lidwy 8 e&v ‘lovdata Xpjpacw bn “Avriyovov SuehOappevos. ov pony “Hpwoms taxvos HTOpel, mpotovtt 6° atT@ Kal? TEepav 1d€etro Ta THS Svvayews, Kal ay oAtyew 7aoa 7) PadiAaca mpoaebero. 7 pOUKELTO pev obv TO avayKaLoTaToV aywriona Maodéa Kat TO puoacbar 7 p@Tov TOUS OLKELOUS ex THS Tohop- Klas, yiverau 5° €u7700Lov ‘lon: TAUTHY yap expr ToAcwtav ovoav e€eXetv 7 TpoTepov, Ws [LN xwpodvTos emt ‘lepoooAvpwv Kata vwrov te Tois €xOpois €puua Katadeizoito. ouvyantev b€ Kat Lidwy aoLEevws TIS aTavacTdcews Tpopacw etpwv, @ mpocexewto ‘lovdator diadKovtes.® én tovTous “Hpwdns exdpayav pret’ dAiyou atidous tpémeTae / ‘\ / 4 ~ > , Taxews Kat Lidwva diacwler Kak@s apvvopevov. 1 Destinon: xatadéXarev Mss. 2 apds Tas éAmidas C. 3 rpoonkovtes PA. 136 JEWISH WAR, I. 289-292 (=anr. xiv. 392-397) reality to extort money from Antigonus. He accord- ingly encamped in the immediate vicinity of Jeru- salem and, after glutting his avarice, retired with the bulk of his troops ; leaving, however, a detach- ment under the command of Silo, to prevent the detection of his mercenary proceedings which might ensue from the withdrawal of the entire force. Antigonus, on his side, hoping for renewed assistance from the Parthians, meanwhile paid court to Silo, as he had to Ventidius, to prevent any trouble from him before his expectations were realized. (3) But already Herod, having sailed from Italy to Ptolemais and collected a considerable army of foreign and native troops, was advancing through Galilee upon Antigonus. Ventidius and Silo, in- duced by Dellius, Antony’s emissary, to assist in reinstating Herod, were co-operating. But Ventidius was occupied in quelling local disturbances arising out of the Parthian invasion, while Silo, corrupted by the bribes of Antigonus, lingered in Judaea. Herod, however, had no lack of support : new recruits added daily to his strength as he advanced, and, with few exceptions, all Galilee went over to him. The most urgent task ahead of him was Masada and, above all, the liberation of his relatives from the siege. But Joppa was a preliminary obstacle. For that town being hostile had first to be reduced, in order that there might be no stronghold left in enemy hands in his rear when he marched against Jerusalem. Silo, glad of an excuse for quitting Herod returns t Palestine 39 B.C. Jerusalem, now proceeded to join him, hotly pur- , sued by the Jews. Herod with a small party flew out upon them and soon routed them, rescuing Silo, who was making but a poor defence. VOLstIE F2 137 JOSEPHUS 293 (4) "Ereira. ‘lomany éhwy mpos tv Macadav puadpevos TOUS oiketous nTEelyeTO. Kal TOv €7L- Xwpiov ous pLev TaTpwa didia mpoonyev, ods d€ TO avtod KAéos, ous 5€ THs e€&€ apudow «vepyeotas Gob}, mAetatous ye pay €Amis ws ex Bactrews BeBaiov, OvovikyTos' TE 707 dvvayits nOpo.aro. 294 mpoiovra 6° ’Avriyovos evidpevev Tamir 7dEva TOv mapodwv mpodroyilwy, ev ois obdev 7 piKpa TOUS moAeutous €BAamzev. ‘Hpwdns b€ tots ex .Ma- oddas olkeious tapaAaBwv padiws Kai ‘Pyhaav® to dpovpiov rec mpos ta ‘lepoodAvpa: cuvante 8 aUT@ TO peta Lidwvos otpatwwtiKov Kat mroAdAot Tay €K TIS TOAEws TI loydv KaTamAayerTes. 295 (5) Lrpatomedevaapévous 5€ Kata TO mpos bYaw «Aiwa TOD aaTEOsS OL TavTy dvdakes eT O€Evov TE Kal e€nxovrelov avtous, dAdo. b€ KaTa aripos exOeovres dmeETrEtpGvTo TOV TpOoTETaypEveny ‘Hpwdns 5€ TO ev mp@tov Knpiccew TmeEpl TO tetyos exéAevev ws em’ ayabe@ te mapetn Tod Sypov Kal ETL GWwTHpla 77s TroAcws, pundev pede TOUS davepovs exSpovs A[LVVOUHLEVOS, dow d€ Kal TOIS 296 Svagopwrdrots apvnotiay. Emel O€ avTimapnyo- pobvtes of mepi tov “Avtiyovov ovTe KaTtaKkovew T@vY KYpvypatwy eiwy Twas ovTe petaBaddAecbat, To Aowzov aptveofar tovs amo Tov TElyous E7- eTpevrev Tols adeTepois ol b€ Tayews aTavTas aTro T@v mUpywv etpéavto Tois BéAcow. 297. (6) “Ev@a 67) cai LiAwy azexadibato tHv Swpo- doxiav’ émoKkevacdpevos yap moAdovs THY oTpa- 1 Naber: ducxivyros mss. : the same confusion occurs in A. xviii. 23. 2 Opncav MVC: cf. § 206. * Bekker: ure Mss. 138 JEWISH WAR, I. 293-297 (=anrT. xiv. 397-406) (4) Then, after taking Joppa, he hastened to He take Masada to rescue his friends. The country - folk} rallied to him, some drawn by old affection for his father, others by his own renown; some in return for benefits conferred by both father and son, but the majority attracted by their expectations from one whose claim to the throne seemed assured ; so that by now he had assembled a formidable army. Antigonus sought to obstruct his advance by posting ambuscades in suitable passes, but caused little or Joppa ar elieves Masada. no injury to the enemy. Herod without difficulty — rescued his friends in Masada, recovered the fortress of Rhesa,? and then marched against Jerusalem ; where he was joined by Silo’s troops and by many of the citizens, who were alarmed at the strength of his army. (5) Having encamped on the west side of the town, his forces were assailed by showers of arrows and javelins from the guards posted at that quarter, _ while others sallying out in companies made attacks on his outposts. At the outset, Herod ordered heralds to patrol the walls and proclaim that he had come for the good of the people and the salvation of the city, that he had no intention of punishing even avowed enemies and would grant an amnesty to his bitterest foes. But when Antigonus issued counter-exhortations forbidding any to listen to these proclamations or to go over to the enemy, Herod at once gave his men permission to retaliate on their assailants on the ramparts, and with their missiles they soon drove them al) out of the towers. (6) And now Silo’s conduct betrayed his corrup- tion. For he induced a large number of his soldiers @ In Idumaea, § 266. ' 139 Herod before Jerusale 298 299 300 30) 302 JOSEPHUS TiwT ov omdvw emir melo avaBoadv Kat xpjpara ets tpogas a amratTeiv, dmrayew te odds Xetpeprobyras els TOUS emTndetous' TOTOUS, éme.d7) Ta TEpl THY moAw fv épnua mavta 7THv wept Avtiyovoy mpoav- ECKEVACLEVW), EKLVEL TE TO OTPATOTEOOV Kal ava- ywpew éezepato. “Hpwdns 8° evtvyxdvwy tots Te timo tov Lidwva Wyepoow Kat Kata 7AAVos Tots oTpatiwitais €deiTo py KatTaAimety adtov U7m0 TE Kaicapos cai “Avtwviov Kat Tis ovyKArrou 7po- men pbevra Avcew yap avOnepov avr ay Tas amoplas. Kai peta THv dSénow etléws* opyjoas autos els TIV XwWpay TocavTHV avTois emiTHdElwV adfoviay €Kkdm.oev, ws mdoas amoKdypa Tas LiAwvos mpoddoets, eis te Tas «Ens Nepas py Siadizeiv tHv yopnyiav 7 povoovpevos emeaTeAne ev Tots mepi Zapdpecay, @keiwro 8 1 dA av7@, gitov Kai olvoy Kai éAaov Kai Booxrpara KaTayew els ‘leptxobvra. TaoT axovoas ‘Avttyovos bu- évrepifpev TEpL TH xwpav cipyew Kal Aoxav TOUS aitnyovs KeAetwv. ot 8 tmHKovov, Kat TOAD mAjbos omditav brep THY ‘leptyobvta cuvyApoicbn- diexabélovto b€ emi THY opa@yv wapagvAdoaovres TOUS TATULTTOELA exkopilovras. ov py ‘Hpadns TIPELEL, d€xa O€ o7reipas avadaBwv, ov TEVTE pev ‘Pwyaiwy mévte 8 ‘lovdaiwy 70a, Exovoa Kal probogdpous pryadas 7pos ois oXiyous 7 av inméwy, emt 7H ‘leptyovvTa TapayiveTat, Kal TH pev TmOAWw KaTadeAeypevny edpioKet, mevTaKoaious dé Ta axpa KkatetAndotas ovv yuvakiv Kat yeveats. avTovs pev ovv amodver AaBav, “Pwpyator 8 1 féious PA. * ¢/féws om. PA Lat. Heg., but probably not a gloss from A.|| (eb@ds); €d@éws is the normal form of the adverb in B, 140 JEWISH WAR, I. 297-302 (=anrT. xiv. 406-410) to raise an outcry about a lack of supplies and to demand money for the purchase of provisions and to be marched to suitable winter quarters, as the troops of Antigonus had already completely cleared the neighbourhood of the city and reduced it to a desert. He, therefore, broke up his camp and attempted to retire. Herod. however, interviewed? first the officers of Silo’s staff and then the assembled troops, and besought them not to desert him, holding, as he did, a commission from Caesar, Antony, and the senate; ‘‘for,’ said he, ‘‘this very day I will relieve your wants.” After making this appeal he instantly set off in person into the country and brought back such an abundance of supplies as to cut away all Silo’s excuses; while, to ensure that there should be no shortage in the immediate future, he instructed the inhabitants of the district of Samaria, that city having declared in his favour, to bring corn, wine, oil, and cattle down to Jericho. Hearing of this, Antigonus issued orders throughout the country to hold-up and waylay the convoys. Acting on these orders, large bodies of men in arms assembled above Jericho and took up positions on the hills, on the look-out for the conveyors of the supplies. Herod, however, was on the alert, and with ten cohorts, of which five were Roman, and five Jewish with mercenaries intermixed, and a small body of horse, proceeded to Jericho. He found the city deserted and the heights? occupied by five hundred persons with their wives and children. These he made prisoners and then released ; while 2 Or “ interceded with.” > ra dxpa here and in A.; not rn dxpa» (**the citadel ’’) which might have been expected. , 141 JOSEPHUS , , ‘ ‘ »” re 4, An €lareaovtes TO AottOv aorv dinpzacay mAnpets KatadapBavovtes Tas otKklas TavToiwy KenAtwr. ‘leptyodvtos prev otv dpoupav o Baothevs KaTa- Aww bméa7perpev, Kal yEljLeplovcay aa “Pawpaiwv oTpatiay els Tas mpookexwpyKutas: diapijKev *Tdounatavy Kat TadtAatav cat Laydperav. éz- / \ ‘9 , \ ~ / éruyev be Kal “Avtiyovos mapa THs LiAwvos dwpo- Soxias UmobeEacbat Tob otpatod poipav ev Avédots Beparevwv *“Avtodvov. (xvi. 1) Kai “Pwpator pev ev adfovors diqyov > / ~ a c / > ’ ,’ / aveyevor TOV OTAwv, “Hpwdns 8° ovdK 7péeper, > ‘ \ ‘ > / , ~ ‘ GAAa tiv pev “ldovpatay duoxtAtots melois Kat TeTpakoslois immetow Sd.iadapBaver méuas Tov adeAdov “lwonmov, ws py TL vewTepiobein mpos ’Avriyovov®: aitos b€ thy pnTépa Kal Oaous eK Macaéas oiketous e€ijyayev petayaywv eis Lapa- petay Kal KaTaoTnodpevos acdadds rer Ta AowTa - , / \ A > THs LVadtAatas Kataotpepopevos Kai tas “Avtt- yovov dpoupas e€eAaawv. 9 ‘ ‘ A / r) ~ (hi (2) IT pos be Ty Lezoupw ev videT@ ago dpoTdtw diavvcas akovitt mapaAayBaver THv TroAW, \ ~ > ‘> ~ , > / ” mpo THs edodov Tav dvdAdkwv éexdvyovtwy. evba Tovs Eemouevous t70 TOO yey@vos KaKkwhévTas avaAaBav, zoAAy 8 Fv adbovia t&v émitydeiwv, ” > \ ‘ > ~ , o /, a em Tovs é€v Tots omnAaiots Wpynto AnoTas, ot ‘ ~ , A moAAny THs ywpas KaTaTpéyovTes odK éAdTTW KaKGa 305 woA€uouv duetiOecayv tovs emiywpiovs. mpomreépuibas \ - , ‘ \ , ” ¢ , \ d€ mel@v tpia TéAn Kat pilav tAnvy inmnéwv mpos 1 C (adding 7é6\«s): mpoxex. the rest. * *Avtvyovov VC ** on the part of A.” (perhaps rightly). 149 —_ = a... a a ee oe, JEWISH WAR, I 302-305 (=antT. xiv. 410-415) the Romans fell upon and rifled the rest of the town, where they found the houses full of treasures of every sort. Leaving a garrison in Jericho, the king returned and dismissed his Roman army to winter quarters in the districts which had joined his standard, Idumaea, Galilee, and Samaria. Antigonus, on his side, to ingratiate himself with Antony, induced Silo by a bribe to billet a division of his troops in Lydda.? (xvi. 1) While the Romans were thus living on the, fat of the land, at rest from arms, Herod, never idle, occupied Idumaea with two thousand foot and four hundred horse, which he sent thither under his brother Joseph, to prevent any insurrection in favour of Antigonus. His own care was the removal of his mother and other relations, whom he had rescued from Masada, to Samaria; having safely installed them there, he set out to reduce the remaining strongholds of Galilee and to expel the garrisons of Antigonus. (2) He pushed on to Sepphoris through a very heavy snowstorm and took possession of the city without a contest, the garrison having fled before his assault. Here, provisions being abundant, he refreshed his troops, sorely tried by the tempest, and then started on a campaign against the cave- dwelling brigands, who were infesting a wide area and inflicting on the inhabitants evils no less than those of war. Having sent in advance three battalions of infantry and a squadron of cavalry to the village 2 On the west frontier of Judaea; an action in the enemy’s favour apparently intended to weaken the allegiance of the Roman troops. 143 Winter « 39-38 B. Herod's winter cam paig [dumae: and Galli He defe: the brig: at Arbe] JOSEPHUS "A pBnAa KOEN, avTos META TeooapaKovra Teepas enn Abev peTa THS Aourijs duvdews. ov py mpos thv €dodov edevcav ot moder, peta S€ THY om Awy annvTwy, €umeipiav ev ToAeutKyY ExoVTESs, 30670 d€ Opacos Ano7peKov. oupBaddyres yoov TO opeTepy beE.@ TO evwrupLov K€pas TOV “Hpddou TpeTOVTaL. mepieAOav Sé tayéws ‘Hpwdns eK Tov Kal” éavtov befvod TpoceBonfer, Kal TO “eV OLKELOV eTEOTpEGEV eK TS dvyjs, Tois S€ diudKovow euTrimT ay aveKomTEV THY Opunv, mexpl Tas KATA oTOLa mpoaBoAas He) d€epovTes efexAwav. (3) ‘O 6€ éws ‘lopdavov KTELVwV etzero Kal \ \ ’ ~ moAD pev aitav pépos diedberpev, of Aoitoi 8 tmép Tov moTapov é€oxedacbnoav, wore tHv Tar- Aalav éxxexabapbar doBwv, zAnv Kabdaov ot Tots omnAatous eudwAevovtes tredeitovTo* Kami TOUTOLS Edel dvarpiBijs. 510 o7) Tp@Tov Tois oTpatiwwrais Tas €K TOV TETIOVN LEV emuKapTlas dmedioov, Ovavepev éExdorw _Opaxpas EKATOV TEVTHKOVTA apyuptov Kal Tots Tyewoow moAumAaciova, " derreppev ets ous Kee atabjuous. Depwpe d€ TO vewratw tav adeAdav éméateAAev Tis TE Gyopas avtois movetoPar zpdvorav Kal Tetyilew ‘AheEdvopevov. Kaxelvos dyeporepwv émrepeAn/ On. (4) “Ev 6€ tovtTw mept pev “A@jvas difnyev > , , > >] ‘ ‘ \ / Avt@vios, Bevtidtos 8° émt tov mpos Hapfous moAepov Lidwva te Kat “Hpwdnv HETETEUTETO, KataoTnioacba, mpdtepov eémortéAAwy 74 mept | PS) / ¢€ 4, > ovdaiav. “Hpwdns 8 aopéevws Lidwva zpos 1 | have inserted the conjunction which seems necessary. Without it the sense would be *t and sent much larger sums to the officers in their various winter quarters,” 144 JEWISH WAR, I. 305-309 (=antT. xiv. 415-421) of Arbela,” he joined them forty days later with the rest of his army. Nothing daunted by his approach, the enemy, who combined the experience of seasoned warriors with the daring of brigands, went armed to meet him, and, coming into action, routed Herod’s left wing with their right. Herod instantly wheeling round his troops from the right wing, where he was in command, came to the relief, and not only checked the flight of his own men, but falling upon their pursuers broke their charge, until, overpowered by his frontal attacks, they in turn gave way. (3) Herod pursued them, with slaughter, to the Jordan and destroyed large numbers of them; the rest fled across the river and dispersed. Thus was Galilee purged of its terrors, save for the remnant still lurking in the caves, and their extirpation required time. So, before proceeding further, Herod awarded to his soldiers the fruits of their labours, distributing to each man a hundred and fifty drachmas of silver and to their officers much larger sums, and then dismissed them to their various winter quarters. He instructed Pheroras, his youngest brother, to take charge of the commissariat department? and to fortify Alexandrion ; both tasks received his brother’s attention. (4) At this time Antony was residing in the neigh- bourhood of Athens, and Silo and Herod were sum- moned by Ventidius for the war with Parthia, being instructed first to settle affairs in Judaea. Herod gladly dismissed Silo to Ventidius, and set out him- @ Irbid, near the Lake of Gennesaret, N.W. of Tiberias. » In A. xiv. 418 it is not Herod’s troops which Pheroras is instructed to provision, but Silo and the Romans, whose supplies Antigonus at the end of a month had cut short (see § 302). 145 and exter minates t Cave- dwellers, JOSEPHUS , > , a. 8 ay \ 5) a Bevriétov a7oAvcas QUTOS €7TL TOUS EV TOLS O7TN- \ / ~ \ 310 Aatots e€orpdtevoev. ta d€ om7Aaa tadra mpos 311 312 313 amoKpnuvois Opecw Hv ovdauolev mpooitd, tAayias d€ avddous povov Exyovta otevotatas. 7 S€ KaTa pétwrov att@v métpa Katérewev eis Balutatas ddpayyas opftos em ppeTovea Tais Xapdopats, @are TOV Baorréa HEX pL moAXod pev dsropetv mpos TO Gpnxavov Tov TOTOU, TeAevTatov 8’ émwoia xpjcacba odadepwratn. Tovs yodbv dAkijows Kabiiayv ev Aapvakw é€vier tois otoplois, ot de améadattov Te avTovs avy yeveats Kai Tip eviecav Tots dpvvouevors. Bovdrnfeis 8 €& atdtav Kat mepto@oat twas ‘Hpudns eéexrprvéev avaywpetv’ mpos avtov. Ttav dé eeAovciws pev odbdets Tpoc- éGero, Kat THv Bralowévwy S€ modAAot THs aixypa- Awatas mpoetAovto Gavatov. €évOa Kat THY ynpa@v Tis, €MTAa Taldwy TaTHp, peTAa THS pNTpOS Seo- pévous Tovs maidas émitpédar adiow e€eAOeiv emi deEia KTElver TpOmTwW ToLwWde: Kab’ Eva mpoievar KeAevoas attos lotato él TO aTOpmtov® Kal TOV Gel mpoiovTa TwV vidv anéodattev. €& amdmTOU de “Hpwdns em BAe T@ TE TAGE ouvexetTo® Kal T@ mpeaPuTyn de€iay cwpeyev deicacbar TaV TéKVWY mapakaday. 6 Ge m™pos ovdev evdous TOV Aeyo- pevwy, aAAad Kat mpocoverdicas tov “Hpwédnv eis TATMEWOTHTA, ETL TOlS TaLtolW avaipet Kal THY yuvaika, Kal KataPaAwy Kata TOU KpypVOU TOUS vexpous TeAeuTaiov €autov eppupev. 1 PA: droxwpew the rest. 2 tov ctouiov Niese from the parallel passage in A. 3 So most mss.. cf. B. vii. 200: cuveixero Niese with C. ® Or “ chests.” 146 JEWISH WAR, I. 309-313 (=anT. xiv. 421-430) self on a campaign against the bandits in the caves. These caves, opening on to mountain precipices, were inaccessible from any quarter, except by some tortuous and extremely narrow paths leading up to them; the cliff in front of them dropped sheer down into ravines far below, with water-courses at the bottom. The king was, consequently, for long baflied by the impracticable nature of the ground, but at length had recourse to a most hazardous scheme. By means of ropes he lowered the most stalwart of his men in cradles? and so gave them access to the cavern-mouths ; these then massacred the brigands and their families, hurling in fire-brands upon those who resisted. Anxious to save some of them, Herod, by word of herald, summoned them to his presence. Not one of them voluntarily sur- )rendered,® and of those taken by force many pre- ferred death to captivity. It was then that one old }man, the father of seven children, being asked by them and their mother permission to leave under Herod’s pledge, killed them in the following manner. Ordering them to come forward one by one, he stood lat the entrance and slew each son as he advanced. Herod, watching this spectacle from a conspicuous ° | spot, was profoundly affected and, extending his |}hand to the old man, implored him to spare his | children ; but he, unmoved by any word of Herod, and even upbraiding him as a low-born upstart,? } followed up the slaughter of his sons by that of his wife, and, having flung their corpses down the precipice, finally threw himself over after them. » Ant. 427, on the contrary, mentions many cases of | surrender. ¢ Or ** commanding.” 4 Cf. § 478; perhaps “for his abject spirit.” 147 JOSEPHUS 314. (5) Xewpodrtar ev ottws ta onjAaa Kai Tods ev attois ‘Hpwdns Katadimwy b€ tot otpatot poipav Conv amoxpycew v7eAduBavey mpos Tas enavacracers Kal Modrepaiov' én’ atrhs emi Lapa- pelas tréotpedev, OmAiTas prev TtpiaxiAlous tnmets 315 6€ dywv é€axoaious én’ *Avtiyovov. eva mpos 7H aToxwpnow avTou AaBovres adevav ois €Gos nV GopuBeiv THY PadAatav KTELVOVOWW [LEV Oore- peatov! TOV o7Tpa7nyov adoK7jTws Tpoomeaorres, ezopfovy de TY xewpav ToLovpevon Tas avaduyas eis 7a €An Kat ta dvoepetvnta TV xwpiwv 316 mudopevos b€ ‘Hpwdys tHv émavadoracw d1a Taxous emeBonfer Kai moAd péev atta@v wAAOos di:adBeiper ta dpovpia d€ mavta moAvopkias e€eAwy emeTipor THs petaPoAns elcempagato mapa tav ToAewr' €xatov tdAavta. 317. (6) “Hdn dé HdpAwv pev e€eAnAapéevwr, avnpy: peevov d€ Ilaxdpov, Bevriditos éemotetAavtos * Av: Twriov méumer ovupdxyous “Hpwdyn Kar’ “Ave: yovov xtAtous immeis Kal duo Taypata. TovTwy &« TOV oT patnyov Mayatpav *Avtiyovos tkérevaev bu emaToAa@y €avt@ Bo7nbov adixéoBar, ToAAa 7 Tepi® THs ‘Hpedov Bias [Kai emnpelas THS Baa Actas }* amodupopevos Kal xpyuata Swoew vmx 318 voUpevos. o dé, ov yap KaTeppovet Tov mépifpavTo: aAAws te Kat mAetov’® ‘Hpwédou did0vTo0s, els pel TV mpodociay oby Uwm7jkovoev, UmoKpiwopevos 6 d¢iriav KatacKomos jet THY Avtiyovov mpayyatwv ' PA: Ilro\euaioy the rest (as in 4 _|}). 2 rcdteuiwy LVRC. 3 i7e MSS. ‘ The bracketed words only in MVC; omitted, probably Krough homoioteleuton, by the rest. ‘1 P: r\éov the rest. 148 JEWISH WAR, I. 314-318 (=anrr. xiv. 430-435) (5) Herod having thus mastered the caves and their inhabitants, leaving behind him under the ‘}command of Ptolemy a contingent sufficient, in his jopinion, to repress insurrection, returned towards thousand heavy infantry and six hundred cavalry. | Thereupon, emboldened by his departure, the usual promoters of disturbance in Galilee made a surprise jattack on his general Ptolemy and slew him, and |proceeded to ravage the country, finding refuge in }the marshes and other places difficult to search. Apprised of the revolt, Herod returned in haste to the relief, killed a large number of the rebels, besieged and destroyed all their fortresses, and im- posed on the towns, as the penalty for their defection, a fine of a hundred talents. (6) The Parthians having now at last been expelled and Pacorus slain, Ventidius, under instructions from Antony, dispatched a thousand horse with two legions to support Herod in opposing Antigonus, the officer in command being Machaeras. To this general Antigonus wrote, imploring him instead to come to his own assistance, complaining bitterly of Herod's high-handed and abusive treatment of the realm,? and adding a promise of money. Machaeras, not being prepared for such contempt of his superior’s orders, especially as Herod was offering him a larger sum, declined the temptation to treason, but, feigning amity, went off to spy out the position of Antigonus, * Or perhaps “ the throne.” 149 Fresh ris in Galile: quelled. Ventidius defeats tl Parthians June 38 B Machaera in Judaea his : equivocal attitude. 319 320 32) 322 323 JOSEPHUS “Hpwdy un Teobeis amotpémovte. mpoatoBopuevo 8’ atdrod tH didvovay "Avriyovos 7™7Y Te 7mOAt amvéKkAcioev Kai amd TOV TeLydv ws modAduto juvvato, méxpts aidovjevos Maxacpas eis "Ap paobyta mpos “Hpwdnv avaxwpet Kal mpos TH dvayapriay Gupovmevos dgo1s ezeTUyyavev “lov Saiors dv7jpet, pndeniav TOV ‘Hpwoetwv ded TOU era ee aad’ Os “Avtiyovetous Xpwpevos a7aocw. "Ed’ ols xarem vas “Hpwdns wpunoev bey hy Maxaipav ws rodeuiov, Kparyoas 6 THs opyjs jAavvev mpos “Avtwov Katyyopnowy 7Hs Mayaipa zapavouias. o 8 év d:adoyopa TOV TMApTHUEVWY yEevomevos TAaYews PETAOLWKEL TE tov Bao.réa kai modAda benfeis €avta@ diadAarret. od pny ‘Hpwdns ematcato tis mpos *“AvtTwriov opuns: axnKkows 6° av’tov peta ToAAns Suvapews mpoomoAeovbvta Lapocatois, mods 5 €OTly Ev- dparov mAnotov Kaprepa, Oartov WmelyeTo TOV Ka.pov ETT HOELOV Opa@v Tm™pos Te éemiderEw avopetas Kat 700 waddAov apéoacba tov "Avrwviov. yiverac yobv ezeABwv tédos abtois THs ToAOpKias, TOAAOdS ev tav BapBdpwv amoxteivas, moAAny bé amzo- Te“omevos Aelav, wate Tov pev “Avtwvov Bavyua- Covra kat mada Tis apetis atrov tote paAdAov oUTws €xew Kal mpoobeivar moAd rais te aAAats Tyais avTod Kal Tais els THY Baotdeiay €Amiow, "Avtioyov b€ tov Baoiiéa avayxacbjvat mapa- dotvar 7a Layocara. (xvil. 1) Kav totrw Opaverar ta Kata THY ‘lovdacav ‘Hpeidov mpdyWara. KateAcAoimer pev yap ‘Twonmov TOV ddeAdov émi TOV oAwy Tap- ayyetAas undev péexpt THs UToaTpodis avtod mapa- 150 JEWISH WAR, I. 319-323 (=anrt. xiv. 435-448) without listening to Herod, who tried to dissuade him. Antigonus, divining his intention, refused him admittance to the city, and repulsed him from the walls as an enemy; until at length Machaeras, for very shame, was forced to retire to Emmaus and rejoin Herod. Infuriated by his discomfiture, he killed all the Jews whom he met on his march, not even sparing the Herodians, but treating all alike as friends of Antigonus. (7) At this Herod, in indignation, hastened to attack Machaeras as an enemy, but, restraining his anger, set out instead to lay before Antony an accusation of his enormities. Machaeras, reflecting on his errors, pursued after the king and by dint of entreaties succeeded in pacifying him. Herod, not- withstanding, continued his march to join Antony ; the receipt of intelligence that the latter with a large army was assaulting Samosata, a strong city near the Euphrates, quickened his pace, as he saw in this a favourable opportunity for displaying his courage and strengthening his hold upon Antony’s affection. His arrival, in fact, brought the siege to a conclusion. He killed numbers of the barbarians and secured booty in abundance, with the result that Antony, who had long admired his valour, now held it in even higher respect, and largely increased both his honours and his high expectations of sove- reignty ; while King Antiochus was compelled to surrender Samosata. (xvii. 1) Meanwhile Herod’s cause had suffered a grave reverse in Judaea. He had left his brother Joseph in charge of the realm, with injunctions to take no action against Antigonus until his return, 151 Herod assists Antony in the siege of Samosata Defeat an death of Herod’s brother Joseph. JOSEPHUS KIVELY 7pOsS "Avtiyovov: ov yap 87 BeBavov elvat Mayarpay oUpLpLaxXov é cv edpacev. 6 S€ ws HKovgeEV ovTa ToppwTaren TOV adehpor, dpeAnoas Tov TapayyeAuatwv emt ‘leptyotvtos exwper peta mévTe o7eip@v, as auveveuibev Mayaipds: yer d€ 324 TOV otrov apmacwv ev aku Tov OBépous. émi- Gepevenv dé €v Tots Opeow Kal Tats Svoxwptats TOV evavTiwv avros Te OvyoKet, pdha yevvatos ev TH paxn paveis, Kal TO ‘Papaixoy mav dvapbetpera: veoovAAeKTou yap qoav ex TIS Lupias at o7eipar, Kal ovdev atrais evexéxpato TMv maar orpa- Tiwt@v Kadovpévwv, emapvvew Tots Sie moA€uov dvuvaevov. 325. (2) “Avriyoves d€ ovK amexpyoe 7 vikn, 7po- nAvev de els ToaoUTov opyiis, woTe Kal vekpov aki cacba TOV ‘leon TOV" KpatTyoas yobv 7av owpdTow GTOTEMVEL THV kedahny auTov, KaiToL TEVTHKOVTA tdhavra Adtpov auTis Depspa 7ideAgod d.d0vros. 326 ra de THs T aAratas pera Tv “Avteydvou viknv evewtepiobn mpos TOGOUTOV, WOTE Tous 7a. “Hpwdou dpovotvtas Tav duvarav mpoayayovres” els Thy Aiwvnv Katrédvcav ot mpocéxovtes *Avtiyova. peteBaAXrero S€ zoAAa Kat tis “ldovpalas, evba Mayapds avereiyilév te TOV epupatov: Tuba 327 KaAeirat. ToUTw dé obdev ovTw® réxvoto “Hpa)- oys" peta yap THY Lapocdrwv dAwow *Avrovios prev KaTaorTnoas emt THs Lupias Xdaatov Kal mpooragas “Hpwd7 Bon Get ex °Avtiyovov avros eis Alyumrov avexwpyncev, Locos b€ vo ev 1 Niese, with Lat.: mpocaya7yévres Or mpocdyorTes MSS. 2 otdév otrw M: ovdérw LVR: ofrw PA: ovdév rw Bekker. ‘ “a Of Gennesaret. 152 JEWISH WAR, I. 323-327 (=anrT. xiv. 448-450) because the previous conduct of Machaeras proved him to be an untrustworthy ally. No sooner, how- ever, did Joseph hear that his brother was at a safe distance, than, disregarding instructions, he marched towards Jericho with five cohorts sent to him by Machaeras, with the object of carrying off the corn- crop in its midsummer prime. On the way he was attacked by his adversaries on difficult ground in the hills ; after displaying great gallantry in the battle he fell, and the whole Roman force was cut to pieces. For the cohorts had been recently levied in Syria and had no leavening of the so-called ‘‘ veterans”’ to support these raw recruits. (2) Not content with his victory, Antigonus was so far carried away by rage as actually to do outrage to Joseph's corpse. Being in possession of the bodies of the slain, he had his head cut off, notwithstanding the ransom of fifty talents with which Pheroras, the brother of the deceased, offered to redeem it. In Galilee this victory of Antigonus led to so serious a revolution that his partisans dragged out of their houses the men of rank who were in favour of Herod and drowned them in the Jake. There was defec- tion also in many parts of Idumaea,? where Machaeras was rebuilding the walls of a fortress called Gittha. Of all this Herod as yet knew nothing. For after the capture of Samosata Antony had appointed Sossius governor of Syria, with orders to support Herod in opposing Antigonus, and had then taken his departure for Egypt.° Sossius, thereupon, sent on ®’ A. has Judaea; the position of the fort is uncertain. Smith and Bartholomew (Hist. Atlas of Holy Land, map 44) place it S.W. of Hebron. ¢ This, as Reinach points out, is an error. Antony passed the winter of 38-37 s.c. at Athens (Plut. Ant. 34). 153 Summer) 38 B.C. Further revolt in Galilee a Idumaea, 328 329 JOSEPHUS Tdypata mpoaméateAev eis “lovdaiav ‘Hpwdn cuupaxyav, avtos b€ peta tTHS AoiTAsS Suvayews nKorovber ayedov. (3) “Ovte & ‘Hpwidn xara tHv mpos *Avtioyeta' Addvnv oveipot cadets tov tadeAdod Oavarov 7Tpoonpatvovow, Kal peta Tapaxns eKBopovTt Tis KoiTns elonecav ayyeAo. THs avpdopas. 6 de oXityov ev mpocomwéas TH aber, To mAciov Se Tob mévOous imepbéuevos, emi tovs exOpovs HzeEt- Y€TO, ToLovpevos® THY mopelay b7Ep SUvayW. Kai diavvoas emi tov AiPavov oKtakociovs pev TOV TEpl TO Gpos mpocAap Saver ovppayous, “Pwyatwy de Ev Taypa TavTy avvAwev. pel” wv ov mepipetivas npepav eis tHv VadtAaiav évéBadev, tovs Te Trode- lous UTavTiaoavTas els 6 KaTaAeAoimeGav ywpiov 330 -pémeTa, Kai mpoceBaAdev ev avvexw@s TH Gpov- 331 , \ \ e = ~ ‘ ‘ piw, mpi dé éAciv xey@ve Bracbeis yademwratw -~ iN ‘ > tais mAnalov évatpatomedeverar Kwpats. emei 8 ~ / \ att@® yet oAlyas Huépas Kai TO SevTEpov mapa *Avtwriov® Taya ovveutev, Seicavtes THY toxvv ot moAguor 61a vuKros e€€Atwov TO Epupa. ‘ee | ) ‘ $iJ€ ~ ” 47> (4) Kat 76 Aowzov ba “leptyodvtos Her oTevdwv 4 Taxata Tovs tadeAdod doveis peteAGciv: evba* Kat daipovidy Tt atT@ ovpBatver tTépas, e€ ob Tap eAmiba cwheis avdpos beodiAcatatou S0€av amnvey- KaTo. 7oAAot pev yap att@ Tav ev téAet ovr- , > , , A ¢ s , ecvoTiabnoav Kat exeivny THY EoTépav, diadAvbevTos d€ Tod oupToaiov peta TO TavTas e€eADeiv 6 Oikos 1 Destinon: ’Avridxecay Mss. 2 +6é€ LVRC. 3M: ‘Avrwviw the rest. 4 +67 LVRC. 154 JEWISH WAR, I. 327-331 (=anT. xiv. 451-455) two legions into Judaea to assist Herod, and followed himself close behind with the rest of his troops. (3) But while Herod was at Daphne, near Antioch, he had a dream distinctly warning him of his brother’s death, and springing in horror from his bed was met by the messengers bringing news of the catastrophe. After brief lamentation for his loss, he deferred further mourning for another season and set out in haste to meet his foes. By forced marches he pushed on to Lebanon, where he received a reinforcement of eight hundred of the mountaineers and was joined by one of the Roman legions. With these allies, without waiting for daylight,* he invaded Galilee ; he was met by the enemy, but drove them back to the position which they had just left. He made repeated attacks upon their fortress, but before he could capture it was compelled by a terrific storm to -encamp in the neighbouring villages. A few days later he was joined by the second of Antony’s legions,° whereupon the enemy, alarmed at his strength, under cover of night evacuated their stronghold. (4) His subsequent march, accelerated by the de- sire for speedy vengeance on his brother’s murderers, took him through Jericho. Here he had a pro- vidential and miraculous escape, the surprising nature of which won him the reputation of a special favourite of heaven. A large company of magistrates had dined with him that evening, and no sooner had the banquet ended and all the guests departed, than the im * The Greek might mean “‘ without a day's delay ” ; but the rendering above seems fixed by the parallel in A. xiv. 452 (vuxros dvacras); mepiuéevery in Josephus usually means *‘‘ to wait for.” But the narrative is here abbreviated; in A. the night march starts not from Lebanon, but from Ptolemais. DS 32is 155 Herod returns t Palestine His miraculoi escape at Jericho. JOSEPHUS 332 ev0éws ouveTecev. TOUTO Kal KWovVWY Kal owrn- plas Kowov emt TO peAdAovtt Tone Kpivas civau onpetov i770 THY ew Suekiver THY oTparidy. Kal 7T@v evavtiwv eis é€axicxiAious amo THv opav KATATPEXOVTES GTETELPHVTO THY TpoTETAypEVWW, Kata xeipa prev aupmtAeKeabar Tots ‘Papators ou adodpa appowvres, Toppwber 6€ yepudow Kat madrois" ePaMov, WOTE aUXVOUS Ka7 27 i7 PUOKEW. ev @ kat attos ‘Hpuidns zapeAatyvwv 7aATe@* Kata THv 7Aeupay akovTiletat. ~ / \) > U \ U / 333. (5) BovAopevos d¢ *Avtiyovos pn povov ToAun tav odetépwv adda Kai mAnfer mepicivar Soxeiv, Ilanzmov twa trav eraipey peTa oTpaTias emt 334 Lapdpevav TEpiTeuTel. * zovTw* bev otv Av Ma- yapas dywviopua, ‘Hpdins 8€ tiv moAepiav Kata- Spayov mevte pev. moXixvas KaTaoTpéderat, dua - ytAtouvs b€ ta&v ev atrais dradbeiper, Kal tas oikias eumpioas Unéotpepev emi TO oTparomedov: nvAtoto be wept THY KaAovpevny Kava Kopnv. 335 _(6) Lpoceyitvero 8° atdt@ Kab’ nyépav zodv 7ARGos “lovdaiwy €x te tHs® ‘leptyotvtos KaK THs aAAns xHpas, ot pev Sia picos TO pos *Avtiyovov, ot e ETL Tots avTou KaTopFwpacw KEKWT)LEVOL’ Tous ye pay moAAous evijyev e7Oupia petaBorjs dhoyos. Kal oO pev TyTELyETO ovpPareiv, ot de mept Ilamzov ovre mpos to mAOos ovTE TmpOs THY oppjyv brodetoavtes avTou mpoBpurs avremeEnAGov. 336 yevomer7s de Tis mapard£ews 7a pev dAda Hep mpos oAlyov avtécxyev, “Hpwdns S€ Kata pyynpnv® 1 Hudson: 7veArois mss. ? we\7TG MSS. 2 PA: é€rerdéure: the rest. * Destinon: rot’twy mss. ® Niese: adrfs mss. 6 u7jvew LVRC., 156 JEWISH WAR, I. 332-336 (=ant. xiv. 455-458) building collapsed. Seeing in this an omen alike of perils and of preservation during the coming cam- paign, he at daybreak put his troops in motion. Some six thousand of the enemy rushed down from the hills and assailed his vanguard; they had not the courage to come to close quarters with the Romans, but pelted them from a distance with stones and darts, wounding many of them. On this occasion Herod himself, while riding along the lines, was struck by a javelin in the side. (5) Antigonus, wishing to create an impression of the superiority of his men, not only in enterprise but in numbers, dispatched an army to Samaria under one of his comrades named Pappus, whose commission was to oppose Machaeras. Herod, mean- while, ravaged the enemy's territory, subdued five small towns, slew two thousand of their inhabitants, set fire to the houses, and returned to his camp. His present headquarters were in the neighbourhood of a village called Cana.? (6) Multitudes of Jews now joined him daily from Jericho and elsewhere, some drawn by hatred of Antigonus, others by his own successes, the majority by a blind love of change Herod was burning for a fight, and Pappus, undeterred either by the number or the ardour of his adversaries, advanced with alacrity to meet them. On coming into action the enemy made a brief stand in other parts of the line ; but Herod, with his memories of his murdered @ We should doubtless read, as in the parallel account, A. xiv. 458, Isana, a place due north of Jerusalem: near the frontier of Judaea and Samaria. 157 He defeat Pappus, general of Antigonus JOSEPHUS tod dovevbévros adeAdod zapaBadAdpuevus, ws av TigaiTo TOUS aitious Tov dovov, Tayews TaV Kal’ €auTov expaTe: Kal pleT EKEivOUS ETL TO GUVEOTOS 337 alei' tpemouevos amavtas SdidKer. dovos 8 WD modus, THY ev Els THY KWUNV avveEWHoupEevwY €& As wpunvTo, Tov d€ mpooKeysevov Tols BoTaTots Kal KTELVOVTOS ameElpous. avvetomimter Sé TOIS moAemlots €low, Kal m7dca pev omAtT@v oikia vévakto, Ta Téyyn 8 Hv Urepbev auvvouevwv KaTa- 338 wAea. oeae Tepiny tav e€wlev, Tas oikyaes omaparTow eiAKev Tous evdofev. Kai Tois pev TmoAAois émiKaTaceiwy Tovs dpddouvs abpdous avypet, Tovs Umode’yovtas bé€ Tay éepettiwv ot OTpaTiarat Evd7jpets dved€xov7o, Kal Togobrov eawpevon veKp@v 7AnBos, ware Tas od0vs a7o- 339 ppaynjvat Tots KpaTovaw. Tavray THv mAnyny ovK TveyKay ot TroA€p.toL TO yoov emavAAeyouevov altay mAnbos ws ebedoato Tovs ava THY KwENY dvePappevovs, ets duyny dieoxedaobn, Kav evbéws TH viKy TeBappyKes “Hpwdns emt “lepocoAvpwv TAacev, €l pn Xeyeave duexwAvbn adodpordtw. 7007 ” €umod.ov eKelva TE wavteobs KaTopbupatos Kal 4TTYS ’Avtiysvw KatéaTn, PovAevopévw KaTa- Aizeiv On THY TOA. 340 (7) ‘Hpddns de Tpos eaTtépav [76m }* TOUS diAous KEKUNKOTOS é7l Gepameta Tob owparos diadeis Kal avtos ws Ty ett Oepuos éx Tav o7rAunr Aovacpevos Het oTpaTwwTikwrepov’ els yodv atta mais €imeTO. Kal mpw els TO Badaveiov eicedbety, evavtiov avTovd Tis exTpexet THY ToAcuiwv Exhrjpns, 1 dei P. 2 PM: dépéws the rest. 3 om. PAM Lat. 158 JEWISH WAR, I. 336-340 (=anT. xiv. 458-463) brother, hazarding all to be avenged on his murderers, quickly overcame the troops in front of him, and then. successively directing his attacks upon any that still held together, routed the whole body. A scene of carnage ensued, the enemy driven pell-mell back into the village from which they had issued, Herod pressing upon their rear and massacring un- told numbers. Rushing with his foes into the village, he found every house packed with soldiers and the roofs thronged with others who attacked him from above. After defeating his enemies in the open, he pulled the buildings to pieces and dragged out those within. Many perished in a mass under the roofs which he brought down upon their heads, while those who escaped from beneath the ruins were met by the soldiers with drawn swords ; and there was such a heap of corpses that the streets were impassable to the victors. This blow was too much for the enemy ; those of them who rallied after the battle, when they saw the village strewn with dead, dis- persed and fled. With the confidence of his victory, Herod would instantly have marched upon Jerusalem, had he not been detained by a storm of exceptional severity. This accident impeded the completion of his success and the defeat of Antigonus, who was by now meditating the abandonment of the capital. (7) That evening. Herod having dismissed his 2ompanions to refresh themselves after their fatigues, to take a bath, like any common soldier, for only a single slave attended him. Before he entered the dath-house one of the enemy ran out in front of nim, sword in hand, then a second and a third, 159 Another miraculou escape. went himself just as he was, yet hot from the fight, , JOSEPHUS 341 ezerra SevTepos Kal Tpitos, é€As Se mAclous. odroe Katamepevyecav pev ek THS Tapata€ews Els TO Badavetov wadiopevot, Tews 8 broTmEeTTHXOTES Kal dStaAavOavovtes, Ws ebeacavto tov PBaoiréa, Av- bévres bm” exmAnEews atbrov ev TapeTpexov yupvov dvTa TpemovTes, emt S€ Tas e€odous ExwWpovV. TAY pev odv GAAwy ovdeis mapyy KaTa TUXNY 6 ovA- Anwopevos Tovs avdpas, ‘Hpudn 8° améxpn to undev mabetv, wore Svapevyovow TAVTES. 342 (8) TH & dtorepaia Ilaazov pev tov *Avtiyovov oTpaTnyov Kapatounoas, avipnto 8 émi tis mapatagews, méuTer THY Kedadnv Depwpa ta- deADG Townv Tod dovevlevtos adb7@v adeAdod: kal 343 yap ovtos jv o tov “lwanmov aveAwv. Awd7- cavtos S€ Tod yeys@vos TAavvev emi ‘lepocoAvuwv Kal péxplt Tod TElyous ayaywv THY dUvauW, ovV- nyeTo 8 abt@ tpitov eros €€ ob Baowrevs ev “Pwr GTEOEOELKTO, TPO TOU Lepod oTpaTtoTredeveTat: TavTn yap nv emyayov, Kal’ 6 Kat mpl cider 344 Iloumyjiuos tiv modw. dueAwy de els Epya Tip ‘ ‘ \ \ 4 / \ oTpatiav Kal Te“wy Ta TpodoTeia, Tpia per eyelpew YwpaTa Kal TUpyous emoLKOOOMELV AUTOLS KeAever, KaTadim@y 5€ Tovs dyuTLKWTATOUS TAI éraipwy emi TOV Epywv avTos eis Lapudpevav jer tiv “AXeEdvdpov tot “ApiotoBovAov petiwv bvya: tépa Kalbapodoynuevnv, ws edayev, atT@ Ka Tapepyov Towovpevos' THs moAopKias Tov yapov 70) yap Umepndaver Tovs ToAEpious. 345 (9) [vjyas b€ tréatpeev emi ‘lepocoAvpan 1 PA: roeirac the rest, 160 JEWISH WAR, I. 341-345 (=ant. xiv. 463-468) followed by more. These were men who had escaped from the combat and taken refuge, fully armed, in the baths. There for a while they had remained lurking and concealed ; but when they saw the king, they were panic-stricken and ran trembling past him, unarmed though he was, and made for the exits. By chance not a man was there to lay hands on them; but Herod was content to have come off unscathed, and so they all escaped. (8) On the following day he cut off the head of Bone Pappus, Antigonus’s general, who had been killed in spring ot the combat, and sent it to his brother Pheroras in *” ®* retribution for the murder of their brother; for it was Pappus who had slain Joseph. When the tempest abated, he advanced upon Jerusalem and marched his army up to the walls, it being now just three years since he had been proclaimed king in Rome.’ He encamped opposite the Temple, for from that quarter the city was open to attack and had on a previous occasion been captured by Pompey.° He then appointed his army their several tasks, cut down the trees in the suburbs, and gave orders to raise three lines of earth-works and to erect towers upon them. Leaving his most efficient lieutenants to superintend these works, he went off himself to Samaria to fetch the daughter of Alexander, son of His Aristobulus, who, as we have said, was betrothed to Wij?” him? Thus, so contemptuous was he already of the Manamm enemy, he made his wedding an interlude of the siege. (9) After his marriage he returned with a larger $..§§ 323. > § 284. © § 145. a § 241. VOL. II G 161 JOSEPHUS peta pteilovos’ dSuvdpews: ouvante 8 att@ Kal Yoaatos pera mAeloTns o7Tparvas inméwv TE Kal meCOv, nv mpoekreuipas dia 7H)s pecoyetov THY 346 mopeiav attos dia WDowikys e701] 0a70. oup- abpo.abelans dé THs Ans Suvapews ets Evdexa pev TEA me lOv, immets dé eEaxicytAlous diya THY azo upias oumpaxev, ot [L€pos ovK odtyov noav, kaTaoTpatomedevorTat ToD Bopeiov Telyous TAnatov, avTos ev meTOLW@s Tols THs GuyKAnTOU Soypacw, dv’ dv Baoweds amedédecxt0, Udaatos dé *Avtwviw TO méupavte tiv bn’ abt@ otpatiav “Hpwdy ovp.uaxov. 347. (xvill. 1) Top 8° ava tiv moAw *lovdaiwy To mAnfos mokidws éreTapaKto* Kai yap Tept TOV vaov abpo.lopevov 70 acbevéotepov édatpovia Kat moAAa BewwdSéaTepov mpos Tovs Katpovs eAoyo7otet, kal TOV ToAUNpoTEepwv Kata aTipos noav Anoretae moAUTpoToL, pddvora Ta Tept THY mo hw ap7a- Covrwy émityndeva Kal pte immos pre avopdow 348 d7oAevTomevey Tpopyy. TOU ye pnp pax(ov TC eUTAKTOTEpOV €TETAKTO 7pos duvay Tis moA- opktas, Tous Te xwvvovras cipyov amo Tov Telxous Kal Tots opydvous GT yen XavcpLevov del Te KWALpO KaworTepov- ev ovdevi 6° oUTWS ws ev Tais peTad- Aelais Tmepijoav Tav moAepiwv. 349 (2) T& d€ Baoiret zpos pév tas Anozelas av7eT- evorPncav Adxou bu? dv avéateAXev Tas Stexdpomas. mpos O€ THY TaV émiTHSElwy amopiav at moOppwber ovyKopu.oal, TOv S€ payouevwy mepiny TH ‘Pwpatwr 1 rreistns PAM: a Xelovos 77s Destinon. = Of. $321. JEWISH WAR, I. 345-349 (=anT. xiv 468-474) force to Jerusalem. Here too he was joined by Sossius Sossius* with an imposing army of horse and foot, jeune Hs which that genera] had sent on ahead through the !+tusale interior, while he himself took the route by Phoenicia. The total strength of the united armies amounted to eleven battalions of infantry and six thousand cavalry, not including the Syrian auxiliaries, who formed no inconsiderable contingent. The two generals encamped near the north wall: Herod with the confidence inspired by the senatorial decrees, which had proclaimed him king ; Sossius relying on Antony, who had dispatched the army under his command in support of Herod. (xviii. 1) Throughout the city the agitation of the The sies Jewish populace showed itself in various forms. The feebler folk, congregating round the Temple, in- dulged in transports of frenzy and fabricated numer- ous oracular utterances to fit the crisis) The more daring went out in companies on marauding expedi- tions of all kinds, their main object being to seize all provisions in the neighbourhood of the city and to leave no sustenance for horse or man. Of the military the more disciplined men were employed in repelling the besiegers, from their position on the ramparts beating off the excavators of the earth-works and constantly contriving some new means of parrying the enemy’s engines ; but it was above all in their mining operations that they showed their superiority. (2) To stop the raiders the king arranged am- capture buscades, by which he succeeded in checking their J¢1"s#! incursions ; to meet the shortage of provisions he wholes had supplies brought from a distance ; while as for "“*"° the combatants, the military experience of the 163 350 352 353 JOSEPHUS eumetpia, Kaltor ToAuns ovdeutav KatadimovTwr UmepBoAnv dhavepws ev ye ov' auveppyyvuvTo Tots ‘Pwyalois emi mpovmtw t@ Gaveiv, dia b€ Taev Umovonwy ev péco avtois e€amivys edatvovto, Kai mpi Katacercbjvat te tov TeElyous ETEpoV avtwyvpouv: Kabodou te [etme |? ovTe yepow out’ emwolats €kKapvoy e€ls €axaTov avtTicyeiv Odt- eyvwKotes. apuéAer THAcKaUTHS SUVapews TEpiKad- eCouevns mevte pyow dujveyKav tiv ToAvopkiay, ews ta@v ‘Hpwdov twes éemAéxtwv emBhvar tod telyous Gapanoavtes elomintovow ets THv TOA, ed’ ois Exatovtapyat Nocotov. mpwta d€ Ta TeEpL TO lepov WAioKeTO, Kal THs Suvapews eETELO- yvbetons mavtaxod dovos Tv juplos, TaV pev ‘Pwpyaiwy 7H TpibH THs moAopKias Suwpyvope- vw, Tod d€ mept ‘Hpwdnv “lovdaixod pdeév tzo- Aréobat arovdalovros avtimadov. éadarrovto de maumAnfets ev te Tols oTEvwmois Kai KaTa Tas oiklas cuvwHovpevor Kai T® va@ mpoodevyovtes’ Tv TE OUTE VATIWY OUTE yhpws EAEos OUTE aabevelas yuvatk@v, GAAa Kaito. mepiméumovtos tod Bact- Néws Kal detdecbar mapaxadobvtos ovdeis expa- thaev HS deEvas, GAN” wWomep peunvoTes macav nAcKiav evreE EoaY. eva kat ’Avtiyovos pire THS maar pyyTe TIS TOTE TUYNS Evvotay Aa Bev KAaTELOW ev amo 77s Bdpews, TmpoomtmTeEL d€ tois Loaaiov Too. KaKelvos prydev avTov oiKTetpas: m™pos TH peTtapoArny éemeyeAacev Te axpata@s Kal *“Avtuyovnv 1 uév ye od M: wév ye PA: ev ody ob the rest. 2 om. PA. * Or (omitting the negative with PA) * ‘They openly tiung themselves.” 104 JEWISH WAR, I. 349-353 (=antT. xiv 474-481) Romans gave him the advantage over them, although their audacity knew no bounds. If they did not openly fling themselves against? the Roman lines, to face certain death, they would through their underground passages appear suddenly in the enemy's midst ; and before one portion of the wall was overthrown they were erecting another in its stead. In a word, neither in action nor ingenuity did they ever flag, fully resolving to hold out to the last. In fact, notwithstanding the strength of the beleaguering army, they sustained the siege into the fifth month ;° until some of Herod’s picked men ventured to scale the wall and leapt into the city, followed by Sossius’s centurions The environs of the Temple were first secured, and, when the troops poured in, a scene of wholesale massacre ensued ; for the Romans were infuriated by the length of the siege, and the Jews of Herod’s army were deter- mined to leave none of their opponents alive. Masses were butchered in the alleys, crowded together in the houses, and flying to the sanctuary No quarter was given to infancy, to age, or to helpless woman- hood. Nay, though the king sent messengers in every direction, entreating them to spare, none stayed his hand, but like madmen they wreaked their rage on allages indiscriminately. In this scene Antigonus, regardless alike of his former fortune and that which now was his, came down from the castle and threw himself at the feet of Sossius. The latter, far from pitying his changed condition, burst into uncontroll- b A. xiv. 487 appears to state, on the contrary, that Jerusalem was taken “ in the third month ”’ or even in less, the first wall being captured in 40 days, the second in 15 (1b. 476). 165 Summe 37 BGs 354 356 357 358 JOSEPHUS exdAecev’ ov pry ws yuvaikd ye Kal dpoupds eAevlepov adijkev, GAA’ 6 ev Sebeis epvAdtteTo. (3) Ipovora 8 Fv “Hpwdn «parodvte trav moAeuiwy TOTE KpaTnoat Kat Ta@v addAodvAwv cuppaywv' wpynto yap tO Eevixov mAAGos ezi Géav tod Te tepod Kai 7T@v KaTa TOV vaov ayiwv. d€ BactAeds tTovs pev tapaxadAd@y, Tois 8 am- e.Aovpevos, EaTW 6 OvUs Kal Tots O7rAOLs avéoTetrer, nI7ns yadetwrépav THY viKnv vrodAapBavwr, et zt T@v abeatwv map’ attr@v odbein. drexwdAvoev d€ 70) Kal Tas Kata Thy mOAW apmayds, ToAAa diatewopevos mpos Uooarov, ef ypnuatwv Te Kal avop@v tiv mo0Aw “Pwyaior Kevwoavtes Kata- Acibovow attov é€pnyias Baciréa, Kat ws én TooovTwy moAit@yv dovw Bpaxvd Kat THY THs olKov- pévns yenoviay av7aAAaypua Kpivor. tod dé avti THs ToAvopKias Tas apmayas dikatws Tois oTpa- TunTais emitpémew hauévov, avtos Edy Sravepyeiv ex tav idiwy ypnudtwv tods piobods ExdaTots. ovTws Te THY AoiTHY efwvnadpevos mar pida Tas boa x Eels emAnjpwoev: Aapmpas pev yap exaaTov oTpaTw7ny, dvadoyus d€ Tovs TYEHOVAS, BaoAc- KwTaTa 6€ abtov edwpyjaato Ldaocuwv, ws pndéva xpnudtwv aneAfeiv Seduevov. LUdaaros d€ ypuaodv avalleis 7@ Ue atédavov avélevEev amo ‘lepo- coAvpwr, ayov dequwr7nv ‘Avriyovov “Avtwviw, TOUTOV Mev OUV propuxnoarra pEXpLS €0XaTOU Sia wuxpas €Amidos akitos THs ayevvetas m€AeKus EKOE ETAL. (4) Baawveds 5é€ “Hpebdns diaxpivas to Kata thy mOAw mAnbos tovs wev Ta avT0O dpovynaavTas 166 JEWISH WAR, I. 353-358 (=anT. xiv. 481-xv. 2) able laughter and called him Antigone.* He did not, however, treat him as 2 woman and leave him at liberty : no, he was put in irons and kept under strict guard. ; (3) Now master of his enemies, Herod's next task Herod was to gain the mastery over his foreign allies; for Hae this crowd of aliens rushed to see the Temple and of Temp i pil. the holy contents of the sanctuary. The king ex- of city. postulated, threatened, sometimes even had recourse to weapons to keep them back, deeming victory more grievous than defeat, if these people should set eyes on any objects not open to public view. Now too he put a stop to the pillage of the town, forcibly representing to Sossius that, if the Romans emptied the city of money and men, they would leave him king of a desert, and that he would count _ the empire of the world itself too dearly bought with the slaughter of so many citizens. Sossius replying that he was justified in permitting the soldiers to pillage in return for their labours in the siege, Herod promised to distribute rewards to each man out of his private resources. Having thus redeemed what remained of his country, he duly fulfilled his engage- ment, remunerating each soldier liberally, the officers in proportion, and Sossius himself with truly royal munificence ; so that none went unprovided. Sossius, after dedicating to God a crown of gold, withdrew from Jerusalem, taking with him to Antony Anti- gonus in chains. This prisoner, to the last clinging Antigon with forlorn hope to life, fell beneath the axe, a Ror }0 fitting end to his ignominious career. (4) King Herod, discriminating between the two classes of the city population, by the award of @ Or in the general’s Latin ‘“* Antigona.”’ 167 359 361 362 JOSEPHUS evvovoTepous tats Ttiats Kaliotato, tods 8 "Avteyovelous avipet. Kal KaTa onavw dn xpn- uatTwyv Oacov elyev KOGpLOV KaTavojioTetoas “Av- Twviw Kal TOs TEpt aUTOV aveTeuev. ov IV Els amav' éefwvyjcato TO pnoev mabeiv’ dn yap "Avrwvios 7@ KAeomdtpas ¢pwre dredbappevos nITwWv Tv ev maaw THs émlupias, KAcomatpa de dieEeADotca tH yeveav THY E€avTHAS ws pyndeva tav ah atwatos bmoAeizecbat, To AowTOv emt TOUS e€wlev edova, Kat Tovs ev TéAEL LUpwv draBadAdAovea mpos tov *Avtwviov avaipeiy émeHev, ws av TeV KTIGEWY EKGOTOV padiws ywoyEern SeaTroTIS, ETE 6° exrTelvovoa tHv mAeoveEiav emi ‘lovdatovs Kat "Apafas wtzeppyalero tovs €éxatépwv fBactreis “Hpwdnv cat MaddAyov avarpeOjvac. (5) “Ev péper yotv trav mpootaypatwv éenuripas ‘Avtwvios TO KTetvar prev avdpas ayalovs Kat Bao.rets tHAtKoUTOUVs avoo.wov nynoato, TO de TovTwy eyy.ov didovs*® Stexpotcato: moAAa S€ THs xwpas avT@v amoTepopevos, Kai 67 Kal TOV eV ‘leptyotvte dowik@va, €v @ yevvatar To BadAcapor, didwow av7H T7OAEts TE TARY TuUpov Kat Lidavos tas evtos ‘“EAevbépov motapod macas. wy yevo- evn Kupla Kal mpoT7éuypaca péexpis Eddpatov tov “Avrwriov émtatpatevovta Ilapfou 7Abev ets ‘Jovdaiav 6’ "Azapelas kat AauacKkotd. «avradda 1 ¢is mai LVRC. * gitous FA Exe. Lat.: gidos elvac the rest. Text and meaning uncertain. I follow the Latin * quod autem his worte propius est, inter amicos non habuit.” Perhaps (leading gidos elva:) ** But of auy closer friendship he showed no sigu.” 1€8 [— o JEWISH WAR, I. 258-362 (=anT. xv. 2=5, 88-96) honours attached more closely to himself those who had espoused his cause, while he exterminated the partisans of Antigonus. Finding his funds now re- duced, he converted all the valuables in his possession into money, which he then transmitted to Antony and his staff. Yet even at this price he failed to secure for himself complete exemption from injury ; for Antony, already demoralized by his love for Cleopatra, was becoming wholly enslaved to his passion, and Cleopatra, after killing off her own family, one after another, till not a single relative remained, was now thirsting for the blood of for- eigners. Laying before Antony calumnious charges against high officials in Syria, she urged him to put them to death, in the belief that she would have no difficulty in appropriating their possessions; and now, her ambitions extending to Judaea and Arabia, she was secretly contriving the ruin of their respective kings, Herod and Malchus. (5) One part, at any rate, of her orders brought Antony to his sober senses: he held it sacrilege to take the lives of innocent men and kings of such eminence. But—what touched them more nearly— he threw over his friends. He cut off large tracts of their territory—including, in particular, the palm- grove of Jericho where the balsam grows—and pre- sented them to Cleopatra, together with all the towns to the south of * the river Eleutherus,? Tyre and Sidon excepted. Now mistress of all this land, she escorted Antony, who was starting on a campaign against the Parthians, as far as the Euphrates, and then, by way of Apamea and Damascus, came into @ Greek “ within,” z.e. ‘“‘ on this side of." » North of Tyre. VOL, II G2 169 Cleopatra plots agai Herod and exactions from his realm, 34 B.C. (Schurer) JOSEPHUS peydAas prev adtys thy Svopéeveray dSwpeais “Hpwdns éxpeAicoetar, prcbodrar d€ Kai ta THs Bactreias aToppayevra xwpla diaxoclwr tTaAavtwy els €xaoTov eviauTov, TpomEeuTer O avTiy HEXpL 363 I jAovatov 7a07 Gepameta KATA PUrpLEvos | Kal pet’ od TOAD wapHy ex Llapfwy “Avtadvios aywr aiyudAwrov "ApraBalny tov Trypavov maida d@pov KAcomatpa peta yap Tv xpypatwy Kat THs Aeias azdons 6 Ilapbos etbds éxapicbn. 364. (xix. 1) Tod 8’ “Axtiaxod modéuov cuveppw- yotos mapeckevaoto péev “Hpwdns ’Avrwriw ovveé - opuav, on T@v te GAAwy tav Kata ‘lovdaiay annAAaypéevos GoptBwv Kal KexpatnKkws ‘YpxKa- vias, 6 81) ywpiov 7 ’Avtuydvov Kateiyev adeAdr. 365 OvekAcioby ~ye piv tavotpyws tao THs KaAeo- TaTpas cvuppeTacyxety TOv KWdUVwWY “AvTwriw~ Tots yap Bao.redow, ws edapev, éemBovdevovoa meiber tov *~Avraviov “Hpwidy duamioTtedoat TOV mpos ”ApaBas OAc pov, wv 7 Kparncavros ‘ApaBias 7) KparnBevros *lovdatas YEvTTAL deom0TLs Kai Baté- pw Tav dvvacT@v KataAvan Tov ETEpov. 366 (2) “Eppefev pévtor xal’ ‘Hpwdnv zo Bov- eva: mp@tov pev yap pvcva {xata|}' Tav qode- piwy adywv Kat TOAD ovyKpoTiaas immiKov énad- inow avtots mepi AtoomodAw, éexpatnoév te Kaitor 1 om. P. 2 This Artabazes (Artavasdes) was not a Parthian, but king of Armenia, who, having joined Antony in an attack on his namesake Artavasdes, king of Media, deserted him and was subsequently taken captive by Antony (Plut. Ant. 50). Josephus or his source appears to have confused the 170 Lj & JEWISH WAR, I. 362-366 (=anrT. xv. 103-111) Judaea. There, by large bounties, Herod appeased her ill will, and agreed to take on lease for an annual sum of two hundred talents the lands which had been detached from his realm. He then escorted her to Pelusium, treating her with every mark of respect. Not long after Antony returned from Parthia bringing, as a present for Cleopatra, his prisoner Artabazes, son of Tigranes ; for upon her, together with the money and all the spoils of war, the Parthian % was instantly bestowed. (xix. 1) On the outbreak of the war of Actium Herod prepared to join forces with Antony ; for he was now rid of disturbances in Judaea and had captured the fortress of Hyrcania, hitherto held by the sister of Antigonus. The craft of Cleopatra, however, precluded him from sharing Antony’s perils. For, as we have stated,® she had designs on the kings, in pursuance of which she now induced Antony to entrust the war against the Arabs to Herod, hoping, if he were successful, to become mistress of Arabia, if unsuccessful, of Judaea, and by means of one of the two potentates to overthrow the other. (2) Her scheme, however, turned to Herod’s ad- vantage. For, beginning with raids® upon the enemy's territory, he mustered a large body of cavalry, flung them at the foe in the neighbourhood of Diospolis? and, though he met with a stubborn two namesakes (Reinach). In the parallel account, A. xv. 104, he is not called a Parthian. ° § 360. ¢ Or * reprisals.”’ 4 In Coele-Syria, not (as stated in Shilleto’s Whiston) Lydda, which only received the name Diospolis at a later date ; it has been mentioned in § 132. 171 Herod's war wit! the Arak SPATE (ol Victor at Diospol: 367 JOSEPHUS KapTepais avt Timaparagapevenv. mpos be Ty HTTAV peya ylweTar Kuna tov “ApaBwv, Kai ovv- abpo.abévtes ets Kavala tis KotAns Lupias azrerpou 70 mAnbos tovs “lovdaiovs Epevov. evOa peta THs Suvapews “Hpodns emeAOav émeipGto mpo- pnbéatepov adnyetcbar tod 7oAe€uov Kat oTpato- medov exéAeve reixyilew. ov pv tmjKOVOEV TO 7ARos, aAra 7H mpoTeépa viky TelappyKores epunoav em Tous “ApaBas. KaL Tpos fev THD mpurTny eu BoAnv Tpamevras ediwkor, emBoureve- TAL de ‘Hpwdxs ev Th duet, TOUS €K Tov Kava- Bw éemvywplovs avévTos ‘AGnvievos, os HV ave 368 Tay KAcomdzpas aTpatnya@v alet Suadopos: mpos v 369 yap Tiv TovTwy émifecw avabappioavtes ot ”“Apa- Bes emotpédovtar Kat ovvarbavtes TO TAAOos mepl TeTpwon Kai dUcfaTa ywpia Tovs “Hpeidov Tpe- = = e movrat mAeioTov TE avr av povoy eipydoavro. ot de diacwHevres eK Tis paxns ets “Oppita KaTa- devyovow, 6 O70v Kal TO oTparome ov avT@y Tept- GXOVTES av7avopov etAov ot “Apafes. (3) Mer’ od zodd be Tis ouppopas Bo7Gevav aywv “Hpodns Tapiy Tis. xpetas borépay. Tav- TS THs mAnyis atTLov av7@ TO TOV Trak€idpxev amebeés Karéorn” L7) yap étamwatov Ths ovp- PodAjs yevoperns ovo av "AGnvicwv etpev KaLpov evBovdijs. eTYLWpPT|TATO pevrou tovs “ApaBas abfis aet Tv xwpav Katatpéxwv, ws avakade- © ’ = , / > 270 gacbat tiv piav adbtots vikny moAAdKis. dapvvo- pevw be Tovs exfpods emiminter ovpdopa dat- / »” - es ‘ ~ , @ pLovios GAAn, Kaz’ €tos pev THs Bactreias EBdopov, 2 Canata or Cana in A. xv. 112. ’ Unidentified ; the name is not mentioned in A. 172 JEWISH WAR, I. 366-370 (=anT. xv. 111-121) resistance, defeated them. This defeat occasioned a great commotion among the Arabs, who assembled in vast numbers at Canatha @ in Coele-Syria and there awaited the Jews. Herod, arriving with his troops, endeavoured to conduct operations with due caution and ordered the camp to be fortified. His orders, however, were defied by the rank and file, who, flushed with their recent victory, rushed upon the Arabs. With their first charge they routed them and followed at their heels; but during the pursuit a snare was laid for Herod by Athenion, one of Cleopatra’s generals, who had always been hostile to him, and now let loose upon him the natives of Canatha. Encouraged by their allies’ attack, the Arabs faced about and, after uniting their forces on rocky and difficult ground, routed Herod’s troops with immense slaughter. ‘Those who escaped from ‘the battle took refuge in Ormiza,® where, however, ‘the Arabs surrounded and captured their camp with all its defenders. _ (3) Shortly after this disaster Herod arrived with reinforcements, too late to be of use. This calamity was brought upon him by the insubordination of the divisional officers ; for, had they not precipitated an engagement, Athenion would have found no oppor- tunity for a ruse. However, Herod subsequently avenged himself on the Arabs by constantly raiding their territory, so that they had frequent occasion to rue © their single victory. But while he was punish- ing his foes, he was visited by another calamity—an act of God which occurred in the seventh? year of ¢ Such, or “ regretfully recall,” seems to be the meaning. 4 Reckoning from the year of the taking of Jerusalem, 37 B.c., as the effective beginning of Herod's reign. 173 he is defeated at Canatl ive] ~I 372 373 374 JOSEPHUS dxpdLov7os be Tod TEpt "Axtiov moA€uou. dpxo- jeevov yap’ €apos 7 yq cevobcioa Boornparev jeev dmetpov ABs avOpwmwv dé Tpeis bredbetper pupiddas, 7o S5€ otpatiw7iKov Epewev aPAaBés- UrraBpov yap mvatcero. Kav TovTw Tous “ApaBas emi jreilov Apaaos mpev n dnLy mpoohoyorovotcd Tots oxvOpwrots Get TL xarerurepov Os yoov andons *lovdaias KaTeppyyerns oinBevres €p7jLov THS Xwpas KpaTioew wppnoay els avTiV, Tpo- Jvadevor Tous mpéaPeus ot Top *lovdaiwv eruyov NKOVTES Tpos avTous. mpos dé tiv euBoAnv KaTa- mAayev To Anos? Kat peyeber ouppopav eT - adA7jAwvy exhutov ovvayayov “Hpwdns émeuparo TapoppLav emt THV apvvav A€ywv Towdde: (4), ° Hapadoyarara jor OOKET TO Tapov vua@v Kabantecbar déos° 7pos jev ve Tas Saiovious mAnyas abupeiv eikos jv, TO 8 adbto Kal mpos avopwrlvynv edodov macyew avavdpwv. eyw yap TogovTov amodéw KatTemTHnxXEvar TOUS TroAEmIoUS peta Tov ceopov, wo troAapPavew tov Oeov “Apa déheap TOUTO KabecKevar tod dotvar Sikas jy: ov yap TooobTov ordas 7; 7) xepoiv Temobores Oaov Tats avropdrous TpGv ovpdopais 7) FiKov: oda- Aepa 6° €Amis ovK €€ oiketas iaxvos add’ €€& addo- Tplas PTHEVH Kakompaytas. ovte b€ TO duc- Tuxetv oUTE ToUVaVTLoV eV av Opermots BéBatov, akN €otw ldeiv éemaperBopevny eis ExaTEpa THY TUXHV. 1 apy. yap C: xara yap dpxouevov the rest: xai yap apx. Destinon. 2 €6vos LVRC. 3 dvavépov PAM Lat. * Cf. B. iii. 433; Josephus may have known Virgil's description of rumour (Fama), Aen. iv. 173 fi. > This speech is quite independent of that contained in 174 ma oe JEWISH WAR, I.-370-374:(=ant. xv. 121-127), his reign, when the war of Actium was at its height. In the early spring an earthquake destroyed cattle Earth: innumerable and thirty thousand souls; but the army, Sete being quartered in the open, escaped injury. At 3! ®<. the same moment the confidence of the Arabs rose, stimulated by rumour which always exaggerates the horrors of a tragedy.* Imagining that the whole of Judaea was in ruins and that they had only to take possession of an abandoned country, they hastened to invade it, after massacring the envoys whom the Jews had sent to them. So dismayed were the people at this invasion, and so demoralized by the magnitude of these successive disasters, that Herod_. called them together and endeavoured to rouse them to resistance by the following speech. (4) “ This alarm which has now laid hold of you deroa’s seems to me most unreasonable. To be disheartened {4725s by the visitations of heaven was natural ; but to be ascenso similarly despondent at the attack of a human foe Heap: isunmanly. For my part, far from being intimidated by the enemy’s invasion following the earthquake, I regard that catastrophe as a snare which God has laid to decoy the Arabs and deliver them up to our vengeance. It is not because they have confidence in their weapons or their might that they are here, but because they count on our accidental calamities ; but hopes are fallacious which are dependent not on one’s own strength, but on the misadventures of another. Moreover, with mankind fortune is never permanently either adverse or favourable ; one sees her veering from one mood to the other. Of this you A.xv. 127. It in some respects recalls that of Pericles in Thuc. ii. 60 ff. (the earthquake is here a “ visitation of heaven,” as the plague is there). RLS ber or 376 377 378 JOSEPHUS Kal ToUTO udBowr” dv e€ olkeiwv d7oderyHaTony" 7H _yoov 7 poTéepa paxn KpaTovvTww expdrnaav Hu@v ot ToAgutor, Kal KaTa 7O elkos vov adw- covTat Kpatjoew SoKobrTes. TO fev yap ayav Te- mofos advdAaktov, ot doBor bé SddcKovow zpo- pnGerav’ wate Euovye Kak Tov dedoiKdTos tudv' TapioraTat Happeiv. OTe ‘yap ebpacuveabe 7épa Tov d€ovTos Kai KaTa TOV €x9pav Tapa THY ELV yrapny eEwppyoare, Kaupov EaxeV 7 ’A@nviwvos evedpa: vuvi d€ 6 OKvos bu@v Kal TO doKobv abujov aoddAeav €or vikns eyyvadtar. xpi) pevTor ye expt ToD péAAew* ovTws Exe, Ev SE TOIs Epyots €yeipar Ta dpovyara Kai meicat Tovs aceBeoTa- Tous, ws out avOputerdv Te KaKOV oUTE SayLo- viov TaTewwoet TOTE my *Jovdaiwy avdpayabiav, ed: Ogov Tas puxas €xyouvow, ovde meproperat TUS “ApaBa | TOV €avTod ayabav dSeamoTHV yevopmevon, 6v map oAtyov? moAAdKis atxypaAwrov éAaBev. und tas tapacoétw Ta THV aydvywv Kuwjyata, und wtrordauBavete Tov cevaopov étépas acupdopds Tepas yeyovevars dvowka yap Ta Tav otoryetwv 7a8yn Kat ovdev avOpusrrots mAg€ov 7 THY ev EauTOIS PraBnv émidépetar. Aowod pev yap Kai Amob Kat Tov xPoviwy Bpacudyv mpoyévoit”? dv Te onpetov Bpaxvrepov, atta d€ taita meprypadyy exer TO péyebos. ézet ti SUvaTar peilov Huds Tod cet- aod BAdhat Kat Kpatyjoas 6 moAeuos*; Tépas 1 Sedoxévor vuas PAM. 2 ante proelium Lat., reading wéxpe tov wodeuerv. 3 rapa Néyou LVR. * zodéuios Cocceius. “ During the period of waiting "* seems to be the mean- ing > if the text is right. > Of. Aristot. Meteor. ii. 8 for premonitions of earthquakes. 176 JEWISH WAR, I. 374-378 (cf. ant. xv. 127-146; might find an illustration in your own experiences : conquerors in the first battle you were then conquered by our enemies, who in all probability, expecting a victory, will now be defeated. For excessive con- fidence throws men off their guard, whereas fear teaches precaution ; so that your very timidity is to me reassuring. When you displayed uncalled for temerity and, disdaining my advice, dashed out upon the foe, Athenion had his opportunity for a ruse ; but now your hesitation and apparent despondency are to me a sure pledge of victory. Appropriate, however, as are such feelings before an impending battle, when once in action your spirits must be roused and you must teach these scoundrels that no _ disaster, whether inflicted by God or man, will ever reduce the valour of Jews, so long as they have breath in their bodies, and that not one of them _ will consent to see his property pass into the hands of an Arab, who has often so narrowly escaped becoming his prisoner. “ Do not let the convulsions of inanimate nature disturb you or imagine that the earthquake is a portent of a further disaster. These accidents to which the elements are subject have physical causes, and beyond the immediate injury inflicted bring no further consequences to mankind. A pestilence. a famine, subterranean commotions may possibly be preceded by some slighter premonition,? but these catastrophes themselves are limited by their very magnitude to their instant effects. I ask you, can war,’ even if we are defeated, do us more harm than the earthquake ? “Our adversaries, on the other hand, have one ¢ Or, with the conjectural reading, ‘‘ the enemy.” 177 379 381 JOSEPHUS c / ~ ”~ pevTor preyiatov aAwoews yéyovev tots €xOpois > > / > \ \ > a ovK avropuaTws ovde bud XEtpos addorpias, ot mpeoBers Ler €pous Tapa Tov TavTw avO perme vO|LOV Opas anéxrewav Kal To.attTa TO bee Aiuata wept Tod moAduou Katéoteav.' adv od / ‘ / > ‘ b) ~ A \ diadevEovrar tov peyav ofBadpov atrod Kat THv > / / 7 > ¢ - ’ / Ul aviKnTov defiay, ddoovow 8° nyuiv avrixa dikas, av Tov TaTpiov dpovipatos 7107 omdoavres TULw- pol TOV TapeaTrovOnpLevey dvaoT@pev. iTw Tes ovy vUmEep yuvaiKos ovd wbrép TéKVWY OVO 7Ep 4 , > > e A ~ , Kwédvvevovons TaTpioos, aAd’ brép ta&v mpécBewv Gpvvojevos* €KEtvOL OTpaTHYHGOVaLW TOU moAduoU TOV Leste pay | GJLeLvov. mpoxwdvvevaw be Kayo XPwp.evos buy mevBnviors: ev yap tote TH €auT@v avdpelay avuTdcTratov, €av pi) TpoTreTela twe BAaBare.’ (5) Tovrows mapaxpotyoas tov oTpatov ws ewpa mpobtpuouvs, eOvev 7H Oe@ Kal peta THY Auaiav d€Bawwev tov *lopdavyv mwoTrapov peta THs duvapews. oaTpatomedevodyevos dé epi DiA- , > ‘ ~ , \ ~ A abdeAderav eyyus T@v ToAeiwv mEepi TOD peTakDd $povpiov 7 pos avrovs mKpoBorj lero Bovdcpevos ev Taye. ovpPadreiy: ervxov yap Kaxeivot Twas TPOTTETIOUPOTES TOUS KkaTaAnipopevous TO pupa. TOUTOUS pev ovv ameKpovoavTo Tayéws ob TEM hbevtes b70 Tob BaciAéws Kai tov Addov Katéaxov, avtos be kal? yyépav mpoaywyv thy Svvayw ets / -~ paxnv TapeTdoaeTo Kal mpovkanetro TOUS “Apa- Bas. as 8° ovdets emeb yet, dew?) yap tis avrous KatTamAnkis eiye Kal mp0 Tod mANnOous 6 oTpaTnyos 1 C: xaréorpeway the rest. 2 om. PA. ® Rabbath Ammon, the ancient capital of the Ammonites. 178 JEWISH WAR, I. 378-381 (=anT. xv. 147-150) grave portent of impending disaster in a recent in- cident, due neither to natural causes nor to the action of others. Contrary to the universal law of mankind they have brutally murdered our am- bassadors ; such are the garlanded victims which they have offered to God to obtain success! But they will not escape his mighty eye, his invincible right hand; and to us they wil] soon answer for their crimes if, with some vestige of the spirit of our fathers, we now arise to avenge this violation of treaties. Let us each go into action not to defend wife or children or country at stake, but to avenge our envoys. They will conduct the campaign better than we who are alive. I myself will bear the brunt of the battle, if I have you obedient at my back ; for, be assured, your courage is irresistible, if you do not by some reckless action bring injury upon your- selves.” (5) Having by this speech reanimated his army, Herod, observing their ardour, offered sacrifice to God, and then proceeded to cross the Jordan with his troops. Encamping in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia,* close to the enemy, and anxious to force on an engagement, he began skirmishing with them for the possession of a fort which lay between the opposing lines. The enemy on their side had sent forward a detachment to occupy this post ; the party sent by the king promptly beat them off and secured the hill. Daily Herod marched out his troops, formed them in battle array, and challenged the Arabs to combat. But when none came out to oppose him—for a dire consternation had seized them and, even more than the rank and file,® their > Or perhaps “‘ in presence of his troops.” 179 Herod defeats Arabs a Phil- adelphi JOSEPHUS ” > 7 ENemos atos Hv T@ déer, mpooeAPaw eomdapattrev 382 aUT@v TO yYapaKwua. Kav TovUTwW oVVaVvayKa- ofévtes eElaow emt THY paxnv aTaKToOL Kal Te- duppevor Tots immedow of melot. wAnOer pev ovv tov “lovéaiwy mepijoav, eAeimovto 6€ tats mpo- Bupiais, Kaito. Sia THY amoyvwow THs viKNs ovTes Kal avToL mapaBodAot. ‘ / \ > ~ ’ \ oo ’ ~ 383 (6) Ato peype pev avtetyov ov moAvs qY GaUTWV / e > i / A ~ \ \ id \ dovos, ws 8 trédevgav ta v@Ta, ToAAOL ev v7TO ~ >] Ul A \ e \ ~ > ~ tav “lovdaiwy modAdoi b€ tzo od@v atTav ovp- ~ ” matovpevor diedbetipovto: mevtaKkicyiAor yoov Eeme- > ~ =~ \ 4 \ ~ »” gov év TH TpomH, TO S€ Aowmov wAHBos Edn avv- wobev eis TO yapaxwpa. ToUToUSs TEpiaxwv eToAL- / ‘ / ec / a A opKet, Kat peAAovtas aAvicecbat Tots d7AoLs 7po- KaThmeryey 4 Oipa Tav vddTwy EemAciToVvTwY. _ / \ / e \ ‘ 384 Urepndaver dé mpeaBevojevovs 0 Paatreds Kat 7~ > AUtpa SiddvTwv Tevtakdoia taAavTa paAdov ev- ~ *. 2 \ éxetto. Tod dé dixsous exKalovtos e€iovTEs KATA. ~ > / ~ ’ \ ~ > / mAjGos evexeipilov adds atvrtovs tots “lovdatous e EKOVTES, WS TEVTE LEV TLepats TeTpaKtoytAtous ~ ~ + | A \ / ~ e+ 3 SeOjvar, 7H 8 Extn TO AEtTOpevov TAnOos vz > , > = > \ , . \ amoyvwaews e€eAeiv emt paxnv: ols ovpBadwy ae , / > ¢ 7 , 385 ‘Hpwdns mdAw eis éemtaxicytAtous KTewer. THAL- ~ > KaUTY 7Anyh THY ApaBtav Gpuvaievos’ Kal oBéoas TOv avdpav Ta Ppovnpara mpovKowev \ WOTE Kal TpooTaTNs Um TOU efvous atpeOrjvar. 386. (XX. 1) MeraAapBaver 5€ adrov edfléws 7 ~ ¢ 4 mept Tav OAwY TmpaypaTwv dpovtis bia THY mpos > /, ‘ K ‘ x. oe Avrdvov diAtav, Katoapos epi “Axtiov vevixn- 1 Bekker: duvvduevos mss. 180 JEWISH WAR, I. 381-386 (=antT. xv. 150-161) general Elthemus was paralysed® with fright—the king advanced and proceeded to tear up their palisades. Thereupon, impelled by necessity, the enemy at length emerged for action, in disorder, infantry and cavalry intermingled. Superior in numbers to the Jews, they had less stomach for a fight, though despair of success rendered even them reckless. (6) Consequently, so long as they held out, their casualties were slight ; but when they turned their backs multitudes were slain by the Jews, and many others were trodden to death by their own men. Five thousand fell in the rout ; the rest of the crowd succeeded in forcing their way into their entrenched camp. There Herod surrounded and besieged them, and they must have succumbed to an assault, had not the failure of their water-supply and thirst pre- cipitated their capitulation. The king treated their envoys with scorn, and, although they offered a ransom of five hundred talents, only pressed _ his attack the harder. Parched with thirst, the Arabs came out in crowds and willingly surrendered to the Jews, so that in five days four thousand were made prisoners. On the sixth the remnant in desperation came forth to battle ; these Herod engaged, killing some seven thousand more. Having, by this crushing blow, punished Arabia and broken the spirit of its people, he gained such a reputation with them that the nation chose him for its Protector. (xx. 1) But, this peril surmounted, Herod was in- stantly plunged into anxiety about the security of his position. He was Antony's friend, and Antony had been defeated by Caesar ® at Actium. (Inreality, ¢ Literally “* dry.” ® Octavius. 18] and bec Protect the Ara nation. 387 388 389 390 391 JOSEPHUS KOTOS. mapecyev pevtor déovs mA€ov 7H ETmacxeV" ovmw yap éaAwkévat Kaicap *Avrebviov expwev ‘“Hpddov suppevovtos. 6 ye pny BaatAdeds ouoce ywpjoat 7T@ Kwdtvw biéyvw, Kat mAevaas eis ‘Podov, eva drérpiBev Kaicap, mpocecow atta Sixa Siadjpatos, THY wev ecbATa Kal TO oxHpa iduw7ys, TO S€ dpovnua Paoirevs. pndev yodv 7™Hs adnbeias dmoaTetAdpevos avTiKpus elev" ‘“ yo, Kaioap, vo ~Avtwviouv Baotreds' vyeve- flevos. ev 7rGou oporoya yeyovevat XpHoyLos "Avrwviw. Kal ovdé Todt’ av droaTetAatpny El7eiv, OTL TaVTWS av pe peTa TOV OTAWV eTEL- pacas axwpratov,* €l p27) SrexwAvoay Apafes. Kal ouppaxtav pevto. ye a’tT@® Kata To duvatov Kal otTov mroAAas evreniba pupiddas, avr’ ovbd€ peTa 77. ev “Axtiw mAnyny Kxatédurov Tov ev- epyeTay, eyevopny Sé avpBovdos apioros, WS OVKETL XpycyLos HuNv OUULLAXOs, pulav elvar A€ywv Tov mraabévtwy diophwow tov KAeomatpas Odvatoy: nv aveAovte Kal xpnpata Kal Telyn mpos acda- Aevay Kal oTpatiay Kal epavTov vmiayvovpny Kowwvov Tov 7pos oe 7oA€ov. Too 5 dpa Tas dKkoas anédpatay ot KAconatpas ¢ (Le pou Kai Geos 6 GOL TO Kpatew xaprlopevos. Uv ATT HAL 5 "Avrwviw Kat TéOetka peTa TIS eKEelvov TUXNS TO diddnua. mpos ce be HAGov Exwv THY apETHV THs ow7nplas eAmida Kat mpodaBev eferactyceabar, motamos didros, od Tivos, eyevouny. (2) IIpés zaira Kaioap ‘' ddAd odslov ye,” 1 Baoiheds P Lat.: trav ‘lovdaiwy BagtX\eds the rest. 2 axwpctov Havercamp from a Leyden ms.: evxdpiotov (‘‘ a grateful ally ’) PAM Lat.: om. the rest. 182 JEWISH WAR, I. 386-391 (=anrT. xv. 187-193) he inspired more fear than he felt himself ; for Caesar considered his victory to be incomplete so long as Herod remained Antony’s ally).¢ The king, never- theless, resolved to confront the danger and, having sailed to Rhodes, where Caesar was sojourning, presented himself before him without a diadem, a commoner in dress and demeanour, but with the proud spirit of a king. His speech was direct; he told the truth without reserve. “ Caesar,” he said, “ I was made king by Antony, and | acknowledge that [ have in all things devoted my services to him. Nor will I shrink from saying that, had not the Arabs detained me, you would assuredly have found me in arms inseparable from his side. I sent him, however, such auxiliary troops as I could and many thousand measures of corn ; nor even after his defeat at Actium did I desert my benefactor. When no longer useful as an ally, l became his best counsellor; I told him the one remedy for his disasters—the death of Cleopatra. Would he but kill her, I promised him money, walls to protect him, an army, and myself as his brother in arms in the war against you. But his ears, it seems, were stopped by his infatuation for Cleopatra and by God who has granted you the mastery. I share Antony’s defeat and with his downfall lay down my diadem. I am come to you resting my hope of safety upon my integrity, and presuming that the subject of inquiry will be not whose friend, but how loyal a friend, I have been.” (2) To this Caesar replied: “ Nay, be assured of @ An exaggerated statement, absent from 4. 183 Battle o' Actium Septemb S11 BsGe Herod makes h peace wi Octaviu: 30 B.C. 392 393 394 JOSEPHUS eon, “ Kal Baoiheve viv BeBatorepov- agvos yap ef zoAA@v apxew ovtw didAias mpoiaTdpevos. TELp@) d€ Kal Tots EUTUXEOTEPOLS _Svapevew TLOTOS, ws Eywye Aapmpotatas Umep Tov cov Ppovnparos eAmtbas exw. Kad@s pevto. ye emoinoev *Av- TOVLOS KAcozarpa mevabets p.dMov 7) gol" Kat yap GE KEKE p07) Kapev eK Tis avolas avTov. KaT- adpyeis 0, Ws Eotkev, eUToLlas du wy jou ypager Kuwros Atéd.os" ouppaxiay Ge TeTOMpEevat 7™pos TOUS jLovop.dxous avT@. viv pev ody doyparte TO BéBardy cor tas Bacwrelas eLayyeAdw, meipa- copa de Kat atfis ayaidv Ti ce Tovey, Ws py Cntoins °Avrwviov. (3) Tovrous dogpovyjcapevos TOV Bivordbee Kal mepileis atT@ TO Siadynpa doypate Sreorpawev Tiv dwpeav, ev w TOAAa peyadodpovws els ETawov tavdpos edbeyEato. 0 be Swpois eyretArEdpevos avtov e€nteito Twa tav “Avtwvriov didwy ’Ade- Eav iKeTny yevopmevov’ evika d€ 7 Katcapos opy7) moAAa Kal xaAera pedopevov TOV efauroupevov ois dtexpovaaTo THv Sénow. pera de tadta mo- pevopmevov ex Acytnrov 61a Xvpias Kaicapa mavti 7T@ Baowttka mAovtTw deEapevos “Hpwédns torte Tp@Tov Kal ouvimmdcato TOLOUBEVyD mepl IIro- Acpaida T7)s duvapews eferaow €loTtiacev TE ovv amTacw Tots piros: pel ovs Kat 77H Aour7 oTpa- 57Tla mpos evwxlav mavTa diedwKEev. Tpovvoncev 1 Kuwros Aidcos conj. Hudson from Dio Cass. he 7 : Kal Aiédvos Niese: xai Bevridsos or Bevridcos Mss. 2 After the battle of Actium Cleopatra, seeking aid in all directions, sent for some gladiators who were being trained for Antony at Trapezus; the gladiators started but were intercepted. 184 JEWISH WAR, I. 391-395 (=anr. xv. 194-199) your safety, and reign henceforth more securely than and is before. So staunch a champion of the claims of ying” friendship deserves to be ruler over many subjects. Endeavour to remain as loyal to those who have been more fortunate ; since, for my part, I entertain the most brilliant hopes for your high spirit. Antony, however, did well in obeying Cleopatra’s behests rather than yours; for through his folly we have gained you. But you have already, it seems, done me a service ; for Quintus Didius writes to me that you have sent a force to assist him against the gladiators.* I therefore now confirm your kingdom to you by decree ; and hereafter I shall endeavour to confer upon you some further benefit, that you may not feel the loss of Antony.” (3) Having thus graciously addressed the king, he placed the diadem on his head, and publicly notified this award by a decree, in which he expressed his commendation of the honoured man in ample and generous terms. Herod, after propitiating Caesar with presents, then sought to obtain pardon for Alexas, one of Antony’s friends, who had come to sue for mercy; but here Caesar’s resentment was too strong for him, and with many bitter complaints against Herod’s client the emperor rejected his petition. Subsequently, when Caesar passed through Herod's Syria on his way to Egypt, Herod entertained him &rvces! for the first time with all the resources of his realm; atic -he accompanied the emperor on horseback when he mee reviewed his troops at Ptolemais; he entertained 3°3<¢. him and all his friends at a banquet ; and he followed this up by making ample provision for the good cheer of the rest ef the army. Then, for the march 185 JOSEPHUS Sé Kai d:a THs av¥dpov Topevopévois pexpe I1y- Aovalov zapacyeitv vdwp adbovov emaviotci Te Gpoiws, ovde EoTW 6 TL TOV EmiTHSEiwy Eevedéenoev TH Suvaper. S0€a yobv att@ re Kaioapi Kat tots / 7, ~ , e , oTpaTwitais Tapeatn ToAA@ Bpaxutépav “Hpwdn fy 396 zepteivar BactAelav mpos a mapécxev. 81a TodTO, c 2 > ” ” , \ ws Kev ets Atyuntov, 76n KdAeomatpas Kat "Avrwviov tTebvewtwv, od provov atvTod Tais aA- ~ 5 ‘ A =~ ’ , Aas tysais, aAAa Kai 7H Bacidcia mpooebnKev Ss ~ TyHv te 070 KAeomarpas anotunbetcav xwpav Kat ” , \¢ \ , ‘ efwhev Tddapa Kai “Iazov Kai Lapdpevav, mpos S¢ tovros Tav mapadioy Talay Kat ’AvOndova 397 kal “lommynv Kai Ltpatwvos mupyov: edwprcato 8’ avt@ Kat mpos dvAakynv tot awpatos TeTpa- , / a / > / Kkocious Tadaras, ot mpotepov edopuvddopovy KrAeo- matpav. ovoev b€ ovTws evayev adbrov eis Tas Swpeas ws TO peyadddpov tod AapPavovtos. , 398 (4) Mera 5€ tHv mpudtnv “Axziada zpootibnow avtod 7H Baoireia tov tre Tpaywva’ Kadovpevov Kal Ti)v mpocexy Batavaiav te kai tHv Atpavirw , >] ci ~ 5 b Zi i) € A xwpav e€ aitias toaade Zyvodwpos o tov Avoa- viov peutcbwpevos olxov ov béAcitev emadeis ~ / ~ ‘ Ttovs ex Tod Tpaywvos Anotas Aapacknvois. ot ¢ =~ S ext Ovappwva tov Fyepova ths Lupias Kata- ~ 4 ~ duyovtes eden Onoav SnADoa tTHv ovpdopav adbrav , - A \ > , , Kaicapt- Katcap 6€ yvovds avteméoteA\ey e&€- 399 aipeOjvar TO Anotipiov. atpatevaas obv Oddppwy @ §§ 361 f. > The later Caesarea. ¢ ‘The games at Actium were celebrated for the first 186 JEWISH WAR, I.395-399 (= ant. xv 200 f. 217,343 ff.) to Pelusium across the arid desert, and likewise for the return, he took care to furnish the troops with abundance of water; in short, there were no neces- saries which the army lacked. ‘The thought could not but occur both to Caesar himself and to his soldiers that Herod's realm was far too restricted, in comparison with the services which he had rendered them. Accordingly, when Caesar reached Egypt, after the death of Cleopatra and Antony, he not only conferred new honours upon him, but also annexed to his kingdom the territory which Cleopatra had appropriated,? with the addition of Gadara, Hippos and Samaria and the maritime towns of Gaza, Anthedon, Joppa, and Strato’s Tower.® He further presented him, as a bodyguard, with four hundred Gauls, who had formerly served Cleopatra in the same capacity. And nothing so strongly moved the emperor to this liberality as the generous spirit of him who was the object of it. (4) After the first. period of the Actian. era’ Caesar added to Herod’s realm the country called Annexati to Herod’ kingdom. Subseque additions (Trachoni Trachonitis, with the adjacent districts of Batanaea etc.) and Auranitis. The occasion of this grant was as follows. Zenodorus, who had taken on lease the domain of Lysanias, was perpetually setting the brigands of Trachonitis to molest the inhabitants of Damascus. The latter fled for protection to Varro, the governor of Syria, and besought him to report their sufferings to Caesar; on learning the facts Caesar sent back orders to exterminate the bandits. Varro, accordingly, led out his troops, cleared the time in 28 s.c., then in the years 24, 20, 16 B.c., etc. That enlargement of territory therefore took place ‘after the course of the first Actiad had run,’ @.6. in the end of 24 B.c. or beginning of 23 s.c. ’’ (Schurer). 187 ¢; 23) BG. 409 401 : > \ > , , , \ c . 402 €Ls TV Avtwyvtou TLL. TO YE pPYyV EQaUTOL JOSEPHUS , - ) ~ \ ~ 4 b] -~ Kabatpes Te TOv avdpav thy yhv Kat adatpetrat 72 a e -~ e \ Zynvodwpov' nv vatepov Katoap, ws pn yévotto 7 = ’ ‘ A maAw dpuntnpiov tots Anotats emi tHv Aapackov, ‘“Hpuwidn Si6wow. Katéeatnoev b€ avtov Kai Xv- , e 2 tse ” , , bd \ > pias oAns emitpomov €7El dexaTw maAw eABav Els THV eTmapxiav, ws pendev efeivar diya THs exeivou aupBovAtas Tots emt poTrots StotKelv. e7rel be teAevta Zyvodwpos, Tmpocévewev atT@ Kal THv petagv Tpaywvos kat 77s TadAalas yqv anacav. 6 b€ tovTwv ‘Hpwdn petlov jv, tro wev Kaicapos . ~ , > U elie U ‘ \ edireito pret “Aypinmav, um ‘“Aypinnma b€ peta Kaicapa. evfev émi mAeioTtov prev evdaimovias / > ~ > > , / = 4 4A mpovkowev, eis wetlov 8° €Enpbn dpovnua Kai To mAgov THs peyadovoias emeTewev ets evoeBevav. e 4 ~ »” ~ (xxi. 1) [levtexaidexatw yobv eter tis Baot- ‘ ‘ Aelas attov Te Tov vaov émecketacev Kal epi , ~ alTov aveTetxlcaTo ywpav THs ovans Si7Aaciova . ~ - GuLeTpols fev ypnodjevos Tots avaAwpaow av- / \ - , , \ > uteppAntw de 7H moAuTEAEla. TeKunpiov dé oar at peydAat oToal mEepi 70 Lepov Kai 7o Bopetov ez ~ > att@ dpovpiov' as pev yap avwKodounoev ek , a > s , , a GepeAiwyv, 6 8 émicKevdcas tAovTw dayiAEt Kat 20.4 A , ” > 7 o/h ovoev tTav Bactrkeiwy €AatTov *“Avrwviav éxadecel / \ \ »” 4, / /, Bacitevov Kata THv avw Seuapevos ToAw, duc , ‘ 9 ToUs jLeylaTous Kai TepiKadAXeaTtaToUs oiKoUs, ols * M. Vipsanius Agrippa (63-12 B.c.), the devoted friend minister and presumptive successor to Augustus, builder o1 the Pantheon and organizer of the Roman navy. » ** Or thanks to this favoured position.” ¢ According to A. xv. 380 “the eighteenth year”’; the 188 JEWISH WAR, I. 399-402 ( =anrT. xv. 360 f., 380, 318 district of these pests and deprived Zenodorus of his tenure. This was the territory which Caesar sub- sequently presented to Herod, to prevent it from again being used by the brigands as a base for raids upon Damascus. When ten years after his first visit c. 20 .c. Caesar returned to the province, he, moreover, gave Herod the position of procurator of all Syria, for the (Roman) procurators were forbidden to take any measures without his concurrence. Finally, on the death of Zenodorus, he further assigned to him all the territory between Trachonitis and Galilee. But what Herod valued more than all these privileges was that in Caesar’s affection he stood next after Agrippa,? in Agrippa’s next after Caesar. Thence- forth ® he advanced to the utmost prosperity ; his noble spirit rose to greater heights, and his lofty ambition was mainly directed to works of piety. (XXI. 1) Thus, in the fifteenth year® of his reign, Herod’s _ he restored the Temple and, by erecting new founda- Puiunss tion-walls, enlarged the surrounding area to double tion of th its former extent. The expenditure devoted to this ae work was incalculable, its magnificence never sur- ® 20-19 ®. passed ; as evidence one would have pointed to the great colonnades around the Temple courts and to the fortress which dominated it on the north. The colonnades Herod reconstructed from the founda- tions ; the fortress he restored at a lavish cost in a The fortre style no way inferior to that of a palace, and called % 4"°™ it Antonia in honour of Antony. His own palace, the royal which he erected in the upper city, comprised two P#!#°* most spacious and beautiful buildings, with which latter appears to be the correct date of the beginning of the work (Schiirer), which was not completed till c. a.p. 28 \(Gospel of S. John ii. 20). 189 JOSEPHUS > ‘ ovd 6’ vads mn ovVveKpiveTo, TpoonyopevceEV a7rO ~ ‘ \ \ , A \ > / tav dilwy tov pev Karodperov tov de “Aypiz- TELOV. ~ A 403 (2) ’AAAa yap ovdK otkois povoy attav THY pvynunv Kal Tas emuKAjoets mepteyparpev, bueBy de eis Aas odes atta@ To diAdtysov. Ev pev ye 7H Lapapeiror 7oAw Kaddorw mepiBohw TELYLOG- pevos emt oradious eikoou Kal KaTayayov e€aKio- x'Atous els avT7V oix7ropas, yy, d€ TovTous Tpoo- velwas AitapwraTynv, Kal ev péow 76 KTLOpaTL vaov Te évidpvadmevos péyioTov Kal Tepl avdTov Téu“evos amtodei~as TH Kaicape tpidv jyrotradiwv, \ » \ b] rd >’ / \ ~ > TO dotv LeBaoriy éxdXdecev: eEaiperov de Tots ev|§ att@ Tmapécyev etvopiayr. ~ > A / / ~ a / 404. (3) "Ent tovrows Swpnoapévov tot Kaicapos avrov er épas mpoabecer xepas, 6 be KavTabba i a nd >> tas “lopSdvov mnyyds- Kahetra de Idvevoy c 405 TOTS. evda Kopug?) pev TLs Opous els a7relpo vibos dvaretverat, Tapa oe T1V dmopevov Aayov ouvnpedges dv pov Umavotyet, du? ot Bapabpuwdns : Kpnuvos €is aLeTpHTOV amoppaya Babtverau mAnbe te VdaTos aoadevTov Kai Tots Kabiudou 406 TL pos Epevvay ys ovdev pAKos e€apKel. Toth, dé avtpov Kata tas e€whev pilas avaréAAovow ay, mya: Kal yeveots pev, ws eviot Soxotow, evOei}y: *lopddvov, to 8 axpiBes ev Tots éfijs Sip debrd idly th 407 (4) ‘O 68€ Baatreds Kal ev ‘lepixot pera Kvzpov tod ¢dpovpiov Kai Ta&v mpotépwv PBaorfly 1 ot 6 Bekker from a Leyden ms.: ovdé the rest. @ Mount Hermon. For a description of Paneion o 190 JEWISH WAR, I.402-407 (=anr. xv.318, 296 ff., 363 f.) the Temple itself bore no comparison; these he named after his friends, the one Caesareum, the other Agrippeum. (2) He was not content, however, to commemorate Foundati his patrons’ names by palaces only ; his munificence 2) $°?38* extended to the creation of whole cities. In the district of Samaria he built a town enclosed within magnificent walls twenty furlongs in length, intro- duced into it six thousand colonists, and gave them allotments of highly productive land. In the centre of this settlement he erected a massive temple, enclosed in ground, a furlong and a half in length, consecrated to Caesar ; while he named the town itself Sebaste. The inhabitants were given a privileged constitution. (3) When, later on, through Caesar’s bounty he the Temp received additional territory, Herod there too dedi- °} ptsust cated to him a temple of white marble near the sources of the Jordan, at a place called Paneion. At this spot a mountain ® rears its summit to an immense height aloft ; at the base of the cliff is an opening into an overgrown cavern; within this, plunging down to an immeasurable depth, is a yawning chasm, enclosing a volume of still water, the bottom of which no sounding-line has been found long enough to reach. Outside and from beneath the cavern well up the springs from which, as some think, the Jordan takes its rise; but we will tell the true story of this in the sequel.? (4) At Jericho, again, between the fortress of Cypros © and the former palace, the king constructed Paneas, later Caesarea Philippi, mod. Banias, see G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. of Holy Land, 473. > See iii. 509°ff. ¢ Built by Herod in honour of his mother, § 417. 191 JOSEPHUS Aeiwy adha kaTaoKeudoas Gyretvor Kal xpnouLw- TEpa mpos Tas éemOdnptas azo TOV avr av wvo- pacev dilwv. KabodAov 5é€ odK EoTw eizeivy ovTwa THs Baorelas emitidevov TOTOv THs mpos Kaicapa TYAS yupvov elacev. emei Se THY diay ywpav e7Arjpwoev vad, els THY emapxylay avTov: Tas Tiuas vmepeE€yeev Kat mroAAais moAcow evidpv- cato Kaodpeca. 408 (5) Karidav 5€ Kav trois mapadlois moAw dH ev Kapvovoav, Utpatwvos exadeito mUpyos, dia de eddviay tod ywpiov dé€acbac dvvapevny to diAotysov avTod, macav avéxticev AevK@ AOw kat Aapumpotatos ékdopnoev Baoreios, ev 7 409 padtota TO dice: peyaddovouy éemedeiEato. peTa€v yap Adpwv kai *lommns, Sv 7 mOAts péon KeEtTaL, macav elvat cupPeBynkev tHv tapaAov adAipevor, ws mavta Tov THY Dowikyny én’ Alyv’mtov mapa- mA€ovta cadevew ev meAdyer dia THY €K APos aveiAnv, @ Kal petpiws émavpilovte tHAcKodTov | eveyelpeTau’ Koa mpos Tais méTpais, WoTE TI UmooTpodiv Tod KUpatos emt mAeioTov e€aypiody 410 77” Gadaccavy, add’ 6 Baatdeds Tots avaAdpacw Kat 7TH PiAoTysia viKjoas THv dvow peilova pev Tod [leipards Aypeva Katecxevacev, ev S€ Tots pvyots avtod Babeis opyous €tépous. 411 (6) Kaéazav & é€ywy avtimpdccovta tov tomov ediAoveikynoev mpos THv Svaxéperav, ws TIV bev oxupoTnTa THs Souncews SvadAwTov elvar TH Gardacon, 70 b€ KaAAos ws emi pndevi dvcKodrAw Kekooujobar. ovuppeTpnoduevos yap daov €ipn- 1 ¢reyeipero PM: éyeiperac the rest. 192 JEWISH WAR, I. 407-411 (=anT. xv. 331-334) new buildings, finer and more commodious for the other reception of guests, and named them after the same pUdings, friends.* In short, one can mention no suitable spot Augustus. within his realm, which he left destitute of some mark of homage to Caesar. And then, after filling his own territory with temples, he let the memorials of his esteem overflow into the province and erected in numerous cities monuments to Caesar. (5) His notice was attracted by a town on the Caesarea coast, called Strato’s Tower, which, though then $24". dilapidated, was, from its advantageous situation, suited for the exercise of his liberality. This he entirely rebuilt with white stone, and adorned with the most magnificent palaces, displaying here, as nowhere else, the innate grandeur of his character. For the whole sea-board from Dora to Joppa, midway between which the city lies, was without a harbour, so that vessels bound for Egypt along the coast of Phoenicia had to ride at anchor in the open when menaced by the south-west wind; for even a moderate breeze from this quarter dashes the waves to such a height against the cliffs, that their reflux spreads a wild commotion far out to sea. However, by dint of expenditure and enterprise, the king triumphed over nature and constructed a harbour larger than the Piraeus, including other deep road- steads within its recesses. i (6) Notwithstanding the totally recalcitrant nature of the site, he grappled with the difficulties so success- fully, that the solidity of his masonry defied the sea, while its beauty was such as if no obstacle had existed. Having determined upon the comparative size® of ¢ Augustus and Agrippa. > i.e. “larger than the Piraeus’ (§ 410), VOL. II H 193 412 de Kai pretlous. ezet S€ avewrAnpwOn 76 vdadov,* 413 414 JOSEPHUS i , , , U 12.49 (23 ‘ Kapev T@ Ayers peyeBos Kabier Aifous én’ dpyuvias eikoow els TO TéAayos, WY Hoav ot TAEloTOL LAKOS Today mevTiKovta, Palos éevvéa, etpos déxa, TwWeEs ¢ ~ ~ 2A oUTws 70) TO UmEepexov Tod meAdyous TeEtyos ETL U / ¢€ ‘ dtakoatous modas nbpvvero: @v ot pev €KaTOov mpodedounvTo m™pos 7H dvaKkom7y TOU KUparos, Tpokvpia yoov exA7nén, 70 dé Aouzov UT7OKeuTaL T@ mepiléovte. ABivw Tetyer. TodTo S€ mUpyous / = \ te duetAnmTar peyloTols, Wy O TpoUywy Kal TeEpt- ~ 7, KkaAAéotatos amo tod Kaicapos mpoyovov Apov- aiov KeKAnTat. . raw ‘ ‘ .7 ~ (7) Vadtdes te muKval mpos KaTaywynv Tov > ~ ~ evoppilopevwv, Kal TO po attT@v av KUKAw ‘ ~ c > vaypa Tois amoPaivovow mAatvs TEptTaTOS. 6 8 elomAous Bopetos, aifpisraros yap ave“wv TD Tomw Bopéas, Kat émi Tod joToparos Kodooaol Tpeis Exatépwhev treaTnprypévor Kloaw, wv TOUS >’ = \ pev ex Aatds xeipos elomAcovTwy mUpyos vaoTos > / \ \ > > ~ 4 > \ , aveyet, Tous be €xk de€vod Svo dpBoi Aifo. cvv- / ~ A “~ /, eCevypevo. 700 Kata GUarepov yeidos mUpyou pet- A o> ‘ -~ ~ ‘ loves. mpoceyets 8° oikiat T@ Ayer, AevKOD Kat > \ c avrat Aifov, Kat KATATELWOVTES €7 avTov ol OTEVWTOL TOU. GaTEOS Tpos ev dudornpa. prepe~ \ TPHUEVOL. KAL TOU oTOMATOS dyruKpv vaos Kat- > ‘\ gapos emi ynAopov KdAAer Kat peyéGer diadopos 1 Destinon from Lat.: twnddv PA: Baéos the rest. * ** not less than eighteen,” A. * A. adds ** who died young.’ Nero Claudius Drusus (38-9 s.c.), son of Livia, afterwards wife of Augustus, and father of Germanicus. * Or “ vaulted chambers,”’ “ crypts.” 4 Strictly a temple of Rome and Augustus, as Reinach 194 99 «6 JEWISH WAR, I. 411-414 (=anrT. xv. 334-339) the harbour as we have stated, he had blocks of stone let. down into twenty fathoms of water, most of them measuring fifty feet in length by nine in depth and ten “ in breadth, some being even larger. Upon the submarine foundation thus laid he constructed above the surface a mole two hundred feet broad ; of which one hundred were built out to break the surge, whence this portion was called the break- water, while the remainder supported a stone wall encircling the harbour. From this wall arose, at intervals, massive towers, the loftiest and most magnificent of which was called Drusion after the step-son of Caesar.? (7) Numerous inlets ° in the wall provided landing- places for mariners putting in to harbour, while the whole circular terrace fronting these channels served as a broad promenade for disembarking passengers. The entrance to the port faced northwards, because in these latitudes the north wind is the most favour- able of all. At the harbour-mouth stood colossal statues, three on either side, resting on columns ; the columns on the left of vessels entering port were supported by a massive tower, those on the right by two upright blocks of stone clamped together, whose height exceeded that of the tower on the opposite side. Abutting on the harbour were houses, also of white stone, and upon it converged the streets of the town, laid at equal distances apart. On an eminence facing the harbour-mouth stood Caesar’s temple,? remarkable for its beauty and grand pro- remarks, referring to Suet. dug. 52 “*templa . .. in nulla provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine recepit.”’ This is indicated in Josephus by the mention of the two statues. 195 416 417 418 JOSEPHUS év 5° att@® Kodoaces Kaiocapos ob« amodéwv Tob "Oduyriaow Ards, @ Kat mpoceikacra, ‘Pwuns S€ icos “Hpa rH Kar’ “Apyos. avébnkev d€ TH pev evrapyia Thy moAw, Tois tavtTn de mAoilo- pevors Tov Amwéva, Kaicapr b€ tHYv Tisnv Too ktiauatos: Katodperav yotv wvouacev atrnpy. (8) Ta ye pry Aowa ta&v epywv, audiPéatpov Kai OéaTpov Kat ayopas, aéia Tis mpoanyopias eviopvcaTo. Kai TEVTAETHPLKOUS aywvas KaTa- oTnaduevos ouoiws éxdAecev amo Tov Katcapos, mpa@tos atvTos d0Aa péytota mpobeis emi Tis éxaToaThns évevyKooThs dSevtépas oAvpmiados, €v ols ov pdvov ot vik@vtes, GAAG Kal of wet adtods Kai of tTpitot tot BaciAcKod mAovTov peTeAdy- Bavov. avaxtioas d€ Kai ‘“AvOydova tHv zapa- Avov katappidbeicav ev modéuw ‘Aypinmeov mpoo- nyopevoe’ tod 8 adtrod gidov &’ stzepBodrjyv evvolas Kai emi THs mUAns exapakev TO Gvoua, AV avTos €v TO va@ KaTEGKEvACEV. (9) Diozmdtwp ye pyv, ef Kal Tis ETEpOS’ Kal yap T@ matpi pvynpetov KatéOnkev moAw, HW ev T® KadXlatw tis Baotrelas tediw KTigas moTApOIs te Kai dévdpecw mAovciay wvouacev ‘“Avtimazpisa, Kai To Umep ‘leptxovvtos Ppovptov oxupoTyTe kai KaAdec diadopov tetyicas avébnKev TH pyTpi mpocersay Kuzpov. DacarjAw b€ radeAd@ tov ev ‘lepocoAvpous ouwvupov mupyov, ob TO TE oxjpa Kal tHy ev 7T@ peyeder modvuréAccav dia tav €éns SnAwoopev. Kai modAw GAAnv xrTioas * Or Agrippias, A: xiii. 357: the town was close to Gaza. > At Jerusalem ; the particular gate so called is unknown. 196 72» wee, bee} ‘Gage a_ Ooo Fe —_— ne eo Ae -——~ JEWISH WAR, I. 414-418 (= nT. xv. 339, xvi. 136-145) portions; it contained a colossal statue of the em- peror, not inferior to the Olympian Zeus, which served for its model, and another of Rome, rivalling that of Hera at Argos. The city Herod dedicated to the province, the harbour to navigators in these waters, to Caesar the glory of this new foundation, to which he accordingly gave the name of Caesarea. (8) The rest of the buildings—amphitheatre, Quin- theatre, public places—were constructed in a style Cee worthy of the name which the city bore. He further Caesarea instituted quinquennial games, likewise named after Caesar, and inaugurated them himself, in the hundred 10-9 8.c. and ninety-second Olympiad, offering prizes of the V4." highest value; at these games not the victors only, Olympia but also those who obtained second and third places, participated in the royal bounty. Another maritime town, which had been destroyed Foundat in war-time, namely Anthedon, he rebuilt and re- es named Agrippium%; and so great was his affection pium); for this same friend Agrippa, that he engraved his name upon the gate which he erected in the Temple.® (9) No man ever showed greater filial affection. of Anti- As a memorial to his father he founded a city in the eee : fairest plain in his realm, rich in rivers and trees, Phasaeli and named it Antipatris.° Above Jericho he built the walls of a fortress, remarkable alike for solidity and beauty, which he dedicated to his mother under the name of Cypros. To his brother Phasael he erected the tower in Jerusalem called by his name, the appearance and splendid proportions of which we shall describe in the sequel.4 He also gave the ¢ Ras el ‘Ain, some 10 miles inland from and N.E. of Joppa, on the road from Jerusalem to Caesarea. 4 vy, 166-169. 197 419 420 421 JOSEPHUS Kata tov amo ‘lepiyots idvrwy atAdva zpos Bopéeav DacanAtda wvopacer. (10) [lapadods e al@ve Tous Te olKelous Kal didrous ovde Tis éavtob pvTeNS mpednoev, anna dpovpiov ev emuTetxioas 7T®@ mpos “ApaBiay oper Tpoonyopevaev ‘Hpeidevov a eavTod, Tov Oe hakioesa KoAwvov ovTa xXElpoTrointov, é&jnKovTa oTadlwv amwhev ‘lepocoAtvjuwv, éxddecev peev opotus, eEnoknoev de prroriorepov. oTpoyyv- Rows pev yap THVv akpav TUpyois mepieayev, emtAn- pwoev de TOV zeptBodov Baotrctous toAuteheora- TOUS, Ws pn movov THY Evdov TOV oltKnuaTwY ow evar Aapmpay, dara Kai Tois e€whev Tolxous Kal Gpiyxois Kat oréyais mepikextofat tov mAodrov daiAj. moppwhev b€ peylorors dvaddpaow bbd- twv mAbs elonyayev Kat Babuots Sraxoators AcuKotarns peappdpov THY avooov d:eAaBev- Hv yap 67, TO yrHAodov emetk@s dynAov Kat mav XEtpo- TOLNTOV. KaTEOKEvacEY de kal mept Tas pias adda Baciveva TH TE aTocKEeUnVY Kal Tos didous deEacba. Svvayeva, wore TH pev mavtTa exew moAw elvat doxeivy TO Epupa, TH Teprypady Se BactAevov. (11) Tooatra ovyxrioas mAelorais Kal 7av e€w mordewy To peyadroysvyxov émedeiEato, Tpr- move pev [yap)|' Kat Aapack®@ Kai IlroAepatdr yupvaoia, BUBAw d€ tTetyos, eEédpas 5é€ Kal oToas Kal vaovs Kal ayopas Bnput@® KatacKevdoas Kal Tipw, Libavi ye pnv Kai Aapack@ Oéarpa, Aao- 1 om. Bekker. * Literally “in the form of a breast.” bl ll JEWISH WAR, I. 118-422 (=anT. xvi. 145f., xv.323 ff.) name of Phasaelis to another city which he built in the valley to the north of Jericho. (10) But while he thus perpetuated the memory of his family and his friends, he did not neglect to leave memorials of himself. Thus he built a fortress in the hills on the Arabian frontier and called it after himself Herodium. An artificial rounded @ hill, sixty furlongs from Jerusalem, was given the same name, but more elaborate embellishment.? The crest he crowned with a ring of round towers ; the enclosure was filled with gorgeous palaces, the mag- nificent appearance of which was not confined to the interior of the apartments, but outer walls, battle- ments, and roofs, all had wealth lavished upon them in profusion. He had, at immense expense, an abundant supply of water brought into it from a distance, and provided an easy ascent by two hundred steps of the purest white marble ; the mound, though entirely artificial, being of a considerable height. Around the base he erected other palaces for the accommodation of his furniture and his friends. Thus, in the amplitude of its resources this stronghold resembled a town, in its restricted area a simple palace. (11) After founding all these places, he proceeded to display his generosity to numerous cities outside his realm. Thus, he provided gymnasia for Tripolis, Damascus and Ptolemais, a wall for Byblus, halls, porticoes, temples, and market-places for Berytus and Tyre, theatres for Sidon and Damascus, an aqueduct ® Built in memory of his victory over the Jewish allies of the Parthians, §265; modern Jebel Fereidis (“ Hill of Paradise’”’ or Frank mountain), some 4 miles S.E. of Bethlehem. ‘The site of the other Herodium is unidentified. 199 The two buildings called Herodiun Herod’s various bounties to foreigr cities. 423 424 426 427 JOSEPHUS dixedor 5é Tois mapadlous dddTwy eicaywyny, > U \ ~ A / ss Acxadwvitars 6€ Badaveta Kat Kprvas modv- tedets, pos 5€ meplatvAa Oavpacta TH Te épya- clay Kai 70 péyefos: etot 8° ois addon Kai Actwd- > / A 4 / <4 ‘ vas avéOnxev. troAAat bé moAets WomTep KoLvwvot THS BaotAetas Kal xapav eAaBov Tap avTob: yupvacvapxtars 8° addas ezetnolo Te Kat du- TveKeow cdwpyHoato mpogodous Kararagas, _woTep Koos, ¢ va. pnd€more exAetmry TO yepas. oirov ye nv maow exopnyngev tots Seopevors, KaL 77 ‘Pddw xpipara pev els vauTiKOD + KAaTAGKEUTVY mapéaxev moAAaxod' Kai moAAdKis, eumpynaber de To [lvGtov idlous avaAwdpacw dyewov avedetpato. ‘ , ~ / 4 > / nn ’ ‘ Kai 7 det A€yew Tas eis Avxious 7 Laptous Swpeas 7" THY Su CANS THS ‘lwvias, ev ois ede7Onaay € eKa- atot, SaiAevav; add’ “A@nvatou kat AaKkedauo- vio. NixomoAirai te Kai to Kata Muotay Ilépya- pov od Tav ‘Hpwidov yenovow avabnpatwv; THv o” “Avtioxéw Tov év Lupia mAatetay od devKtqV ovcav v70 BopBopov KATEOTPWOEV Te, oradiow etkoot TO HijKos ovcar, feo7# Hapudpw Kal 7pos Tas T@v veTav Pareto Re*) EKOOUNGEVY LOOpTKEL o7T0a; (12) Tatra pev av tis elmo ida THv €d Ta- fovrwy® Siwy éxdatov, To b€ "HAetois yaprobev ] / b ~ ¢ / > 3 a ~ ov povoy KoWwoV 77s EMaddos, aAX’ oAns Tis olkouperTys d@pov, els Hv 7 d0fa 7@y ’OdAvpzriacw* Taywvwy Suxveitat. tovtovs yap 817 Katadvo- 1 zod\X\a Destinon: / rod\d\axq (cf. Plato, Rep. 538 p). 2 ebtadoivrwy PLV and a Leipzig ms. 3 Bekker: ray év "OX\vumriacw Mss. * Keeper of the gymnasium, responsible for the conduct 200 C JEWISH WAR, I. 422-427 (=anrt. xvi. 147-149) for Laodicea on sea, baths, sumptuous fountains and colonnades, admirable alike for their architecture and their proportions, for Ascalon; to other com- munities he dedicated groves and meadow-land. Many cities, as though they had been associated with his realm, received from him grants of land ; others, like Cos, were endowed with revenues to maintain the annual office of gymnasiarch ® to per- petuity, to ensure that this honourable post should never lapse. Corn he supplied to all applicants ° ; to the people of Rhodes he made contributions again and again for shipbuilding,” and when their @ Pythian temple was burnt down he rebuilt it on a grander scale at his own expense. Need I allude to his donations to the people of Lycia or Samos, or to his liberality, extended to every district of Ionia, to meet its needs? Nay, are not Athenians and Lacedaemonians, the inhabitants of Nicopolis and of Pergamum in Mysia, laden with Herod’s offerings ? And that broad street in Syrian Antioch, once shunned on account of the mud—was it not he who paved its twenty furlongs with polished marble, and, as a protection from the rain, adorned it with a colonnade of equal length ? (12) In these cases, it may be said, the individual] nis communities concerned were the sole beneficiaries ; ¢r?¥™ his bounty to the people of Elis, on the other hand, Olympic was a gift not only to Hellas at large but to the 8" whole world, wherever the fame of the Olympic games penetrates. Tor, observing that these were of festal games and for the maintenance and payment of trainers and training-masters. ® Or * to all in need of it.’ ¢ Cf. § 280 for his shipbuilding | at Rhodes in humbler circumstances. aC pepe XVicot Ag. VOL. 4. H 2 201 JOSEPHUS pLévous amopia Xpyparov opav Kal TO jovov Act- yavov Tis apxacas “EAAados tzroppeov, ov jeovoy aywvobérns as éméTuxev TevraeTnploos eis ‘Po- pn mrapam Aw eyeveTo, aAAa Kat mpos To b- nveKes Tmopous Xpneareov amédefev, ws pnd€more 428 dywvober odoay avrTod TV prjpny emtAimeiv. av- HvuTov av ein xpe@v diaddcers 7 Popwv éemeEvevar, Kkabamep DaonAXirars xat Badravedtais Kai Tots mept tHv KiAukiavy aoAuyviois tas éryaiovs etc- dopas emeEexovdicev. mAcioTov ye pv adrod THs peyahovotas efpavaev 6 ddPos, ws pa) do€evev eripfovos 4 Tt Onpacbar petlov, evepyeT@v Tas moAets A€ov TOV ExovTwy, j; 429 (13) "Expyjoaro dé Kal TU pPare mpos TH boxy dvahoyw, KUVayeTys peev dpiaros del yevopevos, ev @ pdhora bu €ymrerptay immuKis eTeT UY XQVEV" pa yotv hpépa mote TecoapdKovta Onpiwv éxpa- Thoev, eoTt SE Kal ovo7pogos pev 7) xwpa, TO mAgov & ehdduv Kal ovaypwv eU770 pos" moAe- 430 pots 8 avuT o7TaTOs. moAXot yoov Kav Tats yupvacias avrov ERS SI GKOVTLOTHV TE (QvBoduratov’ Kat to€oTnv evoToywratov idovres. ™pos de Tots Puxuxots KQL TOtS cwpariKots 7mpo- TEpT Lac EXpTjoaTo Kai de&ia TUXT Kal yap o7avLov ETT OLoEV ev woAduw, Kal THY TraLo pd. - Twv ovK avbtos aitios, GAN’ 7 mpodocia TwWav 7 TPOTETELA OTPATLWT@Y EyEVETO. 1 e}@vBoX\esrarov PAM Exc. * Fither his second visit to Rome (12 B.c.) or his third (c. 8 B.c.) (Schiirer). ’ A maritime town of Lycia. © On the Syrian coast opposite Cyprus, between Laodicea and Aradus. 202 JEWISH WAR, I. 427-430 declining for want of funds and that this solitary relic of ancient Greece was sinking into decay, he not only accepted the post of president for the quadrennial celebration which coincided with his visit* on his voyage to Rome, but he endowed them for all time with revenues, which should pre- serve an unfading memory of his term as president. The enumeration of the debts and taxes discharged by himself would be endless; it was thus, for in- stance, that he lightened the burden of their annual taxes for the inhabitants of Phaselis,® Balanea * and various minor towns in Cilicia. Often, however, his noble generosity was thwarted by the fear of exciting either jealousy or the suspicion of entertaining some higher ambition, in conferring upon states greater benefits than they received from their own masters. (13)% Herod’s genius was matched by his physical wis pn; constitution. Always foremost in the chase, in which Prowes he distinguished himself above all by his skill in horsemanship, he on one occasion brought down forty wild beasts in a single day ; for the country breeds boars and, in greater abundance, stags and wild asses. As a fighter he was irresistible; and at practice spectators were often struck with astonish- ment at the precision with which he threw the javelin, the unerring aim with which he bent the bow. But besides these pre-eminent gifts of soul and body, he was blessed by good fortune ; ¢ he rarely met with a reverse in war, and, when he did, this was due not to his own fault, but either to treachery or to the recklessness of his troops. 4 This paragraph has no parallel in A. ¢ Cf. and contrast the estimate in A. xvii. 191 f. 203 JOSEPHUS 43] (XXil. 1) Tas ye enV brratOpous eUmpaytas v} / ~ TUXn Tois KaT olkoV dvapots evejeo7jcer, Kal KaKOOaYLOVELY EK yUvaLKoS mp§aro aept iy paAc- 432 OTA €o7rovoacev. emretd7) yap eis Ty apxnv Tap- nAGev, drome pd Levos nv towwoTns 7KTO yapeTay, yevos qv e€ ‘lepocoAdpwy Awpis Ovopla, ‘yapet Mapidppny THY “AdeEdvdpou Too “AptotoBovaov vyarepa, du’ ave oTac.acbjvat ovveBy TOV oikov, Kal TAaXLOV pev, pahora d¢€ pera THY eK 433 Pens adiéw. Tp@Tov ev yap TOV €K THS Awpidos viov ’Avtimatpov 6a tovs ex Mapidp- uns edvyadevoev THS TOAEws, pdvais Tais EopTais edeis' KaTLevar EmELTA TOV TamMTOV THS yuvaikos ‘Ypxavov ex IldpOwy mpos atrov éABovta 8 bmovotayv emiPovdAns aveidev, dv hypadwticato fev Bapladpavns Kar ad papav ‘Duplav, efyTnoavTo be 434 KOT olTov ot vmep Eddparny opoebvets. Kal et ye TOUTOLS emetoOn Tapawovow 27) vaBijvae 7™pos “Hpwddnv, odK av mapamddAeto: SéAcap 8 atT@ favarov Tis viwvis 6 yadpos KatéoTn: TovTwW yap meTo\OWs KaL TEpLaodY TL THS TaTplOos éepiépmevos qKev. trapwvvev b€ “Hpwdnv otc atrtos aytt- TOLOU[LEVOS Baowdetas, aA’ émet TO POR eae é77€BadAev av7@. 435 (2) Tay be eK Mapiappns mévte TéKvew are yevouevwy dvo pev Ovyatépes, tpeis 8° Hoav viets. Kal TOUTwWY 6 vewTaTos pev ev ‘Pay maidevd- pevos TedevTa, dvo dé Tovs mpeacBuTdrovs Baot- 1 égcis Exc. (the usual verb in Josephus): adeis the rest. «Cf. § 241. > § 260. ¢ For his resignation of the throne see B. i. 120 ff. 4 Salampsio and Cypros. 204 JEWISH WAR, I. 431-435 (cf. anv. xv. 14, 164 ff.) (xxii.1) But, in revenge for his public prosperity, fortune visited Herod with troubles at home; his ill-fated career originated with a woman to whom he was passionately attached. For, on ascending the throne, he had dismissed the wife whom he had taken when he was still a commoner, a native of Jerusalem named Doris, and married Mariamme, daughter of Alexander, the son of Aristobulus.* It was she who brought into his house the discord, which, beginning at an earlier date, was greatly aggravated after his return from Rome. For, in the first place, in the interests of his children by Mariamme, he banished from the capital the son whom he had had by Doris, namely Antipater, allowing him to visit it on the festivals only. Next he put to death, on suspicion of conspiracy, Hyrcanus, Mariamme’s grandfather, who had come back from Parthia to Herod’s court. Hyreanus had been taken prisoner by Barzapharnes when the latter overran Syria,? but had been liberated through the inter- cession of his compassionate countrymen living beyond the Euphrates. And had he but followed their advice not to cross the river to join Herod, he would have escaped his tragic fate ; but the marriage of his grand-daughter lured him to his death. He came relying upon that and impelled by an ardent longing for his native land, and roused Herod's resentment not by making any claim to the throne, but because it actually belonged to him by right. (2) Herod had five children by Mariamme, two daughters? and three sons. The youngest son died in the course of his training in Rome; to the two elder sons ® he gave a princely education, both out ¢ Alexander and Aristobulus. 205 Herod's domesti trazedie Banishr of his s¢ Antipat Executi of Hyre c. 30 B.¢ Herod’s childre1 Mariam JOSEPHUS ~ > Ld Ak@s Hyev did Te THY pHTpwav edyeveray Kal OTL > / ~ ‘ / 436 Bactrevovre eyeyovevoay atTt@. 70 Sé€ TovTwY 43 438 loxuporepov 6 Maprdppns Epws ouvnpyet, Kal? Tyeépay eKKaLeV “Hpwdny AaBporepos, ws pndevos Tov dia TV oTepyopmevny Avanpay aicGavecGat* Togovrov yap HV pigos ets avTov Tijs Mapidppns, Ogos €KELVOU 7pos avrny Epus. €xovoa oe id fev améybevav ex TOY mpaypatwv evdAoyov, THV de Trappyavay eK TOD pirciobar, davep@s aveldilev avTg@ Ta KATA TOV TaTTTOV “Tpkavov Kal TOV ddehdov "Twvabnv: obde yap TOUTOV Katzep ovTos maidos edelcato, Sods pev atT@ TV apxvepw- avvnv emTaKkaioeKeTer, peta Se THY TYLnY KTElVaS evléws, eed tiv tepav écbAra AaBovtr Kal 7™@ Pwd mpoceAPovt. Kab? é€opriyv abpovv en- edaKpuoev TO mAnOos. méumeTar pev odv oO Tais dua vuKtos eis ‘lepiyotvra, exe 5€ Kat’ evToAny timo tav Tadatav Banrilopevos ev KodAvpByOpa teAcuTa. (3 ) Ava 7até “Hpwdny peev evet0ulev 7 Ma- piduyun, Kal tHv adeAdry atdrtod Kal Ty pnTepa dewais e€vBpulev Aodopiats. adr 6 pev Tegt- [LwTo Tots iwépos, dew? Sé€ Tas yuvaikas ayava- KTHOlS EloTjEl, Kal mpos 6 pdALvoTa KWHoEwW TOV “Hpwdnv eueAdov, eis provyetav d1€BaddAov adriy, 439 dAAa te moda mpos TO mbavov évoxevalopevat, ~ > / e ~ KGL KaTTHYOpovoat du0Te THY €lKOVa THY _€AUTNS * Called Aristobulus (probably his second name) in the narrative in A. (xv. 51, etc.). ’ A detail not in A. and, as Reinach points out, an anachronism, as Herod only received his guard of Gauls 206 JEWISH WAR, I. 435-439 (cf. anr. xv. 41 ff., 27) of respect for their mother’s illustrious parentage, and because they had been born after his accession to the throne. But a still stronger influence in their favour was Herod’s passion for Mariamme, the con- suming ardour of which increased from day to day, so that he was insensible to the troubles of which his beloved one was the cause; for Mariamme’s hatred of him was as great as was his love for her. As the events of the past gave her just reason for aversion, and her husband’s love enabled her to speak plainly, she openly upbraided him with the fate of her grandfather Hyrcanus and her brother Jonathan.?, For Herod had not spared even this poor lad; he had bestowed upon him in his seven- teenth year the office of high-priest, and then im- mediately after conferring this honour had put him to death, because, on the occasion of a festival, when the lad approached the altar, clad in the priestly vestments, the multitude with one accord burst into tears. He was, consequently, sent by night to Jericho, and there, in accordance with instructions, plunged into a swimming-bath by the Gauls? and drowned. (3) It was on these grounds that Mariamme up- braided Herod, and then proceeded violently to abuse his mother and sister. He was paralyzed by his infatuation ; but the women, seething with indignation, brought against her the charge which was bound in their opinion to touch Herod most nearly, that of adultery. Among much else which they invented to convince him, they accused Mari- amme of having sent her portrait to Antony in after the death of Cleopatra in 30 B.c. (4. xv. 217 ||; B. 1.397). Aristobulus was murdered five years earlier. 207 His pa: for Marian He mu his bro in-law Jonath (Aristo bulus) 39 B.C. and his Mariam JOSEPHUS / ’ ww > / ‘ - | e mepwerev eis Atyumtov *Avrwiw Kat du’ t7ep- A > / > ~ , e \ > 7 BoAnv aceAyelas atotoav Sei€evev €avtiy avOpuTw 440 yuvatkouavobvte Kat Praleobar duvayevw. todé’ 45 443 l tbo @omep oaKnmtos éeumecwv eérapakev “Hpwdny, pdAdtora prev dia Tov epwra CndAotimws €ExovTa, Aoyilopevov S€ Kat tiv KAeomatpas dewodrnta, bv a / i \ > , \ / nv Avoavias te 6 Baatrteds avynpyto Kat MadAxos "Apa od yap adaipécer yapetys eueTper Tov kivouvov, aAAa Bavarw. (4) MéAAwy obv amodnunoew “lwonmw Tod avdpt Ladwpns THs adeAdijs adtovd, motos be Hv Kai dia TO KHOOS evUvoUS, TapaTiMeTaL THY yuvaiKa, Kpuda Sovs evtoAds avaipeiv adtyv, €l KaKEivov “Avravios. 6 6€ ‘Iwanzos ovrt Kakonbus, ara TOV €pwra Tob Baotrgws Tapacrhioa TH YUvaLKt BovAopevos, ws ovde atofavwy atrThs DTropevor dvalevyfiivar, TO amdppytov eéxdaiver. KaKelvy mpos é€mavyKovra Tov “Hpuwdnv moAAa re rept Tod mpos avtiv ovutabots év tats optAlats éopvv- prevov,’ ws ovdd epactetn more yuvaKos aAAns, ““ gavu yoov, elzev, “ Tats Tpos- [rov }? ‘leonrov evtoAais emedeifw Tov mpos nuads €pwra KrTeival joe mpooratas. (5 ) “Exdpwv ev0ews akovcas TO a7roppyTov Ws Kal ovK av TOTE Tov *lwonmov eLayyethar Ty evToAnv ddpevos el pen SvadGetperev avr, €vEe- fovoia TO mafer Kal THS KOITHS e€adopevos? avednv ev tois BactAelous avetrcito. Kat todTov Yaruiun 7 adeAdy Tov Kaipov els tas diaPodas apmdacaca tHv eis tov ‘lwanmov emePeBaiwoev 1 +xai C Lat. 2 P: om. the rest. 3 Destinon: éfad\duevos Mss. 208 JEWISH WAR, I. 439-443 (cf. anv. xv. 65 ff., 85, 240) Egypt and of carrying wantonness so far as to exhibit herself, though at a distance, to a man with a madness for her sex and powerful enough to resort to violence. This accusation struck Herod like a thunderbolt. His love intensified his jealousy ; he reflected on Cleopatra’s craft which had brought both King Lysanias * and the Arab Malchus to their end; he was menaced, he reckoned, with the loss not merely of his consort but of his life. (4) So, being on the eve of departure from his realm, he entrusted his wife to Joseph, the husband of his sister Salome, a faithful friend whose loyalty was assured by this marriage connexion, giving him private injunctions to kill her, should Antony kill him. Joseph, not with any malicious intention, but from a desire to convince her of the love which the king bore her, since even in death he could not bear to be separated from her, betrayed the secret. When Herod, on his return, in familiar intercourse was protesting with many oaths his affection for her and that he had never loved any other woman, “ A fine exhibition you gave,” she replied, “ of your love for me by your orders to Joseph to put me to death ! ” (5) He was beside himself, the moment he heard the secret was out. Joseph, he exclaimed, would never have disclosed his orders, had he not seduced her ; and, frenzied with passion, he leapt from the bed and paced the palace to and fro in his distrac- tion. His sister Salome, seizing this opportunity to slander Mariamme, confirmed his suspicion of Joseph. ¢ King of Chalcis; his murder at Cleopatra’s instigation is mentioned in A. xv. 92; he is not named in the general reference to plots against high officials in Syria in B. i. 360. Malchus is named in the last passage as an intended victim of Cleopatra, but there is no further allusion to his end. 209 Cc. 29 BC; JOSEPHUS tzowiav. 6 8 tx’ axpdtov CydAotumias éxpaveis 444 Tapaypha KTelvew mpooetakev apdotéepous. eTa- voa 0 etldws eimeTo TO Taber, Kat Tod Ovpod megovTos 0 Epws madw avelwrupetro. TOOaUTH om iy preypov7 Tijs emBupias, as pnde teAvavar oKetv avr, to be KAKWTEWS ws Coon T™poo- Aareiv, péxpt T@ xpovep 618ax4eis TO 7raGos” avadoyov THV Adanv EOXev TH Tpos mEepiodaay® diabécer. 445 (XXili. 1) KAnpovopoder de THS pNTpwas ot aides Opyjns Kal TOU pvoous EVVOLAV AapBavovres ws ToA€ pov Upewpuv Tov waTépa, Kal TO 7pd0- TEpov jeev ext ‘Pons mawWevopevor, zAéov 8 “os ets “lovdatay tréotpefay: ouvnvopotto 8 446 LUT@V Tats TAuctats 7 Oudbeots. Kat ézretd7 yap EXOVTES epay O jev TAS 77 6t60s Ladapens, | n THs untpos avt@v Katnyopnoev, 6 8 éeynue *Apye- Adov Tob KarzadoKwv Baorréws Guyarépa, T™poo- 447 ‘AdpBavov nO T@® pice. Kat mappyoiav. eK Se tod Opdcovs attav adopyas ot SvaBaMovres éAduBavov, Kat davepwrepov 7O7 TO Barret bu- ed€yovr6 TWES ws emBovrevowro prev dm apudo- Téepwv Tov vidv, 6 b€ “ApyeAdw Kydevoas Ka euyyy TapacKevalouro TO TevOep@ meTrous, W 448 ‘zt Kalcapos atrotd KaTnyopyjoeev. avamdAno- Beis b€ tTOv SdiaBordAdv “Hpwdyns womep émutet: XLop.a Tots viois KaTayer tov ex THs Awpidos ‘Avrizatpov Kal mavTa TpoTov mpoTYLay apyerat gana § geet 1a ~° tee le eee . — a ee — ee ee ee a ens 33 1 Conj. from Lat. *‘ funere cognito”’: wév@os Mss. *? Hudson from Lat. : zepiouciay mss. 2? The narrative of Mariamme’s death in A. xv. is differ- ently told. There are there two episodes, curiously similar. 210 JEWISH WAR, I. 443-448 (cf. ANT. xv. 240 ff., xvi. 66 ff.) Mad with sheer jealousy, he ordered that both should instantly be put to death. But remorse followed hard upon rage; his wrath subsided, his love revived. So consuming, indeed, was the flame of his passion that he believed she was not dead, and in his affliction would address her as though she were alive ; until time taught him the reality of his loss, when his grief was as profound as the love which he bore her while she was alive.@ (xxiii. 1) The sons inherited their mother’s resent- ment, and, reflecting on their father’s abominable crimes, eyed him as an enemy, even in the early days of their education in Rome, and still more on their return to Judaea. The antagonism grew with their years ; and when, on reaching an age to marry, one ® espoused the daughter of his aunt Salome, their mother’s accuser, and the other ° the daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, their hatred found vent in open speech. Their rashness lent a handle to slanderers, and from this time certain persons threw out plainer hints to the king that both his sons were conspiring against him, and that the son- in-law of Archelaus, counting on his father-in-law’s influence, was preparing to fly, in order to lay an accusation against his father before the emperor. Herod, drugged with these calumnies, recalled Antipater, his son by Doris, to serve as a bulwark against his other sons, and began to honour him with every mark of his special esteem. An indiscretion of Joseph during a voyage of Herod to Antony (c. 34 B.c.) leads to the execution of Joseph and the imprisonment of Mariamme. A similar indiscretion of Soemus during a voyage of Herod to Augustus (c. 29 B.c.) leads to her trial, condemnation, and death. ® Aristobulus. ¢ Alexander. at Hostility Herod of his sons k Mariamm Alexande! and Aristobul Cael ShBaGe Recall of Antipater c. 14 B.C. 449 450 451 452 453 JOSEPHUS (2) Tots & adopnros iv 7 petaBoAn, Kat Tov e€ (dwiTidos pnTpos Op@vtes mpoKoTToVTAa, O.G viv é€avT@v evyéverav ovK éKpadtovy THs ayava- KTHGEwWs, eb ExaaTov' b€ TAY aviap@v THY opynv e€édawov: wal? ot pev Kal” 7pépav mpooiotavto ~ e >» , »” A > e ‘ > uddrdov, 6 8 “Avrimatpos 7dn Kat dt’ av’tov Eeazov- dalero, deworatos pwev wy ev Tals mpos TOV TaTEpa , \ A x ~ > ~ KoAaketats, duaBoAds b€ Kata THv adeAdav Tot- KiAas evoKevalopevos Kai Ta pev avtos Aoyo- ~ \ A \ > , ’ / ToL@v, TA S€ TOvs emiTHdelovs Pyuilew Kableis, expt Tmavtamacw Tovs adeAdovs améppynev Tis BaoitikAs é€Amidos. Kat yap év tais dabyjKats \ A et > ” , Slee \ Kal davepas avros iv 707 duddoxos: ws Baorreds yoov e7éudOn Kai mpos Kaicapa 7@ Te KOoMw Kal Tais adAaus Oepamretats mAnv diadijparos Xp@- [Levos. Xpove 5 efioxvaey eloayayeiv emt TH Mapidupns KoiTny Thy pntépa. Svat 8 omrAots Kata Tv adeAdadv ypuwevos, KoAaKkela Kal 81a-}}) / elpyaoato. (3) Tov yoov “AkeEavdpov avpas JLEXpL ‘Payun: 6 7aTIp Tijs éd éavt@® dapyakelas expwev em }ti Katoapos. 6 8 etpav pods ddoduppyob Tappy clay Kal diKaoTiHy €juTTELpoTaTOV “Avtumdtpov KO. ‘Hpdov Ppovylkwrepov, Ta ev apapTHmaTa Toil’ TAT pos aidn Loves bmeotetAato, tas 8 avtoi diaBoAas ioxup@s ameAvoato.2 Kabapov dé Ka 1 @xacrov PAMV. * Bekker: ws 6(é) mss. 3 Niese and Naber: dzedvcaro mss. ; cf. B. ii. 92. * From the narrative in A. xvi. it appears that both th sons were taken to Italy and that the case was heard not a Rome but at Aquileia (xvi. 91). 212 JEWISH WAR, I. 449-453 (=anr. xvi. 81 ff.) (2) To the young men this new departure was jintolerable. At the sight of the promotion of this son of a woman of no standing, they in their pride of birth could not restrain their indignation, and on every fresh occasion for annoyance openly displayed their wrath. The result was that, while each suc- ceeding day saw them in greater disfavour, Antipater was now gaining respect on his own merits. Showing remarkable adroitness in flattering his father, he concocted various calumnies upon his half-brothers, some of whici he set in motion himself, while others were, at his instigation, circulated by his confidants, until he completely wrecked his brothers’ prospects of the throne. For both in his father’s will and by public acts he was now declared to be the heir: thus, when he was sent on an embassy to Caesar, he went as a prince, with the robes and all the cere- monial of royalty except the diadem. Eventually his influence was strong enough to bring back his mother to Mariamme’s bed; and by employing against his brothers the two weapons of flattery and slander, he stealthily so wrought upon the king’s mind as to make him even contemplate putting his sons to death. (3) One of them, at any rate, namely Alexander, was dragged by his father to Rome and there accused at Caesar’s tribunal of attempting to poison him.¢ The young man, finding himself at last at liberty to vent his grievances and in the presence of a judge with far more experience than Antipater, more sagacity than Herod, modestly threw a veil over his father’s faults, but forcibly exposed the calumnies directed against himself. He next proved that his 213 Antipate intrigues He is declared heir to tk throne c. 13 Bc: Alexande tried befc Augustus who effec a reconcil tion G12 Bc. 454 456 457 JOSEPHUS TOV adeAdov amodeiEas KOWWVOOYTA TOV Kwovvo”, ovTws 7109 70 te “Avtimdatpov mavobpyov KaL TV abr av aTyLiav arrwdupero. ovvapyet oe are pera xabapod Too ouverdoros 7) mepl Aoyous ¢ iaxus* jv yap 87 Sewdtatos eimetv. Kal TO TEdevTatov pdpevos ws TO Trarpl KTElWEw avrovs EoTW Tel 67)’ Kal mpoaterary * To eyKAnpa, mponyayev pev els ddKpua mavras, TOV be Kaicapa dueOnKev ouTws, ws amoyvavat pev att@v Ta KatTnyopneva, d1- arrAdgae de Ris ul evlews. at OuAayat 8 emmy mevlapyetv, Tov be€ tiv Pactrctav * KataAurety ah Bovderan. Bacwdrevs, TOV pev ey Anpare ad.evar® tovs viovs doKarv, Tis 6° vrovolas ovK amnAAayjevos” aipyidmomdcs yap *Avrimatpos 1% Tod picous b7dbeats, add’ cis ye TO havepov thy améyxGerar}! otk e€édepev Tov diaAAaKtiHyv aidovpevos. ws Sef! TH Kiduxtay Tapam Au Karipev els "EAavobcar, a | €oTLG prev avTov progpoves “ApxéAaos, orp THs rod yapuBpod owr7pias edxaploT@y Kal tats 6e- adAayats edn dopevos, ws av Kal TAayXLOV VEYpapers}, tois emi “Popns didous ovAAapBdveotar TEpl TIP) diy “AkeEdvopey' T Pome MTEL de pexpe Ledupior|, d@pa dovs JLEXpL TpidKovTa TaAavTwy. (5) (Qs & els lepocodupa ‘Hpwdns aguxvel- Tal, ouvayayev tov Aaov Kal Tous Tpets vious TapaoTyadpevos amedoyetTo TmEpt THs amodnpILas, 1 ef 6h conj. after Aldrich (ei 62) : 740 Mss. 2 mrpocierac Holwerda: rpocriferac MVR: mporifera: the rest. fe 3 agecxévar (-nxévac) VRC: soluisse Lat. 4 ’E\vodcav or ’EXeodcay mss. I t 214 JEWISH WAR, I. 453-457 (=anrT. xvi. 122, 129 ff.) brother, his partner in peril, was equally innocent, and then proceeded bitterly to complain of Antipater’s villainy and of the ignominy to which he and his brother were exposed. He was assisted not only bya clear conscience but by his powerful oratory, for he \}was an extremely able speaker. Concluding with the remark that it was open to their father to put them to death, if he really believed the charge to be true, Whe red: od ais bic 3 to tears, and so °*-*" [eo~ Que See eS Jaffec Stee Mow “Wied mhevmecven® - - sig “hy spa it ; af «(iON Cil w= The Sanger wey wee were that the sons should render imi}, <~ = - _, ence to their father, and that he should be at liber... es: bequeath the kingdom i}to whom he would. Ms | (4) After this the king left Rome o..“" his homeward Herod journey, apparently dismissing his charges" against Gane his sons, though not abandoning his suspicions. re‘or he was accompanied by Antipater, the cause of all \jthis hatred, who, however, was withheld by awe of the author of the reconciliation from openly display- ing his animosity. Skirting the coast of Cilicia, Herod put in at Elaeusa and received friendly enter- tainment at the table of Archelaus, who congratulated ‘}him on his son-in-law’s acquittal and was delighted at "the reconciliation ; for he had previously written to "nis friends in Rome to assist Alexander on his trial. He accompanied his guests as far as Zephyrion and “|/nade them presents amounting in value to thirty s|-alents. ;| (5) On reaching Jerusalem, Herod assembled the Heroa’s yeople, presented to them his three sons, made his eat ,|2xcuses for his absence, and rendered profuse thanks Jerusalen 215 458 459 OW. ous 460 491 JOSEPHUS kal moAAa pev edxapiorer TO Oe, modAAa dé Katoapr KaTaoTnoapeve Tov olkov avtTov TeTa- paypevov Kat petlov tL Tots viois Baotrtelas mapa- oxXovTe THY opovoay, “ay atros,” edn, * ouv- apyoow uaAAov: 0 ev yap eye KUpLoV THs apxijs Kai Oixaoriy d1adoxou KaTéoTn OE, eyd) dé peta TOU ouppepovTos E“auT@ KaKeivov duetBouat.' Tovade TOUS Tpeis matdas dmodetkvupe Pao.réis, . TIS yrepns me" -vov tov @eov ovpibngov, Ot Kal tuee, mare WM vevéoba: TQ pev yap €l7T~ Re ‘ = ois 8 evyer” any mookevec: jruKta, 4 ebos 77S Baowdetns AS cc uct ae 76 ye HAY HEY we ip Se Katcap Hever, kabiorjow de THOUTE pITE adikous TE dive - maTTps Dpels a See pa : Rc, Anois! ‘ryas l ovTes, éexdoTw O€ KaTa To m eetov ov yap TooovTov eddpaved tis TO ‘ Trop’ TAukiav Jepamrevopevor, 6aov oduv7jcet TOL aT WLovpeEvor. ovUs Ye pay EKCOTW GUVEIVAL dene cuyyevets Kai didrous, eye Siaveuad Kal THs duo volas éyyuynTas ekelvous KaTaoTHGopMaL, capa émioTapevos OTL Tas aTaoes Kai Tas diAoverkia yevy@ow at Tav ovy6.a7 piBov7 wy kaxonbevat, Ka > a > , Wow ovTOL xpyo70t, Tipobow Tas oTopyas. a€éic 6° od povov ToUTOUS adna Kal Tovs €v TH OTparu pov ta€iapxyous ev euot povov tas eAmidas exe > \ = , , \ 7 3 ‘ ‘ €mi Tov mapovtos: od yap Baoideiav, adda Timmy Baotrelas tots viois mapadidbwut, Kal TOV pe ¢ / e »” > § ‘ 4 noewv ws apyovtes amoAavcovaw, 70 Papos 6 1 due.Souevos Havercamp on ms. authority. ® Greek “‘ uneven.” JEWISH WAR, I. 457-461 (cf. ANT. xvi. 132 ff.) to God, and no less to Caesar, who had re-established his disordered household and had given his sons a greater boon than a kingdom, namely concord. “The ties of that concord,”’ he continued, * I shall bind more closely myself; for Caesar has appointed me lord of the realm and arbiter of the succession, and I, in consulting my own advantage, also repay my debt to him. I now declare these my three sons kings, and I beseech first God, and then you, to ratify my decision. They are entitled to the succes- sion, this one by his age, the others by their noble birth ; indeed the extent of my kingdom would suffice for even a greater number. Those, therefore, whom Caesar has united and their father now nominates, do you uphold; let the honours you award them be neither undeserved nor unequal,? but proportioned to the rank of each; for in paying deference to any beyond the deserts of his age, you gratify him less than you grieve the one whom you slight. I myself shall select the advisers and at- tendants ° who are to consort with each of my sons, and shal] hold them responsible for keeping the peace, being well aware that factions and rivalries among princes are produced by the malign influence of associates, while virtuous companions promote natural affection. ‘“] must require these persons, however, and not them only but also the officers of my army. for the present to rest their hopes on me alone; for it is not the kingdom, but the mere honours of royalty, whiche I am now delivering over to my sons. They will enjoy the pleasures of power, as if actual rulers, > cuyyeveis and @gi\o are, as Reinach points out, technical terms in the hierarchy of a Hellenistic court. ett He decla his three sons heir the thro JOSEPHUS = / ’ / > x” \ / 462 Ov mpayyaTwy euov eotw, Kav py BéAw. oKer- 463 464 466 téofw & Exaotos THv Te 7AAtKiavy jov Kal Tip aywyny tod Piov Kat tHv edvoeBevav- ovTe yap oUTws eli yepwv, wor av ameAmicbjva Taxéws, oUTe eis Tpudry eKdtatTwpevos, 7) KaL Vvéouvs emt- repvetat, TO O€ Oeiov ovTws TeHepavevKapev, WoT av émt pnKiotov Blov mpoeAGeiv. o 87 Tovs Epouvs maidas Oepamedwv emt TH Eun Katadvoe Swe jou Kal wept exeivwy Sikas- od yap eyw dbovav Tois €€ €“od yeyevnuévois avakomTw THY els attovs diAotysiav, émiotaevos S€ Tots veéoLs ylveoOar tas amovdas Opacovs édddvov. el ye py EKaOTOS evOupn Gey TOV TpoowovTwy OTL xpn- OTOs fev WV Tap’ epo0 Anperae THY ayrouBnv, oTa- ovale de Kal Tapa T@ Jepamrevopevp TO KAKO- nbes dvovnTov Efe, mavras oljuat Ta Epa Ppovn- cew, ToUTéoTW TA TOV EudV Viv" Kai yap TOv- Tols aupdéper Kpareiv ewe Kapot TovToOUs' oOpmo- voeiv. vets 6, o maides dyabot, m™p@rov puev evOupovpevor ld lepav puow, As Kal Tapa Onptous at oropyat pevovow, €7ElTa TOV TOLNod[LEvoVv jua@v tas diaAAayas Kaioapa, tpitov éué tov ev ois e€eoTw énitdocew TapaKxadobyta, pelware adeAgot. Sidwyr be tyuiv éeobj7a [re]* 7d Kal fepametay BaowAueny: erevxopau de Kal TO bed Tnphoat THY env Kpiow, av OMovorre. Tar cimawv Kal dirodpovws Exactov Tav vidv KaTa- omacapevos dieAvocev TO TARGos, Tovs per cuv- 1 So the corrector of A: rovrots the rest. 2 LRC: om. the rest. 218 —~ =e Po) ees Oem Ue — h JEWISH WAR, I. 462-466 (cf. anr. xvi. 135) but upon me, however unwilling, will fall the burden of office. Consider, each one of you, my age, my manner of life, my piety. I am not so old that my life may soon be past praying for, nor given over to the pleasures of luxury, which cut short the lives even of the young: I have served the deity so faithfully that I may hope for the longest term of life. Who- ever, then, pays court to my sons to bring about my downfall shall be punished by me for their sakes as well as my own. For it is not jealousy of my offspring which causes me to restrict the homage to be paid them; it is the knowledge that such flattering attentions foster recklessness in the young. If everyone who is brought into contact with my sons will but remember that, if he acts honourably he will win his reward from me, whereas if he promotes discord his malicious conduct will bring him no benefit even from the object of his flattery, then I think that all will have my interests, in other words my sons’ interest, at heart ; for it is to their advan- tage that I should govern, and to mine that they should live in harmony. “As for you, my good children, think first of the sacred ties of nature and the constancy of affection which she instils even into the beasts; think of Caesar, who brought about our reconciliation ; think, lastly, of me, who entreat you, when I might com- mand, and continue as brothers. I present you, from this moment, with the robes and retinue of royalty ; and I pray God to uphold my decision, if you live in unity.” With these words he tenderly embraced each of his sons and then dismissed the multitude. Of these 219 JOSEPHUS ~ ’ / 4 : We , evyouevous Tois eipnuevots, Gaot 8 eeOUpouv peta- BoAjs, und axynKo€évat mpoamo.ovpévous. . , A a > ~ e 4 467. (xxiv. 1) Luvamjer 5€ tois adeAdois 4 ataats, , ‘ 2139 ‘ Kal yelpous tas em aAdArjAow vmovolas €xovtes > amnAAdynoav, “AdAgEavdpos pev Kai ‘“Apioto- ~ ’ 7 BovAos ddvvwpevoe Kexupwpevov Avtimatpw Tod , > \ ~ mpeahetov, ‘Avtimatpos d€ Kai tod Seutepevew ms = > a > 2. ae \ , 468 veea@v Tois adeAdois. add’ o pev moikiAuitatos dv To WOos éxeuvbeiv Te det Kal TOAAM TH Trav- , ’ ~ m 4 ovpyw TO mpos adtovs exdAumTe picos, Tois dé bu edyéverav av TO vonfev Hv emi yAwoons’ Kai Fd A > / , ‘ \ mapofvvovtes prev eveKewTo moAXoi, mAeiouvs Se 469 TOv diAwy mapedvovTo KaTdoKoToL. av S€ TO ay map ~“AdrcEavdpw AadnBev etOéws Fv map’ *Avtt- TATpW, KAL pera mpooOnKns: pereBawvev amo ’Avtt- 77 pov ™pos “Hpawdqy: ovre yap amas pbey- Edyevos 0 veavias avuTevOuvos Hv, adda eis diaBoAjnv ro pnbev eotpéheto, Kal peTpiws map- / ~ , pyciacapevov peytota Tots éAayioto.s mpoc- / / 3 9 , 2? A A > , 470 emAarTeTo. Kabler 8 *Avtimatpos det tovs épebi- <4 ~ \ ~ govTas, OTWs avT@ TO Wevdos Exo. Tas adopyas > A A ~ / o \ aAnfeits: Kat TOv Pyutlonevwy ev te SreAeyybev amacw mioTw emetifer. Kai Tov pev avTod dilwy 7 dvoe. oTeyavwratos Hv EKaoTos, 7 KaTE- =~ ~ > oxevaleto dwpeais, ws undev exhepecbat TOv azrop- pytwy, Kat tov “Avtumdtpov Biov odK av nuaptéev ] A , / \ 1 3 AES Tis eima@v KaKklas puotrpiov: Ttovs b€ *“AAcEdvdpw cuvovtas xpypacw Siadbeipwr 7 KoAakeiats Urwwyv, @ Cf. the N.T. phrase *‘ mystery of lawlessness ” (uvor7jpiov 77s avouias) in 2 Thess. ii. 7. 220 JEWISH WAR, I. 466-470 (cf. ant. xvi. 189 ff.) some joined in his prayer ; while those who hankered for change pretended that they had not even heard him. (xxiv. 1) But the brothers on parting carried with Renewed them discord in their hearts. They separated more (30%) », suspicious of each other than before : Alexander and Antipater Aristobulus aggrieved at the confirmation of Anti- pera pater’s right of primogeniture, Antipater resenting the rank accorded to his brothers, even though second to his own. The latter, however, with the extreme subtlety of his character, knew how to hold his tongue and, with much adroitness, dissembled his hatred of his brothers ; while they, from their pride of birth, had all their thoughts upon their lips. They were, moreover, beset by many persons trying to excite them, while a still larger number insinuated themselves into their friendship to spy upon them. Every word spoken in Alexander’s circle was in- stantly in the possession of Antipater and passed from Antipater to Herod, with amplifications. The young man could not make the simplest remark without becoming incriminated, so distorted were his words for the purposes of slander ; if he spoke with a little freedom, the merest trifles were magnified into enormities. Antipater was constantly setting his agents on to irritate him, in order that his lies might have some basis of truth; and if among the speeches reported one item was established, that was sufficient warrant for the rest. His own friends were all either of a very secretive nature or were induced by presents to divulge no secrets ; so that Antipater’s life might have been not incorrectly described as a mystery of iniquity. Alexander’s associates, on the other hand, either by bribery or by that seductive 22] JOSEPHUS t , / , , ‘ als TavTa KAaTELPYACaATO, TIETTOLIPKEL mpodoTas KaL ~ ~ / * /, ~ Y 471 7T@v mpatTouevwy 7 Aadovpévwy PHpas. mavTa dé wepiecokeupevws Spayatoupyav tas mpos ‘Hpw- dnv odovs tats diaBoAais emovetro TeyviKwTdTas, av7os pev adeAdod mpocwretov emikeipevos, Kal- eis O€ punvuTas étépous. KamTedav amayyeAbety > > / 4 e , ‘ ti kat “AdAcEavdpov, mapeAGav stmeKpivero Kat diacvpew TO pnbev apEdpevos, Emerta KaTecKeva- lev novyf Kal mpos ayavaxtnow efexadeiro Tov 472 BaoitAda. mavta 8° eis emtPovAry avryyeTo Kal TO doxeiv TH ohayh tod matpos éededpevew *AXeE- avdpov: ovdev yap oUTws mloTw é€xopyyet Tats dia- Bodats, is atroAoyotpevos >Avtimatpos trép abrod. (2) Tovrous ‘Hpwdns eEayprovpevos daov vd- npe. Kal” uepay THs Tmpos Ta peLpaKLa aTOpys, tocotrov “Avtiumdtpw mpoceriber. avvaréxAwav d€ Kal TOV Kata TO BaciAevov of pev ExOvTES, OF &° e€ émitdypatos, wanep IIroAeuaios 6 Tipia- tatos Tov didwy, of te adeAdoi Tob Bacirtéws Kat 7doa 7) yeved* mavta yap “Avtimatpos jv, Kal TO mukpotatov “AXeEdvdpw, mavta jv 7 "Avti- TaTpov uyTHp, avuPovdos Kat’ avTav punTpuLas xa- Netwrépa Kat mA€lov Te Tpoyovwy pucotca Tovs eK 474 BaciXidos. mavrTes wev oby emi Tais é€Amicw elepa- > / ” / > A \ mevov “Avtizarpov 76n, cvvadiota 8° ExacTov Ta 2 Mentioned as entertaining Herod at Rhodes (i. 280), as his executor (i. 667), as befriending Archelaus (ii. 14), ete. > Doris. 222 JEWISH WAR, I. 470-474 (cf. ant. xvi. 190 f.) flattery, which Antipater invariably found effective, had been converted by the latter into traitors and detectives to report all that was said or done by his brother. With a careful eye to every detail in the staging of the play, he would plan with consummate art the modes of bringing these calumnies to the ears of Herod, himself assuming the role of a devoted brother, and leaving that of informer to others. Then, when any word was spoken against Alexander, he would come forward and play his part, and, beginning by ridiculing the allegation, would after- wards quietly proceed to confirm it and so call forth the king’s indignation. Everything was interpreted as a plot and made to produce the impression that Alexander was watching his opportunity to murder his father ; and nothing lent more credit to these calumnies than Antipater’s pleading in his brother’s detence. (2) These insinuations exasperating Herod, his antipater affection for the young princes diminished daily, saat while his regard for Antipater proportionately in- creased. The king’s alienation from the lads was shared by people at court, some acting of their own accord, others under orders, such as Ptolemy,’ the most honoured of his friends, the king’s brothers and all his family. For Antipater was all-powerful, and —this was Alexander’s bitterest blow—all-powerful too was Antipater’s mother,’ who was in league with him against the two and harsher than a stepmother, with a hatred for these sons of a princess greater than for ordinary stepchildren. All persons, accord- ingly, now paid court to Antipater, because of the expectations which he inspired; everyone was further instigated to desert his rivals by the orders 223 [=P ~I JOSEPHUS tod BaciAdws mpootdyumata, mapayyelAavTos Tois TYLLWTATOLS [LITE TpOcLeval pyTE Tpocexew TOS mepit “AdeEavdpov. gdoBepos 8° Fv od povov Tots ex THs PBactretas, adda Kat Ttois cEwlev didrois: > \ \ / ~ , IN ovdevi yap Baoiiéwy Kaioap rtoca’tnv edwKev efovaiav, wate Tov am advrod duydvTa Kal p17 mpoankovons moAews e€ayayeiv. ta dé peipaKia A \ A ’ , 1 A ‘ ~ > tas wev d:aBodAas nyvoouv,' zrapo Kat uadAdov adv- Adktws évémimtov attais: ovdev? yap o maTIp davep@s ameueudeto: ovvier d€ Kata puKpov azo ~ ‘\ ~ -~ Tod Wiywatos Kal * mpos TO AvTobv waAdov erpaytveto. S€Onkev 5€ mpos adta Kai tov Getov / > ’ > ~ A \ / Depwpav “Avtimatpos éxfpwids Kai thy Tyfida LYardunv, ws av yayernv* otoav, kafowiAay aet Kal mapoftvwv. auvipyer dé Kal mpos Thy TavTHS > améydevay 7 “AdeEavdpov yury TAadvpa yevea- Aoyotoa Thy é€auTis evyeverav, Kal Ws TaG@v TeV Kata To BaciXreov ein Seomdtis, KaTa TaTépa peV azo Tnpévov, Kata pntépa d€ azo Aapetov rob € / 3 Aa dé >] $) > > , Yordamews otoa. modda de wreidilev eis ayéverav , 7° \ A ¢ / A ‘ ~ Thy te adeAdny tyv “Hpwdov Kat tas yuvaikas, e e / > >) / >] > A / ¢€ , dv éxdoTn du evpopdiav ovK amo yevous 7pEbn. ‘ > > e x” > , ‘ > moAAai 5° Hoav, ws av edeysevov Te TaTpiws ‘lov- Salors yapetv mAelovs Kai Tod Baciéws ydopévou / a ~ A ‘ / ‘ mAeloow, at macac dia TO peydAavyov to TAa- / ’ > , dupas Kat Tas Aodopias euicovy *“AAée~avdpov. 1 PAM: myvoe the rest. 2 PA: ovdevi the rest. % Ins. Casaubon. * Text suspected: Naber reads cuveriv, Destinon xaXeri. 224 a oe JEWISH WAR, I. 474-477 (cf. ant. xvi. 193 f.) of the king, who had forbidden those highest in his favour to approach or pay any attention to Alexander or his brother. Herod’s formidable influence ex- tended, moreover, beyond his realm to his friends abroad ; for no other sovereign had been empowered by Caesar, as he had, to reclaim a fugitive subject even from a state outside his jurisdiction. The young men, meanwhile, as their father had never openly reproached them, were ignorant of these calumnies, and being, consequently, off their guard, laid them- selves still more open to them; but little by little their eyes were opened by his coldness and increased asperity whenever anything annoyed him. Antipater further roused against them the enmity of their uncle Pheroras and their aunt Salome, perpetually coaxing and working upon his aunt’s feelings, as though she had been his wife. Salome’s hostility was aggravated by Glaphyra, Alexander’s wife,* who boasted of her arrogance noble ancestry and claimed to be mistress of all the 01 Gl8phs provokes ladies at court, because she was descended on her the ladies father’s side from Temenus,? on her mother’s from Peed Darius, son of Hystaspes. On the other hand, she was constantly taunting with their low birth Herod’s sister and his wives, all of whom had been chosen for their beauty and not for their family. His wives were numerous, since polygamy was permitted by Jewish custom and the king gladly availed himself of the privilege. All these, on account of Glaphyra’s arrogance and abuse, hated Alexander. ¢ And daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia (§ 446). >’ One of the Heracleidae, who gave his name to the Temenid kings of Macedonia (Thue. ii. 99), from whom Archelaus claimed to be descended. VOL. II I 2925 JOSEPHUS 47g. (3) Thy b€ 6 Zadrddpnv, Kaito. mevOepav ovcav, avtos “ApiatdBovdos €avTt@ S.ieoTaciacev, > , \ , > A = , , Wpy.pevnv Kat mpoobev emt Tais €k Diadupas} Bracdnptas: eoveldulev yap TH yuvackt oUvEX@s THY TamewornTa, Kal ws avros fev LoL@Tw, 6 6 479 adeAdos adtod ’AAdEavdpos yrat BaotAida. TOU- To KAaiovoa TH Lahey dunyyeirev 7 Guydrnp, mpooeTiGer 6° OTL Kal TOV au adeAday tas per} pntépas dzrevhotev ot wept “AXéEavdpov, émedav mapaAdBwow tHv Bactreiav, totoupyovs dua Tats dovAats moujoew, adtovs b€ Kwudv ypapparets,) ETLOKWTTOVTES WS mTETaLOEvpEevoUs' emmedAds. mpos a Ty opynv ov ote nen Lahupun mdvra dunyyerev ‘Hpwdn: opodpa 6 uy a€iomLaTOS KATA 480 yapPpod A€youaa. Kal TIS eT épa diaBodn ouv- édpapiev 7 Tov Ovpov tTexkavoaca Tob Bacirews: T]KOUOEV yap avrous dvaxadciobat pev ovvex@s THv pnTépa Kal KaTourw leu emapwpevous avTo. modAdxis 8 abrod Siadiddvr0s TOV Mapidupns eo6%- TwY TWa Tals peTayeveatépais yuvalélv azecreciv. ws avtt Tav Baoilikav ev taxyer mepiOjoovou avtais €k Tpvy@v® memomnmevas. 481 (4) Ava radra Kaito. To dpovnwa tay veave- okwv v7odelcas, Ouws ovK améKoTTE THY eATide THs Siophidcews, adAAa mpookadecapevos adtous kat yap els ‘Puuny exmdActoew Eepeddev, Bpaxéc prev qmetAnoev ws Baatrev’s, ta mroAAa 8’ évov- férncev ws TaTip, Kat didreiy tovs adeAdovs map: exdAc. did00s Tv mponmaptnuévwy adeow, €. 482 7pos TO peAAov apelvous yeévowTo. ot S€ Tas pel 1 M: radevouévous the rest. * Niese: tprxav * hair-cloth” mss. The parallel passage 226 ) } 2 7 JEWISH WAR, I. 478-482 (cf. anr. xvi. 201-205) (3) Aristobulus himself alienated Salome, his own mother-in-law, furious as she was already at Glaphyra’s scurrility ; for he was continually up- braiding his wife for her low origin, saying that he had married a woman of the people and his brother Alexander a princess. Salome’s daughter reported this, with tears, to her mother; she added that Alexander and Aristobulus had threatened, when they came to the throne, to set the mothers of their other brothers to work at the loom along with the slave-girls, and to make the princes themselves village clerks, sarcastically referring to the careful education which they had received. At that Salome, unable to control her indignation, reported the whole to Herod ; as she was accusing her own son-in-law, her evidence carried very great weight. Another calumny came simultaneously to inflame the king’s wrath. He was told that the young princes had their mother’s name perpetually on their lips, cursing him while they bemoaned her, and that when he distributed, as he often did, some of Mariamme’s apparel to his more recent wives, they would threaten that they would ere long strip them of these royal robes and clothe them in rags. (4) Herod, though he had learnt through such reports to fear these high-spirited young men, did’ not abandon hopes of their reformation. Just before setting sail for Rome he sent for them, and delivered some curt threats as sovereign, followed by a long paternal admonition, exhorting them to love their brothers and promising to pardon their past offences if they would amend their ways for the A, xvi. 204 has tpixeow which appears to be a corruption of rpixeow. 227 Salome denoune the prin to Heroc Herod admonis them. 483 484 yayov mpos épwra dovdAns, ef @ yxaderrvas JOSEPHUS diaBoAds arecKevdlovto wevdeis elvar déyovtes, mioTtwoecbar Se 7 a7rohoytav Tots Epyous ega- oKov' deiv HEvToL KaKeivov dmoppdrrew Tas Aoyo- mouas T@ pr morevew padis: ov yap em Aeipew TOUS katayevoouevous atTa@v, ews av oO metGouevos 7. (5 ) Tovrois ws marépa meicavtes Taxews TOV ev ev xepoiv ddBov OuekpovoarTo, Tv 8 ets Ta weAAovta AvaHv mpooedafov" eEyvwoav yap THY TE Lardunv éxOpav Kat tov Oeiov Depwpav. oav de Bapets Laer)" apLPOTEpor Kal xaArerrot, Depwpas de peilwr,* ds maons pev exowiver Tis Baothetas a7Ajy duad7jparos, m™poocdous® d€ idias elev eKa.- Tov TadAavta, tiv de Tmepay *Topdavov macav exap- mov7o xwpav AaBwy mapa radeAdod Spor, os avrTov emoinoev Kal TeTpapynv aitnoduevos Tapa Kaicapos, Baowtkdv te yduwv 7€iwoev ovvot- Kiaas adeAdnv tis iStas yuvaikds: peta S€ THY exelvns TteAevtivy Kabwoiwoe tHv mpeaButarnv T@v éavTod Ouyarépwv emi mpoiki tpiakociots taAavrois. GAN azédpa Depuwpas zov BacdrKov = ‘Hpwdns tiv pev Ovyarépa 7@ zpos Tapbwy voTepov avaipebevre auvélevéev adeAdida: Depadipa 1 om. PAM. 2 ywetfov ML: amplius Lat.: uwecfdévws Destinon. 3 mpocddov PVC. * Name unknown. » Salampsio, daughter of Mariamme I. © 7.e. to the son of his brother Phasael (4. xvi. 196), also called Phasael (A. xvii. 22). Nothing is known of the fate 228 JEWISH WAR, I. 482-484 (cf. anr. xvi. 194-196) future. For their part, they repudiated the charges, declaring that they were false, and assured their father that their actions would vindicate their state- ment ; he ought, however (they added), on his side to stop the mouths of these tale-bearers by refusing so readily to believe them; for there would never be wanting persons ready to calumniate them, so long as they found anyone to listen to them. (5) The father’s heart was quickly reassured by, their words; but if the youths thus dispelled their immediate anxiety, the thought of the future brought them new apprehensions, knowing, as they did, the hostility of Salome and their uncle Pheroras. Both were formidable and dangerous, but the more re- doubtable was Pheroras, who shared with Herod all the honours of royalty, except the diadem. He had a private income of a hundred talents, exclusive of the revenue derived from the whole of the trans- Jordanic region, a gift from his brother, who had also, after requesting Caesar’s permission, appointed him tetrarch. Herod had conferred upon him the further honour of marrying one of the royal family, by uniting him to the sister of his own wife.2 On her death, he had pledged to him the eldest of his own daughters,? with a dowry of three hundred talents ; but Pheroras rejected the royal wedding to run after a slave-girl of whom he was enamoured. Herod, indignant at this slight, married his daughter to one of his nephews,’ who was subsequently killed by the Parthians ; his resentment, however, subsided of this youth, and Reinach suggests that in the following words there has been some confusion or corruption of text, and that Josephus intended to say *‘ son of Phasael who had been previously killed by the Parthians ”’ (see B. i. 271). 229 Pheroras \disfavour with Her 48 - 0 JOSEPHUS dé per ov odd THY opy7nv avier Bidovs oavy- yupny TH voce. (6) AveBaAAeto S€ Kai mada pev Ett Coons Tijs / BJ , >) ~ / / \ Baairidos éemBovAetew atta dapydkois, ToTe be mXciaTot pnvuTal mpoojecav, ws Kaimep id- / »” \ e 4 > / e adcAdoratov ovta tov “Hpwédny eis miotw vm- ~ ~ 4 \ / \ ‘ ~ axOivat TOv Aeyopevwv Kai déos. moddovs Se TaV €v t7ovola Pacavicas teXevtaiov 7Afev emi tovs 486 Depespov didovs. av émiBovAjy pev avTucpus 488 ~l1 e / > / a \ A > / ¢€ wporoynoey ovdeis, OTe 5€ THY Epwmevnv apTa- cayevos eis Ildpfovs amodpavar mapeoxevalero, ouppetexyou 6€ Tot okéupatos atT@ Kat Tis ~ / ¢ / > , e duyjs KooroBapos 6 Ladwpns avyp, @ auv- wKicev adtiv o Baatrevds emi jroryela TOD mpoTEepou duadbapevtos. qv 6 éAevbepa diaPoAjs obde Ua- Adpn Kat yap adtrtis Depupas abdeAdos Kar- ~ ‘ nyope. ovvOyikas mept ydapov mpos XvdAdAatov tov "Ofada tot “ApaBav Bacitéws emitpomov, os Hv > / ¢ / a \ ‘ ~ exyfporatos “Hpuidn. SierAeyxbeioa de Kat TovTo ‘ / > a 4 > / / Kai 7av@’ 60a Depdpas everdAer ovyywwaoKerat, A ,’ ‘ \ 7 e \ > / ~ Kai avtov b5€ Depurpay 6 Bacireds améeAvoev TOV eyKAnpatwv. (7) MeréBawev 6€ én’ ’Adre~avdpov 6 yxeyswv ~ ay of 4 \ \ > / \ vg THs oiKias Kal Tept THY Ekelvou KedadAnv odos amnpeicato. Tpeis Hoav evvodyor TYyMWTATOL TO = ‘\ ~ > e > / ~ 4 Baotre?, Kai dSAAov €€ dv eXettovpyovv: TH pev yap oivoxoeiv mpocetérakto, T@ S€ Seimvov mpoc- dépew, 6 8 atrov Katexolulev Te Kal ovyKat- 1 Destinon: cupuéroxo MSs. ® Mariamme I. 230 JEWISH WAR, I. 484-488 (cf. ant. xvi. 219 f., 229 f.) ere long and he made allowance for his love-sick brother. (6) Long before, while the queen @ was still alive, and Pheroras had been accused of a plot to poison Herod ; eee but at the period now reached informers came for- #s#inst hi ward in such numbers that Herod, though the most — affectionate of brothers, was led to believe their statements and to take alarm. After putting many suspected persons to the torture he came last of all to the friends of Pheroras. None of these admitted outright that there was such a plot, though they said that Pheroras was preparing to fly to Parthia, carrying off his mistress with him, and that his accomplice in this design and partner in his intended flight was Costobarus, Salome’s husband, to whom the king had given his sister, when her former husband was put to death on a charge of adultery. Even Salome herself did not escape calumny: she was accused by her brother Pheroras of signing a contract to marry Syllaeus, the procurator® of Obadas, king of Arabia, and Herod's bitterest enemy. However, though convicted of this and of everything else of which she was accused by Pheroras, she was Herod pardoned ; while Pheroras himself was acquitted by Pi7vons the king of the charges against him. Salome. _ (7) The tempest lowering over Herod’s house thus Alexander veered round to Alexander and burst in full force be Honea about his devoted head. There were three eunuchs eunuchs who held a special place in the king’s esteem, as is indicated by the services with which they were charged: one poured out his wine, another served him his supper, and the third put him to bed and » Or ‘‘ viceroy’; see A. xvi. 220 (Syllaeus administers the realm of the indolent Obadas). 231 JOSEPHUS 489 exAivero. TovTOUs eis TA TaLdLKa Sudpots preyadAoLs bmnydayeto 6 ’AddEavdpos. pnvbev b€ 7H Baor- Net SinAéyxovto Bacavois, Kai THY pev ouvovatay ed0ews cpoddyour, e€édepov d€ Kal Tas ets abrny bmocxecets, Ov TpOTOV amarnbetev tao °AAeEav- 490 dpov A€yovtos, ws odK ev “Hpwdn déou tas éAnidas exe, avaidet yepovTt kai Baztoyéevw tas Kopas, ef 7) Sia TodT adTov olovTar Kal véov, a’T@ be Tpocexely, és Kal Tapa \aKOVTOS Siadeferar THY Bactretav, ovK eis poaKpav Te TOUS peV exOpous dyuvetrar, Tous didous 6 evdaipovas ToUjgEL Kal 491 paKxaplous, mpo mavTwy b€ atrovs: elvar 6€ Kal Oepavetav tav Sduvardv mept tov *AdeEavdpov Aabpaiav, tous te nye“ovas Tod atpatwrttKod Kal ToUs Ta€tapyous KpUda Tmpos avTov curLEevat. 492 (8) Tadra tov ‘Hpddnv ovrws é€edoBnoev, ws nde mapaypyua todujoar tas pyvicets exK- dépew, adda KaTaoKOTOUS Drom ep TreV voKTWp Kal pe? nILepav EKaOTO. TOV 7 parTojLevey 7 Aeyo- pevenv Sunpevva Kal Tous ev Tals drrovfiaus evews 493 avipet. dew7s de! dvoptas eveArjaOy TO Baot- €LOV" Kara. yap exOpav 7) taos idvov ExaoTos ezAacoev tas diaBoAds, Kat moAXot mpds Tovds d1a- Popous povavt LT Bachna upd KaTEXp@VTO. Kal TO pev hed5os elyev TapaxpTpa TloTW, at KoAaoers 6€ TOV SiaBoray OQ WKUTEpaL: KOT- nyopetto yoby Tus Gaptt KaTHyopyaas Kal 7 m™pos avTov Suedeyx evr oUVATIYETO, Tas yap e€eTacers 708 BaciAews 0 is THs buxs KiV- 494 Suvos breTeuvero.® mpovpn 6 els Tooobrov T- Kplas, Ws undé TOV axataitiaTwy Twi mpoaPAé- ' 67 A: itaque Lat. 2 éreréuvero AM. 232 JEWISH WAR, I. 489-494 (cf. ant. xvi. 231-239) slept in his chamber. Alexander by large presents corrupted these menials for criminal ends ; on being informed of which the king submitted them to trial by torture. They at once confessed their relations with Alexander, and then went on to reveal the promises which had brought them about. Alexander, they said, had inveigled them by saying: “ You ought not to place your hopes on Herod, a shameless old man who dyes his hair, unless this disguise has actually made you take him for a youngster ; it is to me, Alexander, that you should look, to me, who am to inherit the throne, whether he will or no, and shall ere long be avenged on my enemies and bring fortune and bliss to my friends, and above all to you. They added that persons of rank secretly paid court to Alexander and that the generals and officers of the army had clandestine interviews with him. (8) These disclosures so terrified Herod that at the time he did not even dare to divulge them; but, sending out spies night and day, he scrutinized all that was done or said, and at once put to death any who fell under suspicion. The palace was given over to frightful anarchy. Everyone, to gratify some personal enmity or hatred, invented calumnies ; many turned to base account against their adversaries the murderous mood of wrathful royalty. Lies found instant credit, but chastisement was even swifter than calumny: the accuser of a moment ago found himself accused and led off to death with him whose conviction he had obtained ; for the grave peril to jhis life cut short the king’s inquiries. He grew so jembittered that he had no gentle looks even for VOL. II 12 B33 and arrested. JOSEPHUS ¢ , tc \ \ ~ / > , 3 mew Huepws, elvar d€ Kal Tots Pidois amynveaTaTos*} ~ ~ ~ ~ \ moAAois yobv abt@v ametrev 70 Bacidevov Kat 7pos}) ~ / ‘ ots ovK elyev yeipos e€ovoiay TH Adyw yaderos} 495 Hv. ovvevéBn S€ *Avtimatpos ev tais cupdopais ’AXeEavdpw Kai otidos moijoas THY avyyevav 7 ovK €oTw yvrwa diaBoAnv mapéAutev. mponxOn ~ \ A ~ yé ToL mpos tooodrov déos 6 Bacwrevs vm THs ~ ~ > Tepatelas avTod Kai THY ouVTaypdTwv, ws ed- / a“ ~ ~ \ > / / eotdva. Soxeiv att@ tov *AAdEavdpov Evpypy. A 496 cvAAaBav odv' abrov ée€amivns ednoev Kal mpos Bdoavov éydper tv didwy adtrob. avy@vtes de b] , ‘ \ \ e \ \ ‘ améfvnokov moAAoi Kal pndev b7ép TO avvetddos > / e > e x ~ > , , etmovtes* of & 70 Tav GAynddovwv Pevcacbat Buacbevres EAeyov, ws emiBovdevor Te adT@ peTO "ApiatoBovAov tod adeApod Kat mapadvdAdrrel, 497 KuvnyobvTa KTeivas els “Pwynv amodpavar. Tov-}) ( =x we Oo F- foe SH fn > , c A . / ¢ / Kyns eaxediacpevois 6 Pactreds emiatevaev 10€ws mapapvbiav AapBavwy Tob Shoat Tov viov TO pr dokeiy ddikws. 498 (xxv. 1) ‘O & ’AdAgEavdpos eet tov marépe petamreifew aunyavov ewpa, Tots Sdewots cpuoo xwpew dueyvw, Kal Técoapas Kata Tav éxybpa / / / \ \ > BiBAous cuvragdevos mpoowpodAdyer rev THY ert BovAjv, Kowwvods 8 amedetkvuev tovs mAELaTOU > ~ ‘A ‘\ 4 / ‘ / avT@v, mpo de mavTwy Depuspav Kat Ladrwdpnv TavTyv yap 57) Kal puyhval mote a’t@ pur) Gédovt 499 vUKTWp elcfiacapevynv. at te odv BiBro. mapjaa|® ‘H sD > A A \ \ ‘ A { pwon els yetpas moAka Kat dewa Kata Tay ha a G 1 +oov LTRC. 234 JEWISH WAR, I. 494-499 (cf. anr. xvi. 241-259) those who were not accused and treated his own friends with the utmost harshness: many of these he refused to admit to court, while those who were beyond the reach of his arm came under the lash of his tongue. To add to Alexander’s misfortunes, Antipater returned to the charge and, raising a band of kindred spirits, had recourse to every con- ceivable form of calumny. By his portentous fictions and fabrications the king was, in fact, reduced to such a state of alarm, that he fancied he saw Alex- ander coming upon him sword in hand. He, accord- ingly, had the prince suddenly arrested and imprisoned, and then proceeded to put his friends to the torture. Many died silent, without saying anything beyond what they knew; but some were driven by their sufferings to falsehood and declared that Alexander and his brother Aristobulus were conspiring against him and were watching for an opportunity to kill him, while out hunting, meaning then to escape to Rome. This statement, improbable as it was and invented off-hand under the pressure of torment, the king nevertheless found satisfaction in believing, consoling himself for having imprisoned his son with the thought that his action had been justified. (xxv. 1) Alexander, perceiving the impossibility of shaking his father’s belief, resolved boldly to con- front the perils that menaced him. He, therefore, composed four books directed against his enemies, in which he avowed the conspiracy, but denounced most of them as accomplices, above all Pheroras and Salome ; the latter, he declared, had one night even forced her way into his chamber and, against his will, had immoral relations with him. These documents -—-a mass of shocking accusations incriminating per- 235 Alexande1 written statement JOSEPHUS , — ‘ duvatwratwy Bo@aar, Kai dua tayous ets "lov- / > / ~ ~ ~ traiav “ApyeAaos aduxvetrar wept TH yauBp@ Kat TH Ovyatpi Seicas. yiverac Sé BonBdos adrois / ~ udrta mpounbys Kai téyvn tHv Tod BactAéws > A / 7 A »” > / b) ~ 500 azretAjv dueKpovoato. cupPaday yap ev0éws atT@ c ~ , ‘“qo0 moTé €oTWw 6 adALtTHpLOs pov yapPpos; > , ec ~ \ A / »” / eBoa, “mod 5€ tiv matpoKrovov dwopar KedadAny, a 7 , ~ nv tals €“auTod yepoiv diacmapaéw; mpoobyow de Kai TH Ovyatépa pov TH KaA@ vupdiw: Kai \ > =~ yap €l pn KEekowwvnKey TOO oKéupatos, OTL v4 , q 501 TotovTov ~yur7) yéyovev, peuiavtar. Bavpalw de}, \ ~ , > ~ Kat oe Tov emiPovdevbévta tis aveEikakias, el CH 4, ~ > > ‘ expe viv “AdéeEavdpos: éyw yap jmevyounv amo 4 5 le, Kazzaboxias ws tov pev etpjowv mada dedw- / ~ 1 ~ > / KoTa Oikas, weTa O€ Got TEpi THs Juyatpos e€eTa- “A / gw, qv eKelvw ye mpos TO oov akiwpya Prete ? / ~ - A / eveyunoa. vov d€ mept audoiv jpiv Bovdevteor, nn > ~ > 4 Kav ns TatTnp Alay 7? Tob KoAalew viov atovwTe- > / > , A A \ /, pos emtBovAov, duetbwuev tas de€tas Kat yevw- uefa tis addAjAwy opyis diadoyxot.”’ 502 (2) Tovrois mepixoumynoas Kaimep mapateTay- ‘ ¢e , ~ ~ ‘ uevov “Hpwidnv tmayetat: didwor yodv att@ ras , ~ auv7aybetaas tm’ *“AdAcEavdpov BiPrAovs avayva- \ fy 4 vac Kat Kal? éxaorov ediotas Kedpadaoy avy: / , Q3 Cc .9 / > \ is ecxenteto. AapyBaver 8 o “ApyéAaos adopyny Toi \ > OTpaTHYHUATOS Kal KaTG pLLKPOV Els TOUS EVyYE: ypaupevous Kat Depwpav petnyayev Tas aitias > 4 , 503 ws 6° évpa motevovta Tov Bao.réa, “ oxemTéov, 1 eveyyinoa most Mss. * 4 PA: et Lat.: om. the rest, 236 JEWISH WAR, I. 499-503 (cf. ANT. xvi. 261—266) sons of the highest rank—had passed into Herod’s hands, swhen Archelaus, alarmed for his son-in-law ! and daughter, arrived in haste in Judaea. Coming with singular sagacity to their aid, he succeeded by t stratagem in diverting the king’s threats in another direction. For, the moment he met him, he ex- claimed: ‘ Where is my scoundrel of a son-in-law ? Where shall I set eyes on the person of this parricide, that I may tear him in pieces with my own hands ? My daughter, too, shall share the fate of her fine spouse; for even if she has had no part in his schemes, as the wife of such a miscreant she is polluted. But you too, the intended victim of the olot, astonish me by your forbearance, in leaving, as it seems, Alexander still alive! For my part, I qurried hither from Cappadocia expecting to find that the culprit had long since paid his penalty and ‘0 hold an inquiry with you upon my daughter, whom, out of regard for your exalted rank, I gave away to that wretch. But now, I find, we have to Jeliberate about the pair of them. If, then, the ondness of a father’s heart unnerves you for punish- ng a rebellious son, let us each lend the other his 1and, each take the other's ee in visiting our wrath upon our children.” — (2) With this blustering oration be deluded Herod, 10twithstanding the latter's” ‘attitude of defiance. derod, at any rate, handed him for perusal the Jocuments composed by Alexander and examined shapter after chapter with him, dwelling upon each. Archelaus, finding here an opportunity for furthering uis ruse, little by little shifted the blame on to the Yersons whose names appeared in the volumes, par- ticularly Pheroras. When he observed that he was 237 Visit of his father- in-law an ean Archelaus exculpates Alexander, JOSEPHUS épy, ““ 7) TOTE TO jLetpaxtov bo TOGOUTWY ely movnp@v em Bovdevopievov, ovx O70 Tob jeetpaxtou ov" Kal yap oby opay aitiav, €€ 7s av els THAL- KOUTOV [LUGOS TpoeTecev, drohaveny jeev 707 Baov- Aelas, €Amilwv be Kal diadox7y, el [Ly TWes moav avareibovtes Kal TO THS AtKias evKoAOV ent Kak@ peTaxerpiCopevor. dia yap T@v Tovovtwy efataTaobar pev ovK edyfBovs povov aAAa Kat yepovtas, otkovs d€ AapmpoTtatous Kai Baordretas GAas avatpézecbat. 504. (3) Luvyver tots Aeyopévois “Hpwdns, Kai rH prev mpos “AAeEavdpov opyjv émavier mpos oAtyov, mpos 6€ Depuipay tapwkvveTo: THY yap Tecoapwv BiBAwv obtos Hv brobects. Os KaTidwv TO TE TOO Bacirews of Upporrov Kal Thy "ApxeAdov prdiav map: avTa@ mavTo Kparoboar, ws ovK evnv ed-|| OX HL owrnpia, Thv Ou avatdelas emroptCeTo" katahetpas yoov “AdeEavdpov mpocepuyev “Apxe- 505 Adw. Kakeivos ovx opav é€dyn, m@s av avrov earr7joairo TOGOUTOLS eve XO[LEVOV eyKAnpacw, e€}, ®v aad@s amobdetxvuta tot Baoiiéws éziBovdAos}; Kal TOV TapovTwy T@ peipakiw KaK@v aitos}, yeyovws, et fun PBovAeTar TO mavotpyov Kal Tas apvnaeis adeis mpocopoAoynoar ev Ta KaTHYOpY- pieva, avyyvwpnv 8 aitjoacba: mapa tadeAdod’ Kat diAobvtos: eis yap TovTO TaVvTA TpoTOY avTa' ouvepynoew. 506 ©6(4) [let(erar Depuipas, kai KaTacKevacas €av- TOV, ws av oikTpdétatos davein, weAaivn te €ob7rt Kal SaKptos mpoominrer Tots “Hpwdov zoaiv, ws' ' rapa rt’ ade\pov Cobet. 2 avrés PA. 5 #s Niese. 238 JEWISH WAR, I. 503-506 (cf. ant. xvi. 267-269) yaining the king’s confidence, he remarked: ‘‘ We nust be careful to see that all these villains have iot been conspiring against this young man, and not -he young man against you. For I can see no reason why he should have plunged into such heinous crime, when he already enjoyed the honours of royalty and »xpected to succeed to the throne, unless there were ythers seducing him and misguiding the tractable spirit of youth. Such persons, indeed, have been / ‘A A \ ~ / ou > eximpoobev tifeofar to THs PvUcews Sikaov EV yap tais Paoirelais wWomep ev preydAots cwpacw > MP / r / ¢ \ ~ / a dei te pepos dAeypaiveww bro tod Bapous, omep amokomTew jrev ov ypHvat, Bepamevew Se mpad- TEpoV. ~ \ 508 (5) IloAAa rovatra A€ywr ‘Hpwdnv ev emi Depudpa petAtaocetar, dieeve 6° adrtos ayavaxtav mpos ~AdéEavdpov Kai tHv Bvyatépa SsialevEas > / »” iA /, e 7 > amagew edackev, ews trepieatncev ‘Hpwdnv avti- mapakaXeiv brep Too peipakiov Kat mdAw atT@ pvnotevecbar tiv Ovyatépa. odddpa dé a€wo- miotws “ApyéeAaos @ BovAeTar ovvoixilew adtiv > / \ > A 4 / A exétpenev tAnv “AdcEavdpou- wept mAciotov yap movetobar thpeiv mpos atdrov Ta THs emvyapias 509 Oikaia. dapévov d5€ tot Bacoiléws Sdpov cEew map avTod Tov viov, et pn Avoetev TOV yapor, ovTwy prev adtois 70n Kal TeKVWY, OTEpyouerns 5° ovTws U70 TOD pLe_paKiov THs yuvaikdos, HY Tapa- 240 JEWISH WAR, I. 506-509 (cf. ant. xvi. 269) Herod’s feet and craved his pardon as he had often successfully done before. He confessed himself a polluted wretch, guilty of all that was laid to his charge, but deplored his mental derangement and madness, which he attributed to his passion for his wife. Archelaus, after thus inducing Pheroras to appear as his own accuser and to bear witness against himself, now proceeded to plead for him and sought to appease Herod’s wrath, citing parallel cases in his own family history. He had himself, he said, suffered much worse injury from his brother, but had preferred the claims of natural affection to revenge ; for in kingdoms, as in corpulent individuals, there was always some member becoming inflamed from the weight which it supported ; yet what it needed was not amputation but some milder method of cure. (5) By many such representations Archelaus suc- ceeded in soothing Herod’s anger against Pheroras. He himself, however, affected to be still indignant with Alexander, protesting that he would divorce his daughter and carry her off with him, until he brought Herod round into the position of a suppliant on the young man’s behalf and a suitor, once more, for the hand of Archelaus’s daughter for his son. With an air of complete sincerity, Archelaus said that he had his permission to unite her to whom he would, save only Alexander; for his dearest desire was to maintain the marriage ties which linked him to Herod. To this the king replied that Archelaus, by consenting not to break the marriage, would really be giving his son back to him, seeing that they already had children and that the young man was so deeply attached to his wife; if she 24] pleads - Pheror: and bri about ¢ general reconci tion 510 511 512 513 514 JOSEPHUS pevovoav prev eoeobar dSvowmnwa tTav apapTy- pidtwv, amoppayeioay de airiav THs €ls amavTa aTOYVWOEWS* pahaxwrépas yap yweoba Tas ToAwas: malecw oiketots TE PLOTTWHLEVAS * KATAVEVEL pores "Apxedaos d:aAAdooetai Te Kal diadAdaoer T® veavioxw TOV TaTEpa.. dely pevTor mavTws edn méutew adtov eis “Pony Katoape diade€o- [Levov’ yeypapevar yap avTos e€xelvw Tepl TOVT OW . (6) To pev otv “ApyeAdou OTparTynLA, bu ob TOV yapBpov eppucato, mépas elyev’ peta S€ Tas duadAayas ev evuxiaes Kal dirodpovicecw dijyov. amuvTa & attov ‘Hpuwddyns Swpeitat tadavrwy EBdouyjKovta Suwpois Opovw te ypvo@ diadXibw Kai evvovxois Kal maAAakids, Aris exadcizvo Ilavvvyis, tav te didAwy étiunoev exaotov Kat aéiav. Oolws TE Kal Ol ovyyeveis, mpooTa~avTos Tov Bactréws, mavtes “ApyeAdw dpa Aaumpa edocar, mpoeTeudiy te tro te “Hpwdov kai tav dvvatav ews’ “Avrwoyetas. (xxvi. 1) Mer’ ov moAd de ets tH ‘lovdatav TapeBadev av7p TOAD Ov ‘ApxeAdov oTpaTnyn- [Lat OwvaTuiTepos, 6s ov povov Tas Um €KkeElvov modrevbeicas “AAcEavdpw SdiadrAayas aveérpererv, aAAa Kat amwdAetas aizLos avT@ KaTE€oTn. yevos Wy Adkwv, EdpuxdAjs tovvopa, abu Xpypeatov els THY BaotAetav elopbapeis: ov yap avreixev evt 7) “EAAas adrot 7H moduteAcia. Aapzpa 8 ‘“Hpwdn dpa mpoceveyxwv, déAcap wv €bynparo, 1 P: wéyxpi(s) the rest. * In A. xvi. 270 it is Herod who undertakes to go to Rome. » Mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 3. 5) as the builder of the finest baths at Corinth. 242 JEWISH WAR, I. 509-514 (=anr. xvi. 269 f., 301) remained with him, her very presence would make him ashamed of his errors, whereas, were she torn from him, he would be driven to utter desperation ; for the domestic affections exercised a chastening and diverting influence on reckless characters. Archelaus was induced, not without difficulty, to assent, was reconciled to the youthful offender, and reconciled him to his father; he added, however, that it was absolutely essential that the latter should be sent to Rome for an interview with Caesar, as he himself had forwarded a full report of the matter to the emperor.* (6) Such was the end of the ruse by which Arche- laus rescued his son-in-law. After the reconciliation the time was passed in festivity and interchange of courtesies. On his departure Herod presented him with seventy talents, a throne of gold set with precious stones, some eunuchs, and a concubine, named Pannychis ; he conferred other favours upon each of his friends, proportionate to their rank. Magnificent presents were, likewise, by order of royalty, made to Archelaus by all the high officials at court. Herod and his nobles then escorted him as far as Antioch. (xxvi. 1) Not long after, however, there arrived in Judaea a man whose influence far outmatched the artifices of Archelaus, and who not only broke up the reconciliation which the latter had negotiated in the interest of Alexander, but also proved the cause of that prince’s ruin. He was a Lacedaemonian, named Kurycles,? whose accursed visit to the realm arose from a craving for money, when Greece could no longer meet his extravagant requirements. He brought with him magnificent presents for Herod, as 243 Herod's presents Archela' Visit of Eurycle: Laconia villain ; flattery Herod. 515 516 517 ~ JOSEPHUS \ > / ‘ ON ¢ A Kal Tapaypyia moAAaTAaciw AaBav oddev nyetro THY kaapav ddow, ef put) OU atwaros eumroped- GEeTaL THV Baarhetay: TEpLepxYeTar ‘your TOV Ba- otAda Kodaxkeia Kal Sewornre oy Kal 7rEpt abrod wevdeow eyKELLOLS TAXEWs de ovvidav TOV ‘Hpwdov Tporrov KaL mavTo. eye Te Kal TpaTTwv Ta mpos ndovnv atT@, gdidos ev Tots mpwro yiweTat’ Kal yap o Paored’s dia TH maTploa Kal maVvTES OL TEpl adTov WOEws Tpo- eTiLwy Tov LrapTiaTyv. e > > \ A 4 ~ > et /, (2) O 8 ézei ta cabpa zijs olKlas KaTenwabev, tds Te TOV adeApav dvadopas Kal OTTWS dueKeiro mpos exaotov 6 Tatip, “Avtimatpov pev Eevia TpokatetAnnTo, Turia de “AdcEavdpov drroKpive- tau wevodpevos €taipov €avTov civau Kal ’"Apye- Adov adda 60 8) Kat tayéws ws dedoKt- , 207 ’ > 0 Se 297 pacpevos edex0n, cauviornow 8 adrov®? eviews rc dD 4 ~ > ~ / > > kat “ApiotoBovAw TO adeAdO. amdvtwv 8 amo- A ~ / »” + e , meipableis THv mpocwrwv addov adAAws wtr77HeEL, yiverat 5€ tponyoupevws urcbwros ’Avtimarpou Kat / > / 7 \ > / Sd 7podoTns Adre€avopov, TO bev overdilwy, €t Tpe- oPurar os wv Tepiowperau TOUS ededpevovras avrob tats €Amicow, “AdcEdvdpw dé, et yeyevenevos® eK Bact\ibos Kal BaowAidu ovvoikdv edoet dvadexeobar THY apx7y TOV e WdiwTidos, Kal Tabra, peylorny adoppiv €xywv “ApyéAaov. jv dé motos TH pee- 1 Text corrupt: gidlav 6é "AXeEdvdpov Bekker. 2 €avrov LTRC. 3 yevyervnuévos AL. * Perhaps, as Reinach suggests, because of the pretended relationship of Spartans and Jews, 1 Macc. xii. 21; Jos. A. xil. 226. 244 JEWISH WAR, I. 514-518 (=anrT. xvi. 301-305) a bait to secure his quarry, and instantly found them returned with interest; but he accounted a pure and simple gift as nothing, if he failed to make merchandise out of the realm at the price of blood. So he proceeded to impose on the king by flattery, clever talk, and lying encomiums upon his merits. Quickly reading Herod’s character and studying in all he said or did to please him, he was soon numbered among his principal friends; indeed the king and the whole court were delighted to show special honour to this Spartan, out of regard for his country.? (2) When he had learnt everything about the rottenness that was sapping the royal house, the quarrel between the brothers and their father’s dis- position towards each of them, Eurycles, although under a prior obligation to Antipater for the latter’s hospitality, nevertheless feigned a friendship for Alexander, falsely claiming to be an old comrade of Archelaus. With this recommendation he was quickly received as a proved friend and was at once introduced by Alexander to his brother Aristobulus. Exploiting in turn all the various personages,’ he insinuated himself into favour with each by a different method; but he chiefly acted as a hireling of Antipater and a traitor to Alexander. To the former he represented how disgraceful it was that he, the eldest son, should overlook the intrigues of persons who had an eye upon his prospects ;_ to Alexander, that he, the son of one princess and husband of another, should suffer the son of a woman of no station to succeed to the throne, especially when he had in Archelaus such powerful support behind him. The fiction of his being a friend of * Or possibly ‘‘ Trying in turn all the parts in the play.” 245 He denoun Alexan to Herc JOSEPHUS paxiw avpBovros tiv “ApyeAdov diAtav 7acd- pevos’ O10 pndev vroaTeAAopevos ‘AdeEavSpos rd TE KOT “Avtimarpov amwdupero mpos avrov Kal ws ‘H padns avTav TH pnzépa Kreivas od Tapa- dofov Et Kat avrovs a aupetrat TH exelvys Baow- delav: éd’ ofs 6 EtpuxdAfs oikteipew te Kal ouv- A“ > \ > 519 aAyeiy brexpiveto. ta 5 atta Kat Tov “Apioro- Bovdov eimeiv deAcaoas Kat Tats Kara. Tov 7a7Tpos pepipeow evdnodpLevos ap.dotepous wyeto dépwv °’Avrimatpw Ta amroppyTa’ mpooeTupevoerau 5° > \ e > / ~ em Bovdry ws evedpevovtwy attov Tav adeAddv Kal |LOVOV ovK emupepovT wy On Ta Eiby. AaBaw 6° émt TovToLs XPNLATOV mhijbos ETQAWETNS HV 520 “Avturdtpou' 7™pos vov maTépa. TO de TeAEevTaiov 521 epyodaBraas TOV “AptotoBovdov Kal “AdeEdvdpou Odvarov KaTTyopos avT@v em Tov 7aTpos yiwerar, Kal mpooeAaw avTLoLoovar 70 Civ edbackey “Hpwdn TOV €ls adrov eVepyeoray Kal TO das dor Bry Tijs €evias dyTimapexew: mdXAat yap en avTov HKoVi- ofa Eidos kai tHv “AdAcEavdpov teTov@abar decav, éutodav & avtos yeyovévar TH Taxer auvepyeiv bmoKkpileis: davar yap Tov “AdeEavdpov, ws ovK ayarg BactAcvoas avros “Hpwdns ev dAAozpiors Kal pera TOV THS pNTpOS atraov povov 77 exes apx7iyv omabyjoas, GAN’ e€Tt Kal vobov elodyeTae diddoxov “Av7imatpw 7a dlopw TI TanT av avTa@yv Bactrctav mpoTewuy. TYLWPHGEW YE [L7)/V avtos tois ‘Ypxavod Kai {rois|* Mapiappns daimoow: ovd€ yap mpémew atrov d.iadeEacbar 1 +xai PA. 2 P: 77s AM: om. the rest. @ Or “‘ in which he was an alien.” 246 JEWISH WAR, I. 518-521 (cf. anv. xvi. 305-307) Archelaus made the young prince regard him as a counsellor to be trusted; and so, without any re- serve, Alexander poured out to him his grievances against Antipater, adding that it would not be sur- prising if Herod, after murdering their mother, should rob him and his brother of her kingdom. Thereupon Eurycles pretended to pity and condole with him. He then inveigled Aristobulus into using similar language, «sd |aving implicated both brothers in complaints . >i their father, went off with these confidences | ~ ‘-r 3 with the addition of his own invention, tu.. » ers were plotting against him, watching their oppu...... and even then were almost upon him sword in hand. Richly rewarded for his intelligence, he proceeded to sing the praises of Antipater to his father. Finally, having under- taken at a price to bring about the death of Aristo- bulus and Alexander, he came to lay his indictment of them before their parent. Visiting Herod, he declared that he came to bring him life in return for his benefactions to himself, the light of day in repayment for his hospitality. ‘* For,” he said, “ a sword has long since been sharpened for your destruction and Alexander's right arm braced to wield it. It is I who have retarded the blow by pretending to assist him.”” Alexander, he continued, had said that Herod, not content with reigning him- self over an empire which belonged to others, not content, after murdering their mother, with squander- ing her realm, was now proceeding to foist in a bastard as his successor and to offer their grand- father’s kingdom to that pest, Antipater. But he, Alexander (so Eurycles reported him), would avenge the spirits of Hyrcanus and Mariamme ; for it would 247 522 523 524 JOSEPHUS Tapa TovovTou maT pos TV apxyy bixa povov. moAAa 8 eivat Ta mapovvovTa. Kal” 7uépav, wore unde Aadias Twa TpoTOv acuKogdvTnTOV KaTa- Achetpiac: mepl pev yap evyevelas eTEpwv pevetas yevomevns avros dAoyass vBpileoBar, Too TAT pos A€yovros is 6 }ovos evyev7s "AdeEavdpos KQL TOV TaATEpa. bu ayévevav adoéav’’: Kata b€ tas Oypas mpookpovew pev cww7@v, emaweoas oe 7poa- aKkovew elpwv. mavraxod dyetAuk Tov evpiokew Tov TATEpa Kat pov diAcaropyov “Avrumazpy, bu ov" mOews Kal TeBungeotae 27) Kpar7jaas THS Eem- Bodjjs.* KTelWvavT. be €lval owTHplas apoppry Tp@Tov ev ‘ApxeAaov ovTa KydEOTHY, 7pos ov dcadevécobar padiws, emerta Kaicapa péxpe vov ayvoobvta Tov ‘Hpuidov tpdozov: ov yap ws mpo- Tepov avT@ Tapacticecbar medppixws Tov ed- coTara maTépa, ovde pbeyEecbar mept TOV éautob jLovov eyKAnpatwv, adda _Tp@rTov jev Knpvéew Tas Tob €bvous ouppopas Kal Tovs pexpt puxns dopo- Aoyoupevous, emeiT €ls olas Tpugas Kal mpakets Ta Ov aiparos mopiobevra. Xprwara avn Awén, Tovs Te €€ Tua@v mAourioavTas oior, Kal Tas 5) fepamevbeicas mOAEts el Tlow. RETA de KaL TOV TdmTov eKel Kal Tz pnrépa Kal Ta 7s Baotrelas von mavra Kynpvéew, ep ois od Kpibr- ceabat matpoKTovos. 1 6 Destinon: quae Lat. 2 Destinon: éiBoudjs Mss.; cf. Bs vi. 64 (Some mss.). 3 Bekker with Lat.: ¢@@éyéac@ac Mss. * Rather his great-grandfather, Hyrcanus, who was the father of Alexandra, the mother of Mariamme. 248 == eee Se ee 1 Semi ce es” se. — ae =< [[— JEWISH WAR, I. 521-525 ill become him to inherit the throne from such a father without bloodshed. Then there were the constant daily provocations to which he was sub- jected, insomuch that he could not utter a single word which escaped calumny. Were allusion made to other persons’ noble lineage, his father gratuitously insulted him by remarking, “ Nobody is noble but Alexander here, who scorns his father for the base- ness of his birth!’ On the hunting-field, were he silent, he gave offence ; did he express commenda- tion, he was pronounced ironical to boot. On all oceasions, in fact, he found his father implacable, reserving all his affection for Antipater. He would, therefore, willingly die, if his enterprise miscarried. If, on the other hand, he struck the fatal blow, he had protectors to fall back upon: first Archelaus, his father-in-law, to whom he could easily make his escape ; and then Caesar, who to that very day was ignorant of Herod’s true character. For he would not, as once before, stand before the emperor, over- awed by his father’s presence, nor would he confine his observations to his personal grievances. No; he would first proclaim to the world the sufferings of his nation, bled to death by taxation, and then go on to describe the luxury and malpractices on which the money obtained by its blood was lavished, the char- acters of the men who had grown rich at his and his brother's expense, and the motives which had led to the favouritism shown to particular cities. There, too, he would bring up for inquiry the fate of his grandfather 7 and his mother, and make public all the abominations of the realm. Under such condi- tions he could not be condemned as a parricide. > Or “ reign.” 249 JOSEPHUS 526 ~©=«(3) Tovabra KAT “AdeEdvdpov TepaTevadevos Evpuxdjs em7vEl moAAa Tov ‘Avtizatpov, ws dpa jsovos te ein didomatwp Kat 61a TodTO HEXpL vov Ths emuBovdAns eutrodvos. punmw de Kadds emi Tots mposTous 6 BaotAdeds KaTeoTaAevos els dvijKeoTov 527 opy7v efayprobrar. Kal mdAw AaBew Kalpov ’ Avti- aT pos ETEpOUS Kata Tav adeAdav Drremepmrev KaTtnyopous Aéyew ott ‘lovxovvdw Kal Tupavv AdOpa diadeyowTo, Tots inmapxous pev TOoTE TOU Baowrews YEVOHEVOLS, TOTE 8 eK TwwY mpoo- Kpovopdtwyv amomemTwKoaL THS Ta~ews. Ef ols ‘“Hpwdns tmepayavaxtyjcas «vléws €Pacdvcev 528 Tovs avdpas. aAX’ of pev ovdev THv diaPAnPévtwv wporAdyouv, mpoeKopicbn dé Tis 7pos tov “Adeé€- avdpetou" dpovpapxov emuaToAy) Tapa “AheEdvdpou mapakaAdodvtos iva adrov deEqrar 7@ Ppoupien peta “AptatoBovAov tod adeAdod Kteivavta Tov maTépa, Kal Tmapacyn Tots om7Aots xpnoacbar Kal 529 Tats aAdAats agoppats. TAUTHV ‘AdeEavdpos jev civau édeyev TEXVACMLA Avogavtou: ypappareds nv o Avodhavtos Tod Bacirews, ToAunpos avnp Kal dewos pyjoacbar maons xELpos yedppara: 7oAAa. yotv mapaxapaéas teAevtatov €mt tovTw [Kai]? KTelveTar. Pacavicas de Tov Ppovpapxov “Hpwdns ovdev HKovaev ovde Tap eKelvou TaV diaBeBAn- pevaov. 530 «(4) “AAAa Kaitot tovs €Aéyyous ctpickwv aobe- veis Tovs viovs exéAevoev THpEtv, ETL revToL A€eAv- uévous, Tov b€ Avpedva THs otkias Kai dpapya- toupyov GAov tod pvaouvs EtpuxAéa, owripa Kat 1 Destinon from Lat.: ’AXetdvdpov PA: ‘Hpwéov the rest. 7 om. PAM Lat. 250 JEWISH WAR, I. 526-530 (cf. ant. xvi. 314-321) (3) Having delivered this monstrous tirade against Ontere Alexander, Eurycles pfoceeded to extol Antipater Dates to the skies, as the only son who had any filial affection, an affection which had so far enabled him to thwart the plot. The king, who had scarcely recovered his composure after previous shocks, burst into ungovernable fury. Antipater, seizing this new opportunity, privily sent in others to accuse his brothers of holding clandestine interviews with Jucundus and Tyrannus, at one time commanders of the king’s cavalry, but now, owing to some mis- demeanours, degraded. This report brought Herod’s indignation to a climax, and he instantly had the two men put to the torture. They made no confes- sion of the crimes imputed to them; but a letter was produced, addressed by Alexander to the governor of Alexandrion, requesting him to admit _ him and his brother Aristobulus to that fortress after they had slain their father, and to grant them the use of the arms and the other resources of the place. This letter Alexander declared to be the handiwork of Diophantus, a secretary of the king, an audacious fellow who had a clever knack of imitating any handwriting, and who, after numerous forgeries, was eventually put to death for a crime of that nature. Herod had the keeper of the fortress put to the torture, but from him too failed to elicit anything bearing on the alleged facts. (4) Notwithstanding the weakness of the obtain- The end able evidence, Herod gave orders for a watch to be *¥°'* kept on his sons, though still leaving them their liberty. As for Eurycles, the bane of his house and stage-manager of the whole abominable business, 251 531 532 533 534 535 JOSEPHUS evepyeTny KaA@v, TEVTHKOVTA Swpetrac taAdvtots. 6 b€ THD ax pin oneny dbdacas eis Kammadoxtav dpyupilerau Kat Tapa "A pxeAdou, ToAunoas etmetv OTL Kal dvahAdgevev ‘Hpwdnv “AheEavopy. dudpas 8° eis tHv “EAAdba trois ex Kax@v Kt7fetow els Oova. KATEXPT|OATO dis yoodv emi Kaicapos KaT- nyopn ets €7TL 7@ oTdcews euTAnoa 77 "Axatav kal mrepvovew Tas modes puyadeverar. KGKELVOV prev ovtws 7 "AdrcEdvdpov Kat *ApiotoBovdAov mown TepinAev. (5) “A€sov 6é€ avr Betvar TOV K@ov Evdpeorov" TO Lmapridry Kat yap ovros cv ev Tots udAvora pidos* "AreEavidpw Kai Kata Tov abrov Edpurde? Kaipov emidnunoas muvGavonevw TH Baorret epi dv éxeivos deBadrev opkois TO pyndev aknKoevar mapa. |* TOV jeipartonv eTLOTWOATO. ov pny avnoev ye TL Tous abAtous: joven yap my TOV KAK@V jaxpoarTs ETOULOTATOS ‘Hpwdns Kal KE- yxapisuevos atT@ mds 6 aupmiotevwy Kai our- ayavakTov. (xxvii. 1) Tlapdéwev 8 adrod Kai Larwpn Thy éml Tols TéKVOLS WuOTHTA. Tav’THY yap ouvv- SnoacGat Tois Kwdvvois 6 “ApiatdBovdos bédwv, ovoav éxupavy Kai T7Oida, diavéumetar owlew éauTnvy Tapawa@v: mapeoxevacba yap Bao.réa Ktelvew avTnv diaBAnfeicav ed’ ols Kai mporepov, 6Tt. LvdAdaiw 7H “Apafs yyuacGar omovdalovea Ad§pa ta Tod BaoiAéws amoppyta diayyéAAou zpos avtov €xOpov ovta. Tov™’ womep TeAcvTaia AveAAa 1 Evdparov RC (through assimilation to 4.||). 2 Niese: @idos MSs. 3 om. PA. @ Cf. § 487. JEWISH WAR, I. 530-535 (=ant. xvi. 309 ff., 322) the king called him his saviour and benefactor, and presented him with fifty talents. That villain then, before the true story of the affair got abroad, made off to Cappadocia, where he extorted more money from Archelaus, having the impudence to assert that he had reconciled Herod to Alexander. Thence he crossed to Greece, where he employed the pro- ceeds of his crimes on equally criminal objects. Twice arraigned before Caesar for spreading sedition throughout Achaia and fleecing the cities of that province, he was condemned to exile. Thus did retribution overtake him for his betrayal of Alexander and Aristobulus. (5) As a contrast to the conduct of this Spartan may fitly be mentioned that of Euarestus of Cos. The latter, who was one of Alexander’s most intimate friends, paid a visit to Judaea at the same time as Eurycles, and on being questioned by the king upon the allegations made by his other guest, affirmed on oath that he had heard nothing of the kind from the young men. His testimony, however, was of no avail to the unfortunate wretches ; for Herod had a ready ear only for slander, and all stood high in his favour who shared his credulity and his indignation. (xxvii. 1) A further stimulus to Herod’s cruelty to his sons was given by Salome. For Aristobulus, wishing to involve her, who was at once his mother- in-law and aunt, in the perils threatening himself, sent her a warning to look to her own safety, as the king was prepared to kill her on the charge previously brought against her*: namely that, in her anxiety to marry the Arab Syllaeus, she had privately communi- cated to him the secrets of the king, whose enemy he was. ‘This was, as it were, the final hurricane aao Contraste conduct o another visitor. Salome’s denuncia- tion. JOSEPHUS xetaLlopevous TOUS veavioKous emeBdrricev: 7 yap Ladwpn Spajodoa 7™pos Baowréea THY Tap - aiveow €unvucev. KaKeivos ovKert _Kaprepjoas deopet pLev appotepous Tous viets Kal Svexwipioev amt adAjAwv, me pare de mpos Kaicapa Oud TaXOUS OdoAovprior TE TOV oTpatomeddpy iy Kal TOV gt- Awy’ “Odvprov éyypadous® tas unviceis hepovTas. 536 ot 6° ws eis ‘Papny mAevoavTes amédocay TQ ATO Tou Bacirews ypdppara, apodpa bev _1x8€08n Katoap én tots veavicKors, ov pay weto deity adeAéoba Tov matépa TH mepl® THY viddv “e€ovalav. 537 avttypader yotv KUpiov prev atdtov Kabuotas, €d pevto. Troujoew A€ywv, et peTa KOWOdD cuvEedplov Ty Te idiwy ovyyev@v Kal T@V KATA THY ETAapXiav Tye woveny eerdcevev THY emBovAgy: Kav [Lev evexwvTar, KTelvew, eav Se jeovov @ow dpacpov BeBovAevpevor, Rohabee JLETPLTEpOV. 638 (2) Tovrous “Hpwdns meiberar, Kal mapa- YEVOpLEVvOS eis Bypurov, evba zpocérakev Kaioap, ouviye 70 Suxaornptov. mpoKabiLovatv® TE Ol Tyepoves® ypagev avrots b70 Kaicapos, Larop- vives TE Kal OL TeEpl ITedaveov mpeaBets, ovv ois kat Ovodovprvios [o]® ezitpomos, €zel” of Todlt. Baovlews ovyyevels Kat dido, Lado TE Kat fri ApxeAdov tod Baoiews: totrov yap ovTa Kn-hol | deotyv “AdrcEavipov du’ bzoias etyev “Hpcddns. fy, 1 Destinon from Lat.: 7dv did\ov mss 2 éyypagus LTRC. 3 PA: xara the rest. iy * PA: mpoxabéfovrai the rest. ‘] & +xara 7rd PAM. 6 om. PA. eo ¥ ao Fes 5 ee ee l @ Beirut. ar 254 JEWISH WAR, I. 535-538 (cf. anT. xvi. 323, 332, 356 ff.) which submerged the tempest-tossed youths. For Salome ran off to the king and reported the warning which she had received. Herod, his patience ex- Herod hausted, put both his sons in irons and in separate \@Prisons the prince confinement ; he then hastily dispatched Volumnius, and repor the military Bune and Olympus, one of his friends, porn with all the information i in writing, to Caesar. Taking ship to Rome they delivered the king’s dispatches to the emperor, who, while deeply distressed for the young men, did not think it right to deprive the father of his authority over his sons. He replied accordingly, leaving Herod complete liberty of action, Augustus but adding a recommendation to him to hold an 2y°s3Her inquiry into the plot before a joint council of his own relatives and the provincial governors ; then, if his sons were convicted, to put them to death, but if they had merely meditated flight, to be content with a milder penalty. (2) Acting on this advice, Herod repaired to Trial hela Berytus,* the place appointed by Caesar, and there ** Boyt assembled the court. In accordance with written instructions received from Caesar, the Roman officers presided, namely Saturninus? andhis legates, Pedanius and others ; with them was associated Volumnius ° the procurator. Next came the king’s relatives and friends, including Salome and Pheroras, and after these all the aristocracy of Syria, with the exception of King Archelaus ;? for, as Alexander’s father-in- law, he was regarded by Herod with distrust. His >’ C. Sentius Saturninus, governor of Syria, previously consul in 19 B.c. ¢ It is uncertain whether he is identical with Herod’s riend and ambassador (§ 535). | ¢ Cappadocia, it appears, must at this time have been inder the superintendence of the governor of Syria. 255 JOSEPHUS ~6¢ 4 4 € \ , , >] A , 539 Tovs ye pv viovs od mponyayev els thy SiKnv tA ~ My A t<4 ‘\ / >; , dda mpounbads: nder yap oT Kat povov odBevtes ’ 4 t 4 ’ A \ A / eAenfjcovrar mavtTws: et 5€ 57) Kai Adyou peTa- 4A AdBouv, padiws *AAgEavdpov amoAvcecbar tas s , > 5 ¢ A , /, , 7 aitias. GAA’ ot pev ev IlAatavyn Képn Lidwviwv edpoupodrto. ~ 4, 540 (3) Kaztaoras 8° 6 Baowreds ws pos mapovtas 7 \ duereiveTo, KaTnyoper TE THY pev eémBovdArny ~ , acbev@s, ws av amopovpevos els avtiy eAéyxwr, Roidopias 6€ Kal cxwppata Kai UBpers Kal mAnL- pedcias puupias eis avdtov, & Kal Bavdtov xare- ~ ‘ TWTEPA TOs ovvedpos amédynvev. EmEetTAa pydEvos avTiAéyovtos émoukTicdpevos, ws avtos adAicKolTo A ~ ~ KGL VIK@V" ViKNY TLKpav KaTa TOV TéKVWY, ETNPWTA = \ ~ ~ 541 77 yvwpnv eKaoTov. Kal mp@tos Latopvivos ~ > amepyvato KaTaKpivewy prev TOV veavioxwy, add ov Gavatov: ov yap eivar Bepitov atTa@, Tpidv TApeoTWTwWY TEKVWY, ETEpoV TEKVOLS amwAELaV exubndicacbac. ovpyndo. 8° at7@ Kat ot dvo mpeoPevtal ‘yivovTat, Kal TovToLs ETEpOL TVES 542 nKoAovénoav. Ovdodrovuvos S€ tis oKvdpwais amtopacews np€ato, Kai pet adtov mavtTes Bavatov KaTaKplvovow TOV peipakiwy, ot ev KoAaKEvOVTES, c \ ~ ¢ 4 A - | A - > / ot de pucaodvtes ‘Hpwdnv, Kai obdeis bu’ ayavaxtn- 543 ow. evba 7 peTewpos 7 TE Lupia waoa Kat TO *lovdaixov Hv éxdeyouevwv TO TéAos Tod Opdparos’ ovdeis pevrou drehduBavev eocoUar Hexpt TEKVO- KTovias wyuov ‘Hpwdnv. 6 b€ atpas tovds viors 1 vixwn M and apparently Lat. 256 a 6 eet ee ee, se JEWISH WAR, I. 539-543 (=anvt. xvi. 361-373) sons Were not produced by Herod in court—a very wise precaution, for he knew that their mere appear- ance would be sure to arouse compassion, while, if they were further permitted to speak, Alexander would have no difficulty in rebutting the charges. So they were detained in custody at Platana,? a village in the territory of Sidon. (3) The king, on rising, nevertheless inveighed Condemn against them as though they had been present. His Unces. accusation of a plot was, for lack of proofs, weak ; but he dwelt on the affronts, mockeries, insults, and offences innumerable of which he had been the victim, and which, he declared to the court, were more cruel than death itself. After that, none con- tradicting him, he commiserated his hard fate that even in winning his case against his sons his triumph would be bitter and himself the loser, and then asked them all to express their opinions. Saturninus first delivered his opinion, which was to condemn the young men, but not to death ; as the father of three children present in court, it would not be right for him, he said, to vote for the destruction of the children of another. His two legates voted in the same sense and their example was followed by some others. Volumnius was the first to pronouncea pitiless sentence ; and all who followed him condemned the lads to death, some from flattery, others from hatred of Herod, none from indignation against the prisoners. From that moment all Syria and Jewry were in sus- pense, anxiously awaiting the last act of the drama ; yet none supposed that Herod would carry his cruelty to the length of murdering his children. He, mean- @ Ras Damur, on the coast, S. of Beirut and about half- way between it and Sidon. VOL. II K 257 JOSEPHUS els Tupov Kaxeilev dvaTAevoas els Kavodpevav TpoTov avaipecews Tots petpaxtots EOKETTETO. 544 (4) IaAacos | dé Tis Too Bac.réws oTpaTlirns, dvona Tipwr, Exo utov ododpa ovv7 On Kal dirov ’"AdeEavipw kal avTos Tyan Kas idia Ta peupaxca, bu drrepBodny ayavaKTnoews exdpwv eyiveto,* Kal TO lev mp@tov é€Boa mepuwy metatiobar TO dikavov, amoAwAévar thy adAnbevav, ovyKxexvobar TI dvow, dvoplas yepew TOV Biov, Kat 7avl” 6oa 545 7) Perdopevey tod Civ brnyopeve TO 7abos. Tédos b€ kal TO Baowhet ToAujoas mpooeAbetv “GAN epol pev, fics 6 KakodayLoveaTatos evar doxeis, GoTts KaTa T vy pidrdraw melOn Tots TovnpoTarots, el ye Depeipd. Kat Ladwns KaTayvovs moM axis dvaTtov TLGTEVELS Tovrous KaTa TOV TEKVWY, ol ce TOV yryciwy mepiKdmTovTes Biadoywv em” ’Avrumdtpw KataXeimovar povw, Tov Eeavtois ev- 546 peTaxetpioTov alpovjevot Baordea.. oKepat [LeVvTOL > / / ’ Ves pL) TOTE KaKElywW yevynTaL ptoos ev Tos oTpa- TUT ALS 6 TOV ddedpav @dvatos: ov yap cor Gotis ovK éAcel TA petpaKia, TOV SE TYELOVWWY Kal davep@s ayavaxtotow moAdol.”’ Tadl’ aya Aéywv @vopaley tovs ayavaxtotvtas. 56 de Baatreds bl] / > / \ > \ \ \ e\ ’ ~ evbews EKELVOUS TE KAL AUTOV KAL TOV VLOV AUTOV aa Cae ~ > 547. (5) Eg” @ TOV eK TIS avdArs Tis KOUpEwr, Tptdwv ovopa, _TpoexTn orcas ex twos Geo- PAaBetas* €avtod pyvuTys yiverac. “Kap,” yap edn, “‘ Tipwy otros avéereWev, orav Geparetw 1 PA: éyévero the rest. 2 PA: ¢pevoSdafeias the rest. 258 JEWISH WAR, I. 543-547 (=anT. xvi. 373-387) while, dragged his sons to Tyre, and, taking ship thence to Caesarea, pondered in his mind over the manner of their execution. (4) Now there was an old soldier in the king’s army, named Tiro, whose son was on very intimate and friendly terms with Alexander, and who had a personal affection himself for the young princes. This man, in the excess of his indignation, lost his reason. At first he went about shouting that justice had been trampled under foot, truth was dead, the laws of nature confounded, the world full of iniquity, and whatever else his emotion suggested to one who was careless of his life. At length he boldly pre- sented himself to the king and thus addressed him : ‘Most god-forsaken of men, that is my opinion of you, you who to the injury of your nearest and dearest trust the word of the basest of scoundrels, if it be true that Pheroras and Salome, whom you have so often sentenced to death, have now made you believe their slanders upon your children. They are cutting off your legitimate heirs, leaving you none but Antipater, choosing him for king as the most manageable in their leading-strings. But take care that the death of his brothers does not one day rouse against him the hatred of the army ; for there is not a man there who does not pity the lads, and many of the officers are freely expressing their indignation.” He forthwith named these malcontents ; and they were promptly arrested by the king, together with Tiro and his son. (5) Thereupon, one of the court barbers, named Trypho, possessed by some strange frenzy, rushed forward and turned informer against himself. ‘‘ Me too,” he cried, “ this Tiro tried to induce to cut your 259 Action o Tiro the soldier and of Trypho t barber. 548 549 550 or Cr _ JOSEPHUS T@ Evp@ oe daxerptoacbat, peydhas Te Hoe Tap” *AdeEdvB pov Swpeas UmoxvetTo. TAaOT axovoas ‘“Hpwdns tov te Tipwva otv TH tradi Kat Tov Koupea Pacavois Sindeyyev, Kat TOY pev apvov- / ~ \ \ /, / ~ pevwv, Tod de pndev mAéov €yovTos, oTpeBAodv > / A / / ¢ > ce. exéAXevoev Tov Tipwva adodpotepov. 6 8 vids olKTElpas vUmeaxeToO TH Pacirci wavTa pynvvcew, el yapioaito Tov matépa attT@. KaxKelvov SdvTos > e ¢ \ be) ~ \ > / cimev ws 0 TaTip attod meibeis “AdcEavipw BeAjoevev adrov avedetv. Todl’ of pev els am- adraynv Tis TOO maTpos atkias memAdoBa, TwWeEs b€ adn bes eAeyov. (6) ‘Hpoidns ye pny ev exkAnota TOV TE "YE povenv kai Tipwvos Kkatyyopjoas tov Aaov én’ avTovs eaTpatoAdynoev: adrob. yotv avaipodyrat \ ~ / / / \ / feTa TOD Kovpéws EvAois BadAdpevoe Kai HiBors. / \ \ A ca > / > > Tepibas d€ Kal ToUs viEts els LePaoTHv, ovaay od moppw 7Hs Kavcapeias, mpooéragev amomvitar. Kat TeAcabevtos adT@ Taxéws Tod mpooTdypaTos \ \ > > / > / > Tovs vexpovds ets ArdeEavdpevov éxéAevoev ava- Kopuobjvac TO dpovpov, ovvragyoopevous ’"AXeE- dvopw T@ PLNTpoMATopL. TO pev ovv ’AXcEdvdpou kat "ApuatoBovAov téAos Towdroy [jv]. (xxviii. 1) “Avrimdtpy dé adnpiTov | €xovTt THY duadoxny pigos pev adopyrov EK Tob edvous emTeyElpeT al, TAaVTWwy eT LOTAapLevey Ore Tas d1a- Bodas Tots adeAgois maoas emauvTaterev ovTos, UTTouKOUpEL de Kal d€os ov joer prov avtavoperny op@vru Thy Trav avnpnuevev yevedy" joav yap ’"AdcEdvopw pev ex LAaddpas viets d00, Trypavns 1 om. LTRC, 260 JEWISH WAR, I. 547-552 ( =anrT. xvi. 387 ff., xvii. 1) throat with my razor when in attendance upon you, promising me a large reward from Alexander.” On hearing this, Herod put Tiro, his son and the barber under the torture, and when father and son denied all and the other would add nothing more, gave orders to rack Tiro still more severely. The son, thereupon, moved with compassion, promised to tell the king everything if he would spare him his father. Herod granting his request, he stated that his father, at the instigation of Alexander, intended to kill him. This statement, according to some, was a fabrication to end his father’s sufferings, while others maintained that it was true. (6) Herod summoned a public assembly, formally Exeeuti accused the officers concerned and Tiro, and enlisted ee the aid of the populace to dispatch them ; they and Aristob the barber were beaten to death on the spot with cudgels and stones. He then sent his sons to Sebaste,” a town not far from Caesarea, and ordered them to be strangled. The order was promptly executed, and direction was given to convey the bodies to the fortress of Alexandrion, for burial there with Alexander, their maternal grandfather. Such 7-6 s.c. was the end of Alexander and Aristobulus. (xxviii. 1) Antipater, having now an indisputable Un- claim to the succession, became an object of intoler- PoyNa' able abhorrence to the nation; for all knew that it Antipat was he who had contrived all the calumnies against his brothers. He was, moreover, haunted with grave alarm at the sight of the children of his victims grow- ing to maturity. For Alexander had by Glaphyra two sons, Tigranes and Alexander; and by his @ Samaria. 261 553 554 JOSEPHUS kat *AréEavdpos, “AptaroBovAw 8 &x Bepvixns THs Ladwpyns ‘Hpddyns pev Kat "Aypimmas Kal "ApiatoBovdos viol, Ovyatépes 5€ ‘Hpwodias Kat Mapraupy. 7THv pev ovv TAadivpav peta tis TpOuKcos “Hpwdns anézenibev' eis Kamzadoxiar, ws avetAev “AddEavipov, tiv “ApiatoBovdAov sé Bepviknvy ouveidxicev Geiw mpos pntpos 7 Avtt- matTpov' THv yap Ladrwynv ovcav sdiadopov éé- OLKELOULEVOS 6 ‘Avtimatpos TotTov empaypatevaato TOV yapov . mepijer O€ Kai Tov Depudpav durpors TE KOL Tats adAdats Gepameiats Kai Tovs Kaicapos didous ovK odtya TE TTODV els 77H ‘Pawn? xe7y- “ara. ol ye ey mrepi Laropvivov ev Lupia TAVTES evevAnoOncav tav am avrob Owpeav. E/LLGELTO b€ d1d00s mAciov, ws av odK Ek TOD peyadoydyou 5 yapilopevos GAN’ avaXioxwv Kata d€éos. auvéBawwev d€* tovs pev AapBavovtas ovdev padAdov evvous , : + ee iy FS . yiwecGar, xadetTEpous 8’ EexApovs ols pun 86017. Aapmpotépas be Kal’ éepav emoetto tas dta- ddcets, Op@v tov BactAéa map’ as avtos €Amidas eixev empeAovpevov T@v ophavayv Kai Thy emt Tots avnpnwevols petavotay eudatvovra & wy nAéet tTovs €€& exetveany. (2) Zuvayayov yap mOTE ‘Hpadns ovyyevets te Kat didAous Tapacrnaapevos TE TA maoia Kal daxptwv é€utrAjaas Tovs odfadpods elev: “ ewe TOUS [EV TOUTWY maT €épas oxvbpwros aetrero daiuwy, Tadra dé pou peTa THs Pvaews ouviornow cAeos opdavias. TELpO pat 6, ef Kai marnp Eyevounv atuyéotatos, manmmos yobtv yevéoBas 1 avérmeuwev M. % éri Pwuns P. 3 6y LRC: re Niese. 262 JEWISH WAR, I. 552-556 (cf. anv. xvii. 6-13) marriage with Bernice, Salome’s daughter, Aristo- bulus had three, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus, besides two daughters, Herodias and Mariamme. After the execution of Alexander, Herod had sent back Glaphyra to Cappadocia with her dowry ; Bernice, the widow of Aristobulus, he gave in marriage to Antipater’s maternal uncle,” this match being arranged by Antipater in order to conciliate his enemy Salome. Antipater further sought to in- gratiate himself with Pheroras by presents and other attentions, and with Caesar’s friends by sending considerable sums to Rome. Saturninus and all his staff in Syria were glutted with his gifts. Yet the more he gave, the more he was hated, as it was felt that his bounties were not the outcome of generosity but extorted from him by fear. The result was that the recipients were no better disposed to him than before, while those whom he overlooked became more implacable enemies. The presents distributed, nevertheless, became daily more magnificent, when he saw the king, to the undoing of his own expecta- tions, taking care of the orphans and showing his remorse for the murder of his sons by his compassion for their offspring. (2) For Herod, one day, assembled his relatives and friends,? set the young children before them, and said, with tears in his eyes: “I have been bereaved by some evil genius of the sires of these infants, but pity for the orphans and nature alike commend them to my care. If I have been the most unfortunate of fathers, I will try at any rate to prove @ Theudion, A. xvii. 70. > Reinach regards these words as having the technical meaning of high officials at court, cf. § 460. 263 Herod's pity and marriage arrange- ments for the children of the murdere princes. JOSEPHUS K7B€LOviKWTEPOS Kal pet? Ee Tyyepovas avrots" 557 karadumeiv _Tovs Ep10l diAratous. eyyua de 77 pev anv, @® Depeipa, Ovyatépa 7H mpeoBurepe TOV adeApay “Aref dvOpov naidwv, iva As avT@ KDE pov avayKatos, T@ d€ o@ Taw6l, *Avrimarpe, THY “AproroBovdov Ovyarépa: yévoto ‘yap av ouTw TAT Ip es opphavis. Kal THY adeAdry auras 6 €[.0s “Hpwd 7s Anjiberau, Tos: HT pos av apxrepews 558 mammTov. Ta pev ovv ena TaUTHY EXETO. TID Kpiow, jv diaxoyy? pndeis TOV eye provvrwv: emevxopau d€ Kal T@ Oe ovvappooar Tovs _ydpous em ouppepovre THS €LTS BaotActas Kal TOV eua@v EK OVW, 7d Te mradia TQUTL yadnvorépors erdetv ses 7) TOUS TaTépas avrav.’ 3 / , A 659 (3) [’Ezed7|* tadrta eimwv amedaxpucev Te Kal TOv Taldwy ovvypwocev Tas deEvas, EmetTA KaTa- / a / / \ omacdpevos exaactov diAodpovws b1éAvoev TO / 5 / > b] \ > / A cuvedpiov. emayvwbn 8 evOds *Avtimatpos Kal djAos jv amaow oOUvfLEvOS” b7eAapuBavev yap eivat Tapa 7T® TaTpl THY TV dophavav TYLAY €aUTOD karddvow, ablis TE kwdvvevoew TreEpl 7Ov GAwy, et mpos “ApyeAdw Kat Depwpay dvta , ‘ »” € > / ~ tetpapynv Bonfov e€xouev ot “AdeEavipov maides. 560 cuveAoyilero S€ TO E€avTod picos Kal Tov TOV ophavav eAeov €xk Tod EAvous, Gon TE amOVd?) Cuvrwv Kal 6on prin mapa "lovéaios tev bv 1 jyeudvas abrods PA: xndeudvas adrois the rest. 2M: dcaxowec the rest. ’ Corrupt text: Destinon proposes éreide, to be joined to the preceding sentence. @ Names unknown. > Tigranes (§ 552) or perhaps Alexander (A. xviii. 139, where the order of names is reversed). 264 JEWISH WAR, I. 556-560 (cf. ant. xvii. 14-17) myself a more considerate grandfather and to leave their tutelage, after my death, to those most dear to me. I affiance your daughter,* Pheroras, to the elder of these brothers,? Alexander’s sons, in order that this alliance may make you his natural guardian. To your son,? Antipater, I betroth the daughter of Aristobulus ©; so may you become a father to this orphan girl. Her sister? my own Herod shall take, for on his mother’s ® side he is grandson of a high- priest. Let then effect be given to my wishes, and let no friend of mine frustrate them. And I pray God to bless these unions, to the benefit of my realm and of my descendants, and to look with serener eyes upon these children here than thase with which he beheld their fathers.” (3) Having thus spoken he gave way to tears and joined the children’s hands, and then fondly em- bracing one after the other dismissed the assembly. At that Antipater’s blood ran cold / and his chagrin was evident to all. For he imagined that the honour bestowed by his father on the orphans was his own ruin and that his claims to the throne would be again endangered, if Alexander’s children were to have, in addition to the support of Archelaus, that of Pheroras, a tetrarch. He reflected on the hatred which the nation bore him and their pity for the orphans, the enthusiasm which the Jews had shown for his brothers in their lifetime and their fond memory of them now that, in his interest, they were ¢ Mariamme. 4 The celebrated Herodias mentioned in the New Testa- ment. ¢ Mariamme II, daughter of the high priest Simon, son of Boethus (A. xv. 320). / Or “ Antipater instantly shuddered.” VOL. II K 2 265 561 562 563 564 JOSEPHUS avrov azoAwAoTwy fv adeAddv. éeyvw 87 mdvra Tpomov d.aKkomTew Tas eyyvas. (4) Kat 7o pév trévar mavovpyws edevce TOV matépa yaderov dvTa Kal mpos tas vmorias / > / > / A ‘ e Kwovpevov o€éws, éeToAuncey 5€ mpoceABew ike- Tevew dvTuKpus wn o7 eptoxew avTov is n€lwoev TYLTS » unde avT@ peev ovopa Baociretas, dvvayw d€ Umapyew dows? od yap KpaTjicew Tov Tmpay- patwv, el mpos y pxeddw manmw Kat Depwpav KNOEOTHV O "AheEdvopou mats mpooAdBou. KaTYHVTL- Borer be moAAfjs ovons yeveds Kara TO Baathevoy petadeivar Tovs ydpous. joav yap 7 Baorre yuvaikes pev evvéea, Téexva 8 €x TMV’ ExTa, adTos \ > , > ’ > pev *Avtimatpos ex Awpidos, ‘Hpwdns 8 ex Mapidupns THs ToD apyiepéws Ouvyarpos, ’Avtimas d€ Kal "ApxéAaos eK Madfaxns THIS Lapapeiribos, Kal Ovyarnp ‘Odvpmruds, iy 6 abdeAdidots adrob ‘leonros elyev, €K be TIS ‘TepocoAvpiroos KAco- TaT pas ‘Hpwdns Kat Dihirros, ex d€ [ladAados Macdandos. éyévovto 8 att@ kai ddAa Ovyarépes, ¢ / \ ud e A > / e Pwéavyn te Kat Ladwpun, 7 pev ex Daidpas, de €€ *EAmidos. dvo 8’ elyev aréxvous, aveyudv Te Kal adeAdidqv: ywpis S€ tovtTwy S00 adeAdas "AdcEavépov Kai “AproroPovdov tas €k Mapidppys. ovans de toAuTpoow7ou THs yeveds 6 ’Avtimatpos edciTo petateOAvar Tovs yapous. ~ 7 ~ > e \ ] / (5) Xader@s 8 6 Baowreds ryyavdntyoev Kata- taba adrod TO mpos Tovs opdavods 7Oos, Evvord 1 zav of LTRC must surely be right: rovrwy PAM. * Not including the deceased Mariamme I, who raises the total to ten. See Appendix, ** The Herodian Family.” 266 = Ty JEWISH WAR, I. 560-564 (cf. ant. xvii. 17-22) dead. He resolved accordingly at all costs to break off these betrothals. (4) Afraid of practising a ruse upon so harsh a father, whose suspicions were easily aroused, he boldly ventured into his presence and besought him out- right not to deprive him of the honour which he had deigned to confer on him, nor to leave him the mere title of king while others enjoyed the power ; for he would never be master of affairs, should Alexander’s sson, with Archelaus as his grandfather, also have Pheroras as his father-in-law. He therefore earnestly entreated him, as the palace contained a numerous family, to modify these matrimonial arrangements. The king, in fact, had nine ¢ wives and issue by seven Herod's of them. Antipater himself was son of Doris, Herod “\y32" (11) of Mariamme (II), the high-priest’s daughter, Antipater and Archelaus were sons of Malthace, the Samaritan ; Olympias, a daughter by this last wife had married Joseph,®? the king’s nephew. By Cleopatra, a native of Jerusalem, he had Herod and Philip ; by Pallas, Phasael. He had besides other daughters, Roxane and Salome, one by Phaedra, the other by Elpis. Two of his wives, one a cousin, the other a niece, were childless. In addition there were two daughters® by Mariamme (1), sisters of Alexander and Aristobulus. In view of this large family Antipater begged for an alteration in the projected marriages. (5) The king, on discovering Antipater’s attitude to the orphans, was highly indignant, and the thought ®’ Son of Herod’s brother Joseph, who was killed at the battle of Jericho (§§ 323 f.). ¢ Salampsio and Cypros. 267 JOSEPHUS Te avtT@ Tapeary TreEpt TOV GVNpHnLevwv, [Ln OTE KaKetvou yevowro TOV “Avrumdrpov | a oda 565 Gywviopa. TOTE “ev ovv TOoAAG TpOos OpynY arro- Kpwadevos ameAatver Tov *Avtimatpov, atlis 8 imaxGets abrod tats KoAakelars weOnppooaro, Kat av7@ yey TY “AptotoBovdov cuvaskicev Bvyatepa, Tov d€ viov avToD TH Pepeipa Ovyarpt. 566 (6) Karapafo. 6 dv Tis, doov icyvoey ev > / > ~ / Tovtois KoAaKevwy “Avtimazpos, €k tod Ladwdpny €v Opolots amotvyely. TavTnvy yap 67 Katmep > > \ \ \ \ / 1 ~ \ ovoay adeAdry Kal moAAa. 1a Avovias Tis yuvarkos Kaicapos ¢ ixerevovoar yapnojvar 7@ ”ApaBu LuA- Aaiw, Oump.ooaro peev exbpordrny efew, el p17 Tavoalto THS aTovdrs, TO de TeAcvTatov aKovoav > ~ ~ / / \ ~ AkeEG Tun TGV girov GUVWKLGEV, Kal TOV Ouya- TEpwv avrijs TIP per t@ “AdeEG radi, tH & erépav T@ Tpos pNTpOS *Avrurdpov Bebe? Tay 5° é€k Mapidpuns Ouyarépw nH pev GdeAdis viov “Avrizatpov elyev, 4 5€ adeAdod Dacandov. 667 (xxix. 1) Avaxopas S€ Tas tev opdavav eAzidas 6 *Avtimatpos Kal mpos TO oupdepov avT@ Tas émyaplas Tomnodpevos, ws émt BePBators prev wpyer tats €Amiow, mpoodaBaw b€ TH KaKia TO memos adopntros jv: TO yap Tap éKaoT@ pitaos dvookevacacba un Suvdjevos eK TOU poBepos elvar Ty. dogaAevav evopilero. ouvipyet de kal Depuipas ws av nbn [Kal]* Baowret BeBaiw. 1 Niese with Heg.: Aevias PA (as in § 641): TovXias the rest. * +onrovddcavtos ws épauey ’AvTirdrpov PAM (doubtless a gloss). * P: om, the rest. 268 JEWISH WAR, I. 564-567 (cf. anv. xvii. 18, 10, 33) crossed his mind—might not his murdered sons also Under have been the victims of this man’s slanders? He, Antipa accordingly, at the moment replied in a long and Herod angry speech, and dismissed Antipater from his aac presence. Subsequently, however, seduced by his "ions. flatteries, he made other arrangements, and gave the daughter of Aristobulus to Antipater himself, and the daughter of Pheroras to his son. (6) How powerful was the effect of Antipater’s Enforce: adulation on this occasion may be gauged from gi4"i Salome’s ill success in a similar suit. For, although she was Herod’s sister and had recourse to the inter- cession of the Empress Livia to plead with him for permission to marry the Arab Syllaeus,* Herod swore that he would regard her as his bitterest enemy if she did not renounce this passion ; and, in the end, he married her, against her will, to one of his friends, named Alexas, and one of her daughters ® to the son ® of Alexas, the other ° to Antipater’s maternal uncle.? Of his daughters by Mariamme, one @ was given to Antipater, his sister's, the other’ to Phasael, his brother’s son. (xxix. 1) Antipater, having cut off the orphans’ Intrigu expectations and arranged the marriages to his own A"°?* advantage, regarded his prospects as securely an- chored, and, with assurance now added to villainy, became insufferable. For, unable to avert the hatred which he inspired in all, he sought security in intimidation. He was assisted by Pheroras, who @ §§ 487, 534. In A. xvii. 10 it is stated that the empress (Julia) took Herod’s side and sought to break off Salome’s proposed match with Syllaeus. >» Names unknown. ¢ Berenice, widow of Aristobulus. 4 Theudion (§ 553 note). ¢ Cypros. * Salampsio. 269 JOSEPHUS , ‘ ‘ ~ / 4 A ° , 568 yiverau O€ Kal yuvalK@v ovvTaypa Kare Ty avAnv, 569 570 7 571 or bo 7) vewrTEepous exivyaev PopvBovs. 7 yap Depopa yuvn peta THs pNTpOs Kal THS ddeAdijs m™poo- AaBotca Kal THY “Avrimdrpov pintepa ToAXa pev noeAyawev Kata 70 PaoiAeov, éroAunoev be Kal Too Baorews vBpioae dvo Ouvyarépas, bv a 67) padvora Tauryy €xeivos mpoBeB\nzo° jucovpevat ye pny on avrod tav adAwy emeKpaTouy peovn d€ THs Omovolas avrav dyrimados 7 va Ladrapun Kal Baotret 6veBadev TI avvodor, ws ovK em ayala 7@v avToo Tpaywar ov €l7). yrodbaa 5° é€xetvau Thy diaBoAnv Kat ws AYAVAKTIOELEV “Hpwons, THs pev davepads avvodov Kat tav diAodpovijcewv €mavoavTo, Tovvavtiov 6 wvmeKpivovto Kat d.a- dépecbar pos addr Aas GaKOUVOVTOS Baoréws- als ouvuTeKpiveTo Kal ‘Avtimarpos, ev TO Pavepe@ mpoaKpovoy Pepwipa. ovvovotar dé Woav avbrav AdOpa Kai K@pOU vuKTEpwot, THV TE Omovotay 7 Tapar7pyats evreTeWeV. Hyvoet d€ ovdev Ladwpy TOV Bie a Kal av? “Hpwdn dunyyerer. (2) “E€exalero 8’ éxeivos eis opyny Kal pdhora ext 77v Depedipov yuvatka: tavtnv yap mA€ov 7 Ladwun dveBadev. abpoicas ovv ouvedpLov TOV te pirwy Kal ouyyevav dda Te moAAa Tis avOpu- Trou Kar nyopel Kal THY €ls TAS eavrob Ouyarépas vppw, OTL TE Daproaiors ev XOpNY | aEvev probovs Kat avTod Kat Tov adeAdov at’T@ KaTacKevdcerev TONE LLOV evonoapevy pappdxous. teAevtatov 8 eis Depupav améotpedev tov Adyov, dvoiv Farepov @ Salome and Roxana. > She had paid the fine imposed upon them for refusing 270 JEWISH WAR, I. 568-572 (cf. ant. xvii. 33-48) looked on Antipater’s claim to the throne as already assured. There was, moreover, a gang of women at A cabal court who created new disturbances. The wife of gure Pheroras, in league with her mother and sister and the mother of Antipater, displayed constant effrontery in the palace, and even ventured to insult two young daughters of the king.* She became, in consequence, the object of Herod’s special aversion ; yet, notwith- standing the king’s hatréd, these women domineered over the rest. The sole opponent of their league was salome Salome, who reported it to the king as a conclave She not conducive to the interests of hisrealm. Informed to Hero: of this denunciation and of Herod’s wrath, they abandoned their public meetings and all signs of friendly recognition, and on the contrary pretended to quarrel with one another in the king’s hearing ; Antipater joined in their dissimulation by taking offence, in public, at Pheroras. But they continued to hold clandestine meetings and nocturnal carousals, and the knowledge that they were watched only bound them closer together. Salome, however, was ignorant of none of their proceedings and reported everything to Herod. (2) The king was furiously indignant, particularly Pherora: at the wife of Pheroras, the principal object of \"8%s' Salome’s charges. He, accordingly, assembled a wife. council of his friends and relations and accused the wretched woman of numerous misdeeds, among others of insulting his own daughters, of subsidizing the Pharisees to oppose him,? and of alienating his brother, after bewitching him with drugs. In con- clusion, he addressed Pheroras and told him that he to take the oath of allegiance to Herod on his accession (A. xvii. 42). 271 573 574 JOSEPHUS bal éécbar A€ywv, 7 E€avTov adeApov 7) TV yuvaiKa.. tov d¢€ Oarrov aronetpew To Chv 7m THY yuvatia Pycavros, ovK Exev O TL xp Opav pereBawvev én” “Avrizarpov, @ mapnyyethev pyre TH Pepopa yuvaikl pyre ave unr dw Tut TOV exes SiadeyecOar. 6 Sé davepds péev od mapéeBawev' 76 mpooraypa, Adbpa b€ dSuevuKrépevev adv éxeivors. Kat dedoiKws THY. emiTHpodcavy Ladrwdpnv ampay- pareveTar dia Ta&V emt THS “Itadtas didwy Ti «is ‘Pony amodnpiay att@: ypaavrwy yap éxeivwy deiv “Avrimatpov dia xpovov meudlAvar mpos Kaicapa, 6 dé ov Tt eAAnoas ef errepuipev Jeparretav te Aapmpav Kal mAetora dovs Xpypara THY TE Sua env Kopilew, ev 7 Baotreds peev ‘Avrimarpos eyeypanto, “Avrumat Tpov de ‘Hpwdys duddoyxos 0 éx Mapidupns THs Too apytepéws OuvyaTpos yeyoveds. (3) “EmAevoev 6€ Kai XvAdAaios 6 “Apa en ‘Poiuys, TpeAnKas pev TOV Katoapos m™poo- TOYLAT OV, avTaywviovpevos be ™pos “Avrirrarpov mepl av dedixaoTo NixoAaw TAXLOV. ov puuKpos 8 atta Kal mpos *Apérav jv aywv TOV éavtob Baouréa TOUTOU yap aAAovs te didous avnpnKer D Kal Loayov Ta ev Ilérpa dwarwrdrew. . mEloas de 7oMois XpTpaow Dafarov tov Katoapos &- ouK THY expyjro Bon8@ kai Kal? ‘Hpwdov. mAelova e dovs “Hpwdns adiatnciv te amo XvAdaiov DMaBarov kat du atroé ta KeXevabevta tro Kai- Gapos ¢eloémpattev. 6 6€ pndev amodovs ETL Kal 1 Niese: weréSawev Mss. 2 Niese: 7rév év IL. duvardérarov PAM, 7Gvp év II. rév 6uvara- tarov the rest. * Mariamme II, daughter of Simon the high priest. 272 ee es ee ee ee JEWISH WAR, I. 572-575 (cf. anv. xvii. 49-55) must choose one or the other, either his brother or his wife. Pheroras replying that he would sooner part with his existence than with his wife, Herod, in perplexity, turned to Antipater and ordered him to have no further intercourse either with the wife of Pheroras, or with her husband, or with any of her set. Antipater, while not openly violating this in- Junction, continued secretly and at night to associate with them; but fearing the vigilance of Salome he contrived, with the help of friends in Italy, a visit to Rome. A letter arriving from them, suggesting that Antipater ought to be sent before long to Caesar’s court, Herod without a moment’s delay sent him off with a brilliant retinue, a large sum of money and his will, in which Antipater was named as heir to the throne, and Herod, the king’s son by Mariamme, the high-priest’s daughter,? as Antipater’s successor. (3) Syllaeus the Arab also set sail for Rome ; he had disregarded Caesar’s orders and went to maintain against Antipater the case which he had previously pleaded against Nicolas.” There was also a grave matter at issue between him and his own sovereign, Aretas, for he had put to death a number of that prince’s friends, including Soaemus, one of the most powerful personages in Petra. By a large bribe he secured the services of Fabatus, Caesar’s treasurer, whom he also employed to assist him against Herod. The latter, however, by even larger bribes, detached Fabatus from Syllaeus and endeavoured, through him, to exact from Syllaeus the penalty imposed by Caesar. But Syllaeus still refused to pay anything, > Nicolas of Damascus had, in the course of an attempted mediation between Herod and Augustus (c. 7 B.c.), accused Syllaeus of treasonable designs (4. xvi. 335 ff., no parallel in B.). t AC XVis G02 f. 273 Antipat visit to Rome. CmOuB.Cs Intrigue of Syllae the Aral JOSEPHUS / / 4 / ‘ > Katnyope. DaBarov mapa Kaioapr, dvoicnrny eivat héywv od cav exeww, tav 5é€ ‘“Hpwdyn ovp- b16 depovrwy. éd’ ols dpyicbeis DaBaros, wv 8 ere mapa “Hpoidn pddtota tyschevos, yivetar Tpo- d07ns XvAAaiov t&v amoppytwv, TH Te Baairet att LvdAAatos bradbet TOU TO - dnow o7t XvAdatos diadGelpervev adtod Tov cwpato gvraka Kopw6ov ypyyacw, dv det dvddrrecbar. ‘0 au S° ¢ r / \ \ / \ e melerar 6° 0 Baoirevs: Kal yap TéOpamto pev oO ra ae > ~ = ” Kopufos ev TH Baorheia, yevos °° 7 A par. avArapBaver 8 edféws otk adrov povov adda Kal dUo étépous “ApaBas ctipwv map’ avt@, Tov pev gidov LvAAalov tov bé dvAapyov. of dé -Bacavi- Copevot tretcar Képwlov cpoddoyncav émi toAdoits xpjwacw ‘Hpwdnv avedetv. otro. pev odv ava- Kpilevtes Kat Tapa Latopvivw T@ drérmovTe THV LXupiav aveTeudOynoav eis ‘Poiynv. 578 = (4) ‘Hpwdns 8 ode avier Depespav Bralopevos amaAAayfvar THs yuvatkos, otd'* emevoer pnyavny 6u Fs av TYyLwWpHCaito THY avOpwrov, moAAas Tob pulcovs exw aitias, ews vmepayavakTioas ov 579.a0TH Kal tov adeApov exfdAder. Depepas de > . / \ 4 > / \ > \ ayannaoas Tv UBpw amadAAdcoeTat pev eis THY €auTod TeTpapxiavy opocas dpov e€ew eva Tis duyjns tov “Hpeddov Bavarov Kai prdézore mpos ~ e / > ~ \ ] A \ Cavta wtrootpepew, ezavnAPeyr de ovde pds voootvTa Tov adeAdov Kaito. AiTapGs peramepu- momevov' ePovAeto yap av’T@ twas évtoAas Kata- 580 Aetibew ws TeOvn€dpevos. aXdX’ 6 pev map” éAmida cwlerat, wet’ od TOAD be voce? Depebpas, edpicxero 168 or 6 dé PAM. O77 27 4 JEWISH WAR, I. 575-580 (=ant. xvii. 55-59) and furthermore accused Fabatus to Caesar, asserting that the emperor's agent was acting not for his but for Herod's interests. Indignant at this and still highly paid by Herod, Fabatus betrayed the secrets of Syllaeus, informing the king that he had by bribery corrupted Corinthus, one of his bodyguard, and Discover warning him to be on his guard against this man. ¢n3Pie" The king acted on this advice, knowing that this Arabaga Corinthus, though brought up within his dominion, ~~ was an Arab by birth. He straightway had him arrested and with him two other Arabs, whom he discovered in his company, one a friend of Syllaeus, the other the chief of a tribe. Being put to the torture, these men confessed that Corinthus had by large bribes induced them to kill Herod. They were, accordingly, after being further examined by Saturni- nus, the governor of Syria, sent up for trial to Rome. (4) Herod, meanwhile, never relaxed his efforts to sxile an compel Pheroras to divorce his wife. But, notwith- pt o! standing the abundant cause which he had for his 4 8.c. | hatred of the creature, he could devise no means of | punishing her, until finally, in extreme indignation, | he banished both her and his brother from the realm. '| Pheroras, accepting this affront with equanimity, de- parted to his own tetrarchy,” swearing that the only ‘| limit to his exile should be Herod’s death, and that never, so long as his brother lived, would he return s}to him. Nor, in fact, would he revisit his brother, .}even during his illness, though urgently pressed to .}do so; for Herod, believing that he was dying, desired to leave him certain instructions. Herod, however, unexpectedly recovered, and not long after Pheroras himself fell sick ; Herod thereupon dis-: @ Peraea (§ 483). 275 581 582 ~ > ‘ cal c ~ 583 KaTaTecEV. aynoxevat Te 7pO Svoiv HuepO@v THY 584 JOSEPHUS S€ ‘Hpwdns petpioitepos: Kai yap Kee 7pos attov Kal ovuTabas e€bepamevev. ov pv v7Epicyucev Tob mdfous: peta yap nepas oAtyas amobvyoKet Mepwpas. ov Kaizep ayaryjoas “Hpwdns peéxpr reAevTalas 7uepas Guws Kat atbrov avedciv édn- picbn pappary. TOV Ye pny vexpov ets ‘lepo- coAvpa Kopioas mevlos te péyiotov OAw 7@ €Over KaTHnyyeiwev Kal «7delas n&iwoev Aapempotdrys. eva prev 07) TOV "AdeEavopov kat *ApiatoBovAou dovéwy TowvTov TEprepxeTat TEAOs. Cee aie MeréBawev 5° émt tov adbévrnv ° Avrimatpov y) Town TOV Depuipa Oavatov apyiv AaBoitca. t&v TovToV yap TwWes ameAeubépuv KaTngets 7@ Baotret tzpoceAOovtes Tov adeApov avrov dre Ocipban papydkors edeyou" mpoceveyKeiv prev yap avT@ Te THY yuvaika TaV ov owas eoxevacpevey, dayovta 8 «vléws ets THY vodoVv , , 1 \ \ > \ , > sy untépa tavrns' Kat THv adeAdnv yvvatov ex THs "ApaBias dapudkwy epterpov, omws dtATpor oxevdon 7T@ Depwpa, dedwxéevac 8 avti tovror}: favaoyov XvdAdatov mpaypatevoapévov tovTa yap HY yvwpipmov. (2) TlAnyets otv 6 BaotAeds troyiats mAcelocu Jeparaivas Te Kal twas TOV eAevbepwv €Bacavilev €Boa 5€ tis ev tais adyndoaw “ Geos 6 yhv Ka otpavov diéemwv peteAQor THY TOvUTWY Hu TAI Kak@v aitiav, THv “Avtimdtpov pytépa. TavrTy: Ths apx7s Oo Baareds AaBopevos emeEer pda thy aAjnbeav.2 7» be yurvyn tHv Te diAtav TH: 1 airis PM. 2 + émignrav LTRC. 276 JEWISH WAR, I. 580-585 (=anrt. xvii. 59-65) played greater humanity, for he went to him and affectionately tended him. But he could not cope with the malady, and a few days later Pheroras expired. Notwithstanding the love which Herod had for his brother to his dying day, a report was spread that he had poisoned even him. Anyhow, he had the corpse conveyed to Jerusalem, gave orders for a solemn national mourning, and honoured him with the most imposing funeral. Such was the end to which came one of the murderers of Alexander and Aristobulus. (xxx. 1) But retribution was now, in turn, descend- Heroa ing upon the real perpetrator of that crime, Anti- ¢jscovers pater; this retribution arose out of the death of Pheroras Pheroras. For certain freedmen of the deceased Se came, in dejection, to the king and informed him that his brother had been carried off by poison ; his wife, they said, had served up to him some extra- ordinary concoction, after eating which he was im- mediately taken ill. They added that, two days before, her mother and sister had brought from Arabia a woman who was an expert in drugs, to make up a love-potion for Pheroras; but, instead of this, she had given him a deadly poison, at the instigation of Syllaeus, who knew her. (2) Beset with all sorts of suspicions, the king put Revelatic the women-servants and some ladies above that rank 0 the | to the torture. One victim in her agonies exclaimed, concernir ‘“May God who governs earth and heaven punish “°"?P*"* the author of our present miseries, Antipater’s mother! ”’* Clutching at this clue, the king pushed his search for the facts yet further. The woman @ Doris. 277 586 587 JOSEPHUS "Avrimatpou LNT pos 7pos Depwpav Kal Tas €KElvoU vvaikas €d7Aov Kal Tas Aabpaias avTa@v cvvddous, y 7 p ove Te Depwpas Kat ‘Avriazpos avy €keivats mivowev, vmo0aTpEemovTeEs ao Too Bacrews, bu oAns* VUKTOS, pndéva pare oikeTny penre Gepa- TALVAV EWVTES TapaTuyX avery. pia 67) T@Vv eAev- Gépwv tavrTa pyvvec. (3) Tas 8€ SdovAas xwpis exadorny ‘Hpwdns eBacavilev. éppyOy be Tapa macaus Ta 7po- epnueva ovudwra, Kai d107t Kata ovvOyjKny “Avti- matpos pev els “Paynv, Depespas 8’ troywpycevev > \ / , \ ? A ~ ets THv Ilepatav: moAAdKis yap atrovs diadadeiv, c - ae / 1. >D / =o > \ ws pet “AAkEavdpov kat *ApiatoBovAov ez’ adbrovs “Hpwdns petaByjoeta: Kal tas éavt@v yuvaikas’ ov yap getoecba* pera Mapidppyny kat tous €€ exeivs eTEpov TWOs, WOTE Guewov elvat pevyew Ws Toppwratw Tod Ojpiov. moAAakis dé am- odupopevov pos THY untépa Tov > Avtimarpov etzetv ws avtos pev eln modws dn, vedlo. 5€ Kal? TiwEpav 6 ‘Tarnp, dbaca 8° av taxa Kat TeAev- €l A 7700S mplv apfacbas Baowrelas adn fobs. de KQl TOTE exeivos TedeuT7ceEvev, (wore 5° av yevouro TovrTo;) Tav7dmacw atta THY amdAavow Tis diadoxyfs ylvecBar atvtopov. wtbmoPAactavew dé \ ~ ° , \ > , \ Tas THs Vdpas Kedadds, tods *AprotoBovAov Kai “AAcEdvdpov maidas. adypiabar 8 adtov tro Tov TaTpOs Kal THY emi TEéKVOLS €Amida~ SiddoyoV yap ov Tav adrob Twa TalOwy eTa TI TEeAEUTHDY, aAAa Tov ék Mapedupys “Hpwdnv yeypapevar. Kal KATA TOUTO ye TavTaTAGW Tapaynpav oidpevov av7od Kai diabjKas peveiv Kupias: adrov yap Q 4 , ~ ~ > -~ »” 589 7 POVO7)OELV pndéva TYyS yeveds a7toAumetv. OVTa 278 JEWISH WAR, I. 585-589 (=antT. xvii. 65-67) then revealed the intimacy of Antipater’s mother with Pheroras and the ladies of his family, and their clandestine meetings ; she added that Pheroras and Antipater, on their return from the king, would pass the whole night drinking with those women, without allowing a single servant, male or female, to be present. This information was given by one of the ladies of rank. (3) Herod had each of the slave girls separately tortured. All their evidence agreed with that already stated ; they added that it was by a mutual arrange- ment that Antipater had withdrawn to Rome and Pheroras to Peraea ; for they were constantly saying to each other, “ After Alexander and Aristobulus, we and our wives will be Herod’s next victims. Having slain Mariamme and her offspring, he will spare none; so it will be better to flee as far as possible from the ferocious beast.”’ Antipater, they continued, would often complain to his mother that he was already grey-headed, while his father grew younger every day ; he would perhaps be the first to die, before he began to be really king. Even supposing his father ever did die (and when would that be?) his enjoyment of his heritage must be extremely short. Then there were these hydra heads, the sons of Aristobulus and Alexander, shoot- ing up. His father had robbed him of his hopes for his children, by nominating as the next heir to the throne not one of his own children, but Herod, the son of Mariamme. In that at least he betrayed his extreme senility, if he supposed that that part of his will would stand ; for he, Antipater, would take good care to leave none of the family alive. Never had 1 tr9sAM. ——s 2. Bekker: geicacda: Mss. 279 JOSEPHUS ye pny TOV TeTOTE TAaTépwY jLLGOTEKVOTATOV “Hpwdny TroAv peaMov eivat paddeAgov: Sobvat yobv avT@® mpwnv éxaTov tdhavra € ent TO pL dua Aéyeobar Depwpa. tod d€ eimovTos “Tt yap avTov eBAdarropev; e amoxpivacbat TOV “Apri matpov “eile mavl? mas adeAopevos yupvovs édoeiev' C&vtas. GaAd’ aunyavov éexduyeiv ovTw dovikov Onpiov, map’ @ pode didciv twas e€eoTe davep@s. Adbpa yodv viv adrdAjdAos cvveoper, eféoTtar S€ davep@s, eav ay@uev ToT avdpav ppovna Kal xeipas. 590 (4) Tatr’ €Aeyov ai Bacarilopuevar, Kai ore Depupas Povrevoaito dvuyeivy pet attay eis Ilérpav. éxiorevoev 8° ‘Hpwidns maow tois Aeyo- peévois eK TOV exatov TaAdvTwy* ove yap “Avtt- maz pe duetAexro TeEpl avrav. amooKimre. 8° Els mparny 0 Bupos Aupioa TIP ‘Avrumdtpov pnrépa Kal yupvacas avTiVy TavTos ov dedudpyTo Koopou, 591 TmoAAa@v & 7 TaAavrTwyv, exBaAAer devTEpov. Tas 5€ Depuipov yvvaikas ave tav Bacavaw érnpédec dunMaypevos. emtonto d€ TH PoBw Kal ™pos macav brovovay eécppumileto, moAAovs Te TOV ovK airiey eiAkev eis Bacavous, SedouKws uy Twa TOV aitiwy mapaXizn. (5) Kav tovrw tpémetar mpos tov Lapapetryy *Avtizatpor, és py emit porros ’Avtimatpouv. Bo.- cavilwy d€ adtov nKovoev OTe peTeTémwibaTo pev ‘Avrimatpos e€ Atyumrouv Ox AqTypLov dappakov em avrov Oud Twos TOV eralpw “Avrigidon, Ad Bor dé map éxelvov Oevdiwv 6 Oeios* ’Avtumdtpov Kai or Cc lo 1 Dindorf: éace: ye or doer MSS. 2 gitos PAM Heg.: for text cf. d. xvii. 70. 280 JEWISH WAR, I. 589-592 (cf. ant. xvii. 65-70) father so hated his children, yet Herod hated his brother far more ; only the other day he had given him (Antipater) a hundred talents to break off all intercourse with Pheroras. And when Pheroras remarked, “Why, what harm were we doing him?” he had replied: “‘ Would to heaven he would rob us of everything and leave us to live in nakedness. But it is impossible to escape so blood- thirsty a beast, who will not even allow us to show affection for anyone. Now we must meet in secret ; we shall be able to do so openly, if ever we possess the courage and arms of men.” (4) To these revelations the tortured women added Repudiat that Pheroras had had designs of flying with them to rere Petra. Herod believed all these statements because mother. of the detail of the hundred talents, which he had mentioned to none but Antipater. The first to feel the explosion of his wrath was Doris, Antipater’s mother ; he stripped her of all the finery which he had bestowed on her and for the second time dis- missed her from court. With the ladies of Pheroras’s household he made his peace and showed them special attentions after their tortures. But he was scared with fright and flared up at the least suspicion, and many innocent persons were haled by him to torture, for fear that a single culprit should escape him. (5) His attention was now directed to Antipater Discovers the Samaritan, agent to his son Antipater. From eee him, under torture, he learnt that Antipater had ana procured from Egypt, through Antiphilus, one of his ge companions, a deadly poison intended for the king ; Herod. that from Antiphilus it had passed into the hands of Theudion, Antipater’s uncle, who had delivered it 281 593 594 596 Ojvar ur Suvapevos. ote amobvioKovT, Depwpa JOSEPHUS / A > / ‘ mapadotn Depurpa: TOUTW ‘yap evretAac#au TOV ‘Avtizatpov ‘Hpwdnv dvedeiv ews atvtos €oTw ev ‘Pwyn ths trovolas Kexwpiopéevos: Depedpav dé TH yuvaikt mapablecbat To PapyaKov. tavrny fotv|' o Baatdreds peTarrepubdprevos alTika TO Andbev exéAevoev KoptCeww. 7 8° e€evor pev ws Kop.oboa, pimter © e€auTHVy amo TOD Téyous TOV TE ” A ‘ > ~ / > , / eAeyxov Kal THY EK TOD Baotrews aikiav d0avovca: mpovoia 8, ws €orxev, Geod pretidvtos *>Avtimatpov > > ‘ A > > > A / ~ ovK emt Kedadnv add’ emi OBatepa mecotoa d1a- / ~ > ’ \ e \ > cwletar. Kopuicbeicay 8 atrtivy 6 BactAeds ava- KTNOG|LEVOS, KEKEPWTO yap amo TOD mTWpaTos, ’ , > a Taw, e/ e 4, ’ -A ” npwTa ov av atriav pipevev éavTnv, et MeV El7TOL > taAnbés, adyjoew maons TYyLwplas ezopvUpevos, €t 8° trooretAaito, davavicew abris ev Bacavots TO cGpa Kat noe Tad karadetbew. ‘ (6) pos” Tao? 7, uv?) [ALK pov diadioboa Kat Ti yap,’ elmev, “ere dhetdopat 7@v aTopprTwyr, Depwpa tefveDtos; 7° adlovaa tov amoAecavTa ~ ~ ‘ mavTas nuas “Avtimatpov; akove, Baotred, Kat eta Gov Deds 6 paptus €ot THs aAnfetas zAavn- > / , / / mrapexablelov ap Res TOTE pe mpookaAeoa- pevos exetvos “7% moAv Ys " €bn, “@ yvvat, THs \ els €auTov diavotas Tob adeApob Sunpaprov, Tor ovTws oTepyovra pucanjaas Kal KTetvat PBovdev- odjLevos TOV OUTWS em ejsol nde teOveati mw avyxeouevov. add’ éyw pev anéxw tis acePetas \ > / A > a / > > ~ / TO €muTyLiov, OD 0° 6 duddocets Kat avrod dap- peakov v7’ “Avrumdzpov Kkataderpbev Hpetv Pepe Kal BXrézov7tds ov Tayéws adavicov, a pn Kali Ka 1 AM Lat.: om. the rest. 2 7 CODj.: 7} MSS. 282 JEWISH WAR, I. 592-596 (=anT. xvii. 69-75) to Pheroras, since it was he whom Antipater had commissioned to kill Herod while he himself was at Rome and out of the way of suspicion; and that Pheroras had entrusted the poison to his wife. The king sent for her and ordered her instantly to produce what she had received. She went out, as though to fetch it, and then flung herself from the roof, in order to evade conviction and the king’s rack. However, by the providence, it seems, of God, whose vengeance was pursuing Antipater, she fell not on her head, but on another part of her body, and was not killed. She was carried to the king, who had restoratives applied, as she was stunned by the fall; he then asked her why she had thrown herself from the roof, and swore that, if she told the truth, he would exempt her from all punishment, but, if she pre- varicated, he would tear her body to pieces with |tortures and leave not a limb for burial. (6) At this the woman hesitated an instant and Confessio then replied : “ After all, why should I longer guard othe chese secrets, now that Pheroras is dead? Merely Pheroras. -o save Antipater who has been the ruin of us all? Listen to me, O king, and may God hear me too, a witness to the truth of my words who cannot be leceived! At the time when you were sitting weep- ‘\ng beside the dying Pheroras, he called me to him ‘lind said, “ Much have I been mistaken, my wife, in ‘Iny brother's feelings towards me ; I hated him who vjoves me so tenderly ; I plotted to kill him who is so spverwhelmed with grief for me even before my yleath. I am but receiving the reward of my im- piety ; as for you, bring that poison which Antipater left us, and you are keeping for his destruction, and wromptly destroy it under my eyes, lest I carry away 283 JOSEPHUS 597 doov dépoysn tov aAdotopa. Kat Kedevoavtod® exopica Kat mAcioTov pev eis 70 mp op@vros avToU KaTEKEvwoa, Bpaxd de eMaUTA T™pos TOL: adnAa Kat TOV €xk aod doBov eT/pyoa. sos (7 ) Tar’ el7otoa mpoxopiler THY velba Trav}. Tdmacw €xovoav Tob pappdKov Bpaxu. Baowwedd, 6 emi TH pnTépa THV “AvtupiAou Kal Tov adeAdoik Tas Bacdvous peregepev, Kakeivo. Tov “AvridrAoiy: Kopicat Te av Altydztov TV mvElda wpLodAdyoutyy kai AaBev map’ adeAdot ro dappaxov edacKoii 599 (aT pevovTos ev *AdcEavdpeta. TEPUOVTES d€ opi "AdeEavOpov Kal ‘ApioroBovAou Saipoves admav Td Bacirevov epevvyyTat TE Kal penvurat TOV add €ywovTo, ToUs TE TOppwraTw Tihs trowias dvra: Eo upov eis TOUS eAéyyxous. eUpioKkeTat yoov Kat af! Tov apytepews Ouyarnp Mapidppy THs emBovAi B ouvioTep: Bacavilopuevo. yap Tobvr amedega 600 avdT7s ot adeAdot. Baowdeds de THs LNT pa@as TOA uns Kal TOV vtov Tpvaro: TOV yoobv e& abTAl ‘“Hpwdnv, ov7a diddoxov *Avtimdrpov, ths sual, Onkns e&jAeubev. | 601 (xxxi. 1) "Emi rovrois cai BafuAdos ets robdp. éhéyyous ovvedpapyev, 7 tehevrata mores TOK ° Avr TimaT PD BeBovdevpevav: Hv ev yap azreAevs, . Oepos avTou, Kopiloy oe TKEV aXXo On Aqrnptov bl tovs domidwy Kat yvAovs €Tépwv epTmeTav, Va Ran TO 7 p@Tov dobevycer’ dappakov, TovTw Depwpah pera THS yuvaiKos omicauro kara Tod BacwAewsh. 602 ma pepyov de _THS emt Tov Tarépa TOAuNS | exople be 1 agcGevjcece Dindorf. 284 JEWISH ANTIQUITIES, II. 274-277 my command. And I bid thee without more delay make speed to Egypt, pressing forward by night and day, and by no dallying to prolong the time for the Hebrews, now suffering in servitude.” (4) Moses, unable to doubt the promises of the Revelation Deity, after having seen and heard such confirmation seceded of them, prayed and entreated that he might be ©. iii. 18. vouchsafed this power in Egypt; he also besought Him not to deny him the knowledge of His name, but, since he had been granted speech with Him and vision of Him, further to tell him how He should be iddressed, so that, when sacrificing, he might invoke dim by name to be present at the sacred rites. Then od revealed to him His name, which ere then had not come to men’s ears, and of which I am forbidden o speak.“ Moreover, Moses found those miracles at iis service not on that occasion only but at all times vhensoever there was need of them ; from all which okens he came to trust more firmly in the oracle from he fire, to believe that God would be his gracious motector, and to hope to be able to deliver his people nd to bring disaster upon the Egyptians. (xiii. 1) Accordingly, on learning that the king of Moses ‘gypt, the Pharaothes under whom he had fled the Raa be j ountry, was dead, he besought Raguel to permit him Ex. tv. 1s. or the welfare of his countrymen to go to Egypt ; j nd, taking with him Sapphora,? his wife, daughter of }iaguel, and the children whom he had by her, Gérsos } donai (1xx Képios) was employed, and JHVH in Hebrew ss. was written with the vowels of the latter, to indicate ) Read Adonai”; hence, through later neglect of the in- ntion of the scribes, arose the form Jehovah, which has equired a sacredness of its own, but in its origin is a ybrid. ® Bibl. Zipporah (txx LerPdpa). 285 603 604 605 606 JOSEPHUS \m770s Baawr€ews maides emi “Podjuns TALBEVSUEVOL, jepded Te 707 kat dpovnpatos jeaTol. ToUTous €mavakUmTovTas avTov Tais eAmiow dmooKeva- cacbat omevdwv *Avrimatpos as pev mAdTTETAL KAT avta@v emotodas €& dvouatos tev emi “Pans didwy, obs b€ erebev yparysar diadbeipas ypyjpacw, a 7oAAa pev Braodypotev TOV TaTEpa, pavepas ‘AAcEavdpov Kal “ApiatoBovdov odupowro, Tpos 5: THY petaxhnow ayavaxrotev: 787 yap" avTous 0 ma77)p ETETELTETO, Kal TOUTO Hv TO pdALoTa tapacoov “Avrimazpov. (2) “Ere 6€ Kai mpo Tis azodnplas ev “lovdaia pevwv TovavtTas Kat’ adta@v emi ‘Puuns jydpalev EmlaToAds, Mpoaimy TE Ws avUTOTTOS Eln TO TATpL TEpL TOV adeApav’ amehoyeiro, 7a jev bevd7) Aéyoou elvar TOV ypapopeveny, & 5€ vedTyTOS dap- THAT O. THVLKaUTa ye pv Tots ypadovow KaTa Tav adeAdav mXciota Sovs xphpata ovudvpew emeipato tov éAeyyov, éaobatas te ToAuTeAcis Kal oTpwuvas touiAas exmwmpaTtd te apyupa Kal ypvaa cvvwvovpevos GAAa Te moAAG TOV KEeypnAtwr, iva 7TH TAnBer tHS ets Tatra Samdvyns Tovs ets exeiva pcbods eykatakpvtibn®: diaxdo.a yoov ava- Awpatos dy TvEyKEV TaAavTa, Kal TOUTWY pEyioTT, mpopaces nv 7 mpos EN Eee dik). mavrwy & avTovd TOTE Kal TOV Bpaxurépw ev T@ peilovt Kak@ Ovaxadudbérvtwv, 68° ai peév Bdoavor Tat 1 yap Niese from Lat.: 6° or 6é mss. * The alternative reading of LTRC xai zpocwy rtéws avuToTTos Tv TH TWaTpi TWepi THY adehPayv dé (** and then, whil as yet his father had no suspicion of him, would go to him and ” etc.) is specious. * LTRC Lat.: eyxaraypawy PAM (perhaps rightly). 286 JEWISH WAR, I. 602-606 (=anT. xvii. 80-82) sons of the king, now growing lads and full of manly spirit, were receiving their education in Rome. Anxious to rid himself of these scions springing up His forgery to dash his hopes, Antipater forged several letters to faire tis: their injury in the name of their friends in Rome, (iors, while he prevailed on others by bribery to write that the young princes were constantly railing at their father, publicly deploring the fate of Alexander and Aristobulus, and indignant at their own recall ; for their father was now summoning them back, and it was this fact which caused Antipater the greatest uneasiness. (2) Even before his departure abroad, Antipater, while still in Judaea, used to procure, at a price, the sending of such letters of abuse of his brothers written in Rome, and then, in order to avoid sus- dicion, would go to his father and make excuses for lis brothers, urging that such and such statements vere false, while other matters mentioned were nere youthful indiscretions. Now, in Rome, having 0 pay immense sums to the writers of these letters igainst his brothers, his efforts were directed to confusing the evidence of such outlay. To this end 1e bought up costly apparel, embroidered carpets, ups of silver and gold, and many other precious ibjects, in order to conceal under the enormous total f these outgoings the wages paid for the other ffair. His returns showed an expenditure of 200 alents, of which the greater part was put down to jis suit with Syllaeus. But now, though even all hese petty knaveries were exposed with the larger rime, now when every fresh torture was loudly 287 JOSEPHUS Tiv Tatpoxtoviay, at 8 émuctoAat Sevrépas adeAdoxrovias Kekpdyecav, Guws ovdels TeV eis “Papny adixvovopevuv anijyyeirev att@ tas ev “lovdaia t¥yas, Kaitou peTa€o TOV _eheyxov Kal Tis éravddou dueABovr ev enTd. peqv@v* Tocodrov 607 7pos atrov é€K mavTov picos iv. Taxa Kal Tous amayyéAXew mponpnuevovs of Tov avn pypevev Saijtoves adeAdaav epipovr. ypader ‘yotv azo ‘Paipns adi€w éavtod taxetay edayyeAlopevos, Kat ws bo Kaioapos pera Tyas amroAvbetn. 608 (3) ‘O Baotdeds de ets xetpas AaBetv omrevowv tov éemiPovAov Kat SdedoiuKws py TOTE Tpoyvovs dudaknrar, d0 éemotoAns avOuTmeKpivero, Ta TE 5 aAAa diAodpovotpevos Kat omevdew mapaxaddv ty peppers emretxJevros: ov yap Nyvoet THY exBoAny ' 609 THs peNTpos “Avtimarpos. mpoTepov prev obv etAn-fh €l TI mept Tijs Depuwpa zreAevTis emaToAny ev}. Tapaytt Kat péytotov émoijoato mévOos, 6 TwWes ws emt Oeiw Kabdpvovv, jv 8°, ws Eouxev, ET diapaptia ths emiBovAns 1 avyxyvois Kal ot Depuipav kXalovros, aAAa tov tanpétnv: 7Oyn Se Kat doBos emer tis adtov Ta TeTEAcopEeVvwY, [LT 610 mote dwpabein to dapuaKov. tote 5° ev KudtKic AaBav iv mpoeupyjKapev mapa too TaTpos emt: aToAnv mapayphya pev Eovrevdev, ws dé eis Kedev- depw KatémAer, AapPaver tis adrov evvoia Tar TEpl THY UNTEPA KAK@V, TpoavTevopevyns ON Ka On the borders of Pamphylia and Cilicia. Reinack}to suspects some confusion as Celenderis was the first port in}e, Cilicia which he would reach. 288 JEWISH WAR, I. 606-610 (=anrT. xvii. 82-86) proclaiming him a parricide, when the letters were revealing him as once more a fratricide, none the less not one of the visitors to Rome told him of the turn of his fortunes in Judaea, although seven months elapsed between his conviction and his return; so intense was the hatred which all bore him. Perhaps, more- over, the lips of those who were minded to speak were sealed by the spirits of his murdered brothers. However that may be, he wrote from Rome to announce the good news of his early return and of the honours paid to him by Caesar in taking leave of him. (3) The king, impatient to lay hands on the con- Return o spirator and fearing that he might be forewarned Antipate and on his guard, replied in an equally dissembling of his" letter, couched in affectionate terms and bidding him °°*¢%" hasten his return ; because, if he made speed, added Herod, he would be prepared to relinquish his com- plaints against his mother. For Antipater was not ignorant of her dismissal from court. He had pre- viously received at Tarentum a letter announcing the death of Pheroras and had displayed the profoundest grief, for which some applauded him, attributing it to the loss of an uncle; but his emotion, it seems, was due to the failure of the plot: he wept not for Pheroras but for his accomplice. He was, moreover, already alarmed at the thought of his past proceed- ings: had the poison been discovered? But now, when he received in Cilicia the above mentioned letter from his father, he instantly pressed on. However, as he was entering the harbour of Celenderis,* the thought of his mother’s disgrace came over him, and even without such prompting ? his soul had already > Perhaps “ involuntarily,’ proprio motu. VOL, II L 289 JOSEPHUS 611 Kal” eautny tis Wuyis. of wev obv mpoynbéorepor tav dilwy ouveBovAevov fun mpoTEpov eumintew T® Tatpt mpw mvbécbar cadds di’ as airtias e€éBarev abrod THv wntépa: dediévar yap, 7 TOTE 612 zpocbnKn yévoito THY Kat exelwns SiaBorADv. ot d€ GoKemTOTEpoL Kal THY TaTpiOa oTeEvOoVTEs idEtv uadrXr\ov 7 TO oupdéepov *Avtimatpw oKoTodvtes, errelyeo0ar Tapyvovv Kat pu) TH peAAjoeL Tapa- oxeiv TO Tatpl pev tvropiav davAnv, tots d.a- BarAovar S€ adoppry: Kat yap viv, et Te KeKivynTat KaT avTob, Tapa TH amovolay yéyovev* unde yap av TtoAunoat mapovros: atomrov 8 eivat du’ adijAous dropias mpodjAwy ayabayv orepicxecfat, Kal pH OGrrov amodotvas ev €avToy TH TaTpl, Kopicacbat dé tiv Paotreiav em’ atdt@ povw aadevovaayr. 613 weiferar tTovTols, evnyey yap TO dayovrov, Kal Siuamepdoas eis Tov LePaorov Apéva rHs Kaoa- pelas KaTdyeTau. 614 (4) Tlapumivrncey 8 att® mapa ddéav éepynpia ToAAn, madvTWY eKTpETTOMEVWY Kal pNndEvOS TpOO- levat ToAU@vTos: euiceiTo prev yap emions, Kal Tote davyva. TO picos eoxyev Tappyatiayv, moAdovs dé 6 ex Tod Bacttéws doBos anéotpeper,’ émerd7) maca modus on THS Kat *Avtimatpov dyuns TeTANpwTO Kal Lovos Nyvoer TA KaT adrov® *Avti- matpos* ovte de mpoeréudly Aapytporepov tis €xetvov mAéovtos emt ‘Puyns ovre artydotepov 615 dmedéxyOn. 6 Se On pev Eevevoer TAS OlKOL OUE- dopas, eve b€ ex Tavoupylas UmeKpUTTETO Kal TO 1 PA: améorpeper the rest. 2 xad’ éavrov LTR. 290 JEWISH WAR, I 611-615 (cf. ant. xvii. 86-91) a premonition of the future. The more far-sighted of his friends advised him not to put himself into his father’s clutches until he had clearly ascertained the reasons for his mother’s dismissal, as they feared that his arrival might only serve to swell the charges ¢ against her. But the less reflective, anxious rather to see their native country than to serve Antipater’s interests, urged him to push on and not by pro- crastinating to afford his father ground for sinister suspicions and his traducers a handle for calumny. ‘“ Even supposing,’ they said, “ any intrigue against you is now on foot, it is because of your absence ; none would have ventured on such a thing had you been there. It is absurd to let vague suspicions rob you of certain happiness, and not to run to your father’s arms to receive the kingdom which is totter- ing on his unaided shoulders.” Antipater, under the impulse of his evil genius, followed their advice, and sailing across landed at the port of Augustus, at Caesarea. (4) Here he found a solitude, unlooked for, pro- found, and ominous; all avoided him, none ventured to approach him. For, equally hated though he had always been,? this hatred was now at liberty to show itself. Moreover, fear of the king kept many aloof, for every city by now was full of the Antipater ‘scandal, and the only person ignorant how he stood was Antipater himself. No man ever had a more brilliant escort than his when he sailed for Rome, none on return a more ignominious reception. Divining now the disasters which had befallen at home, he still maintained a crafty dissimulation and, @ Or perhaps “ feared that there might have been some addition to the charges.” > Or “as he was by all.” 291 His receptio in Juda JOSEPHUS / A »” 4 7 ‘ , déer TeAvnKws Evdo8ev coPapos elvar TO mpocwTov - > > ~ 616 eBialeto. guy 8 ovKért Hv ovd’ ex TOV TeEpt- / ~ exovTwy avddvats, Kal cages pev ovddev' Te THv ” > , \ ‘ ’ ~ / oikofev amnyyéAAeto Sia THv eK TOD Pactrews > , e U \ ’ ‘ e , 4 ameiAnv, odmeAcimeto S€ eAmis tAapwrépa, taxa ~ ] ” \ pev pndev tedwpacbar, taxa 8, el TL Kal TeE- A dwpata, diackevacew avadela Kai dodous, amep jv avT@ pova Ta THS GOwrTyplas éepodia. _ pe , > > a © > \ , 617 (5) Dpa€édpevos OUV QUTOLS 7)KEV ELS TO BaoiXe.ov diya tav didwy: otro. yap bBpiobevtes emi Tod , ~ ” ” > ” nn mpwtov mvAwvos etpxOnaav: etvyev 8 evdov wv Ovapos 6 tis Lupias nyewwv. o b€ eicetot mpos Tov maTépa Kal 7H TOAUN TapaKpoTyoas é€auTov > ~ ~ 618 nyyilev Ws aoTacdmevos. KaKElvos Tas xEipas \ \ 4 \ ‘ «of mM ” mpoBaAwy Kat tTHv Kehadjv mapakAivas, “ €oTw, efeBonoev, ‘Kai tTovTO TaTpoKTOvov TO TeEpL- , , / > , a ee »” mA€KkeaBai wou GéAcw ev tTHALKavTAaLIs aitiats GvTa. ’ 4, / /, ? dleipov, dvaceBeotatyn Kedady, undé pov avons mpw amooxevacacbar ta eyKAnpata. didwur dé got dikacTHpiov Kat diKaoTHVY eEvKaipws HKovTA Ovapov. tt kat oxémtov TH amoAoyiav ets atprov: , -~ mapéxw yap gov’ Kaipov Tois Tavoupyevpacw.?”’ ‘ ~ A e > , / > , 619 mpos tTadrTa pndev vn’ exmAn€ews amoxpivacbar ‘ duvnbets avdtos UméaTpePev, Tapayevopevar b€ pds avtov exdinyjoavtTo mdav7as Tovs €A€yyous 7 Te / \ e LATHP Kal | yuryn. Kal TOTE ev avavrybas ev akewer THS aToAoyias Hv. 1 ode éxet LTRC Lat. 2 ca Naber. 3 ravoupyjuacw AMLR. 292 JEWISH WAR, I. 615-619 (=anrT. xvii. 89-92) though dead with fright at the bottom of his heart, contrived to preserve an imposing exterior. There was no longer any possibility of flight or retreat from the perils encompassing him. However, he had received no definite tidings of events at the palace— owing to the king’s threats against informers—and he still cherished a ray of hope: perhaps nothing had been discovered, perhaps, even if anything had been discovered, he might mend matters by effrontery and guile, his sole means of salvation. (5) Armed, then, with these weapons he entered the palace, without his friends, for they had been insolently stopped at the outer gate. At the time there was a visitor within—Varus,* the governor of Syria. Antipater proceeded to his father’s presence and, seeking courage in audacity, approached as though to kiss him. Herod, with arms extended and head averted, cried out: “ That too betrays the parricide : he would embrace me, with such accusa- tions against him! Perdition take thee, most im- pious wretch, and touch me not until you have cleared yourself of the charges. I offer you a tribunal and for judge this timely visitor, Varus. Go and prepare your defence for to-morrow ; I leave you that interval for your artifices.”” Unable through consternation to utter a word in reply, Antipater withdrew, and his mother and his wife ® came to him and told him in detail of all the evidence against him. Then he collected himself and applied himself to preparing his defence. ¢ P. Quintilius Varus, legatus of Syria c. 6-4 B.c., after- wards slain by Arminius and the Germans at the battle of Teutoburg. » The daughter of Herod’s predecessor Antigonus, A. xvii. 92, not his other wife, the daughter of Aristobulus (§ 565). 293 and at Herod’s court. 620 621 622 624 JOSEPHUS (xxxii. 1) TH 8 émovon ovvédpiov pev oO Bacirdeds aOpoiles tHv avyyevdv Kai didwy, eto- KaAet de Kat Tous *Avrimatpov gidous. 7™po- Kabélerar dé atTos dua Ovdpy Kat Tovs pynvuTas mdvras exéAevoev eloayayetv, év ols eto7}xOnoav Kal Ths “Avtimdtpov pntpos olkéTat TWes ov 7po moAAod ouverAnupevor, Kopilovres: yedupara Tap avrijs 7pos TOV vLOVv Tobe: * ézrei' Tedupara mdvTa €kelva T@ TaTpi cov, wy Tapayivov mpos atrév, adv pn Twa Topion mapa tod Kaicapos Ovvapw. TOUT avy Tois dAAous elonynevav "Avtimazpos elo€pXeTau Kal meow mpnvns 7™po Ov To00@v TOD TaTpos, “ ikerevw, marEp, edn, pdev pov TpokaTeyvwKeva, mapacyely d€ jot Tas dicoas aKxepatous ets 7H amoAoyiav: amobeiEw yap €u“avuTov xalapov, av av Gdns.” (2), Oo ave ovyay éykpaywv* 7™pos TOV Ovapov elev: “ ddN? Ort pev Kat av, Ovape, Kat mas dikaoTHs OaLos "Avrizazpov e€aodn Kpwel, TETELOHLAL. dédouKa b€ py Kayo pLonons THY TUYNVY, Kae KpLTS mdons aftov auppopas ToLov- Tous viovs YEYEVET|KOTA. xp7) d€ pe 61a TOUTO edectoBar mAéov, ore mpos OUTw prapovs kai dido- oTopyoratos TAT 1p eyevouny. TOUS [eV yap mpo- TEpous Baoudetas Te €7t véous agwiaas Kal mpos Tots ev ‘Pap Tpodetots gidous Kaicapos, Cn Aw- Tous Oe mownoas Baowrebow eT Epos, etpov em Bovdous, ot TeOv7jKaot TO m€ov “Avrimdtpy vew yap ovTe Kal duadoxy TOUTW padora THY dodd- Aevav eropilounv. to dé puapov robro Onpiov tis €uns trepeuTAnaber avetikakias jveykev KaT Eo 1 éreimep LTRC. 2 kexpayas (sic) PA. 294 JEWISH WAR, I. 620-624 (cf. anT. xvii. 93-95) (xxxii. 1) On the following day the king assembled a council of his relatives and friends, inviting Anti- pater's friends to attend as well. He himself pre- sided, with Varus, and ordered all the informers to be produced. Among these were some domestics of Antipater’s mother, recently arrested in the act of carrying a letter from her to her son in these terms : * As your father has discovered all, do not come near him, unless you have obtained support from Caesar.” When these witnesses had been brought in with the rest, Antipater entered and, falling prostrate at his father’s feet, said: “‘ I beseech you, father, do not condemn me in advance, but lend an unprejudiced ear to my defence ; for I shall, if you permit, establish my innocence.” (2) Herod burst out upon him to be silent and then addressed Varus: ‘That you, Varus, and every honest judge will condemn Antipater as an abandoned criminal, I am fully persuaded. What I fear is that my fate may also appear hateful to you and that you may judge me deserving of every calamity for having begotten such sons. And yet you ought rather to pity me for having been the most devoted of fathers to such abominable wretches. My late sons, whom when they were quite young I| thought fit to destine for the throne, whom I not only expensively educated in Rome, but introduced to Caesar’s friendship, and made an object of envy to other sovereigns, these I found to be conspirators. They have died, mainly to further Antipater’s interests: he was young, he was the heir, and to secure him was the object which I had most at heart. And now this foul monster, gorged with the benefits of my for- 295 Trial of Antipate Herod's indictme JOSEPHUS TOV KOpov" €b0fa yap avt@ moAvv Civ xpovor, Kat TO €ov yipas éBapivé 7) Baowrevs 7° ody brrewewvev el 7) Oud TATpOKTOVias yevéobar, diKaa yoobv BovAevoduevos, OTL KaTayayov avTov azo Ths xXwpas amreppyspevov Kal Tapwadjevos TOvS eK Barrios por yeyevvnuevous améderéa Tis 5 apxijs Ouddoxov. efoporoyobpai cor, Ovape, THv A > \ fr ‘\ 1 ‘ e \ ewavtob dpevo dBevav: éyw [yap] tovs viovs / > ~ €xelvous KaT euauTod Tapwevva, dSiKalas avTa@Yv > / > / > > / \ / ‘ amoxowas é€Amidas d¢ “Avtizatpov. Kat TL mev ~ € , ~ €xeivous evepyétnoa THALKodTOV, AtKOv TODTOV; a yy - fis > @ ye Cév pev odAlyou beiv mapexwpnoa tis €€- ovalas, davep@s b€ tats diabyjKais eveypaya Tis apyjns duddoyov Kal mpoaodov pev iia TeVTHKOVTE tahdvT oy eveysa, TOV O eu@v €xopnynaa xeN- pedro avédnv, mA€ovte S€ viv eis “Poipny eOWKa tTpiaxoowa TaAavta, Kaioapi 8’ é€ oAns Tis yeveds 626 dvoy Ws owTHpa Tod maTpos mrapeFeuny. Ti 6° €xeivol ToLwodTov Ao¢eBynoav, oiov "Avtimazpos ; 7 > tis eAdeyxos nvéx8n Kat atrta@v, Atkos aro- 627 deixvucw Tobdrov éemiBovdAov; adda Pbéyyecbai tu TeTOAUNKEY O TaTpoKTOVos Kal maAw dodAos THY aAnfevav emikadvpew €Amiler. Ovape, coi dvdak- Teov' eyw [ev |® yap oda to Onpiov Kat mpo- op@yat THY péAAovoav a€iomiotiay Kal Tov ézi- > , er > ¢ -~ > , mAaorTov oAoduppov. OUTOS €O7TLV O TAPE inti mote gvddttecbar Cadvra ‘AdeEavopov Kal en maow TuaTEvEW TO oGpa" ovTos O pexpL THs KoiT7s elodyov Kal [17 pe Tus evedpevor TEpt- Brérewv- ovros 0 Tapias TOY Umvev Kal xopnyes THS apepyuvias, 0 Tapayvfovpevos Thy én Tots 1 P: om. the rest. 296 eS oad er, re, wee pee eee ee Oe vo. =— Gl JEWISH WAR, I. 624-627 (cf. ant. xvii. 95 f.) _ bearance, has turned his bloated insolence upon me. He thought me too long-lived ; my old age oppressed him; he could not endure the idea of becoming king by other means than parricide. Justly indeed has he served me for bringing him back, a castaway, from the country, ousting the sons whom a princess bore me and declaring him heir to the throne! I admit, Varus, my own infatuation. It was I who exasperated those sons against me by cutting off their just expectations in the interests of Antipater. When did I ever indulge them as I have this scoundrel? To him in my own lifetime I well nigh resigned my power ; I nominated him in my will, in the public eye, heir to the throne ; I assigned him a private income of fifty talents, apart from liberal contributions from my personal revenues ; recently, when he set sail for Rome, I presented him with three hundred talents, and recommended him to Caesar, alone of all my children, as his father’s pre- server. What crime did those others commit com- parable to that of Antipater? Or what proof was brought against them so convincing as that which establishes this traitor’s guilt ? “* However, this parricide has presumed to open his mouth, hoping once more to smother the truth under his wiles. Varus, you must be on your guard. I know the creature and foresee the plausible pleading, the hypocritical lamentations, that are to follow. This is the man who, in former days, when Alexander was alive, advised me to beware of him and not to trust my life to all men’s hands ; this is he who conducted me to my couch and looked round to see that no assassin was concealed; this is he who dispensed my hours of slumber, ensured my freedom from care, VOL. II ie 2907 628 629 630 631 JOSEPHUS avnpnuevots AUmnv Kal diaxpivwr thy Tov CaovTwv evvotav adeAbav, 6 UrEpaoTLOTISs 6 Eos, 6 OWLATO- dvvAaé. dtav avauvynciad, Ovape, TO mavodpyov év €xdoTw Kal THY UmoKpLoW, amloTia pe TOD Civ elo€pyerar Kai Gavudlw mds Babdyv' ovtws emiBovArov déduyov. aA’ eet daiuwv tis eEepnuot TOV €“oVv olKOV Kal LoL TOVs diATdTOUS éemavioTnow del, KAavcouat pev eyw THY GdiKov Elwapuevny Kal Kat é€uauTov aotevd€w tiv epnuiav, diadevEerat 8 ovdeis Subjoas Todpov afua, Kav dia mavTwv pov Tay Téxvwv 6 edeyxos EABn.”’ (3) Tovaira Aéywv adros pev bro avyxvcews evexomn, NixoAaw 8 evi tav didwy A€yew Tas drrodeibers EVEUOEV. peTagd 5’ 6 *Avtimatpos emapas: THY Kepadny, Ewevev yap 97) BeBAnpevos 7po Tov Today TOD er pOs exBoa: ‘‘ot, matep, bmep €uod memoinkas® THv amodoyiav’ mas yap €yw matpoKTovos, dv opnodoyets dvAaKa d1a TavTos €axynkevar; tepateiay dé ov Kal UmdKpiow A€yeis thy edoeBevav. 7Hs 6 mavodpyos €v Tots aAAous ovtws adpwv éyevounv, ws pr voeiv, OTe Aabeiv ove” dvOpumous padiov TH Akobrov pvaos | evoKeua- Copevor, tov 0 am obpavod Suxaorny dpnxavoy, és édopa mavta Kat mavraxoo mapeorw; 7) TO TOV ddedav TéAos Hyvoouv, ovs 6 Geos ovrws peTHAGe THs ets cé KaxoBovAias; ti d€ pe Kal mrapuEvvev Kata. aod; BaowAetas nis: aAX’ Ba- gitevov. vbrdvowa pulcovs; ov yap EOTEPYOLTY 5 ddBos é« aod tis aAdos; adda phy oe THpav 1 Bapiv PA Lat. 2 reroinaac LVRC. 298 — = SS eS or oF Se ; ic JEWISH WAR, I. 627-631 (cf. anv. xvii. 99 f,) consoled me in my sorrow for my victims, and sounded the feelings of his surviving brothers; this is my buckler, my bodyguard! When I recall, Varus, his knavery and hypocrisy on each occasion, I can scarce believe I am alive and marvel how I escaped so deep a schemer. But since some evil genius is bent on desolating my house and raising up against me one after another those who are nearest to my heart, I ‘may weep over my unjust destiny, I may groan in spirit over my forlorn state, but not one shall escape who thirsts for my blood, no, not though conviction should extend to all my children.” _ (3) Here his emotion rendered further speech im- possible, and he signalled to Nicolas, one of his friends, to state the evidence. But now Antipater, who still lay prostrate at his father’s feet, raised his head and cried out: “ You, father, have made my defence yourself. For, how could I be a parricide, I who, as you admit, have ever served as your pro- tector? You call my filial piety imposture and hypocrisy. How could I, cunning in all else, have been so senseless as not to perceive that, while it was difficult to conceal from man the concoction of ‘so atrocious a crime, it was impossible to hide it from the Judge in heaven, who sees all, who is present everywhere ? Was I ignorant of my brothers’ fate, whom God so relentlessly punished for their wicked designs upon you? And then, what motive could have instigated me against you? Aspiration to the throne? But I reigned already! Suspicion of your hatred? But was I not beloved? Had I other reason to fear you?* Nay, by preserving you I _ @ Possibly for é« cod we should read gw gov: ‘‘ Had I reason to fear others beside you ? ”’ 299 Speech of Antipater JOSEPHUS 632 €répois PoBepos Hunv. eEvdera Xpnuaroy ; Kal TLV pahiov eff avadtaKe ; el yap e€wAéotatos mavT@v avOpesmov eyevouny Kal Oypiov pox eixov avnepov, _ma7ep, ovK av ‘Tals oats evepye- olats evi OY, ov KaTnyayes pev, ws edns avros, mpoeKpwas O€ TocoUTwy TeKvwy, amedereas be Cav Baowhea, bu brrepBodny d€ TaV adc ayabav 633 E70lnoas emidBovov ; @ TaAas eye THS TmuKpas dodnutas, ws ToAbv €dwKa KaLpov TH plover Kal pakpay Tots emuBourevovar Sumptay. cot d€, maTEp, Kal TOS cots aya@ow dmed7 HOU, wa [7 SvAdaios Tob aod ynpws katagpov7on. ‘Papy [Lou dptus THIS evoeBetas Kal 0 TiS oikouperns Tpoordrns Katoap, 6 guromd7opa TmoAAdKts pe elTTwv. Adpe, maTEp, Ta Tap avTod ypdupata. Tadra Tay evOdde dvaBodav TLOTOTEpA., Tatra amodoyia Lou povn, ToUTols THs €ls oé gurooropyias TeKUNptots 634 XPOpa. jeepvnoo de ws ovx EKO emAcov, én - LOTAPLEVOS THV euduwrcevovoar TH Baowreia Kat eyodfi Suvopeverav. aod bé€ pe, TaTEp, akwv amwdAeoas, avaykdoas Kapov diaBodAjs Sotvac TH POovw. mdpeut d€ emi Tovs eA€yyous, mapeyu dia yhs Kat Gardaaons ovdev ovdapod mafwy o maTpoKToOVos. 635 GAAa prnmw pe ToUTw dire’ T@ Tekunpiw* Kat- éyvwoua yap Kai mapa be@ Kal mapa aol, maTep. Kkateyvwopevos d€ Séouar 7 Tats adAAwy Baodvois miateveww, GAAa Kat enod depecbw to zip, 1 unmw... giiece PAM Lat.: ujrw rovtw déAnuar the rest; text apparently corrupt. 4“ Lover of his father.” ’ Text doubtful: perhaps ‘1 do not ask to be given the benefit of this evidence.” 300 JEWISH WAR, I. 632-635 (cf. ant. xvii. 102-105) inspired fear in others. Was it lack of money ? Who had more at his disposal than I? Even had I been the most abandoned of men, with the heart of a ferocious beast, must I not have been reclaimed, father, by your benefactions? Tor, as you have said yourself, you recalled me from exile, you gave me preference over such a number of sons, you proclaimed me king in your own lifetime, and by loading me with other favours made me the envy of all. Ah me! that fatal journey! What an oppor- tunity I gave to jealousy, what an ample period to those who were intriguing against me! Yet it was ‘or you, father, and to fight your battles that I took ‘hat journey, to prevent Syllaeus from treating your iid age with contempt. Rome is witness to my filial yiety and Caesar, the lord of the universe, who has vften called me ‘ Philopator.’* Take, father, these etters from him. These are more trustworthy than he calumnies against me here; these are my sole vindication ; here are the proofs which I offer of my ender feelings for you. Remember how reluctantly _ embarked, knowing the lurking hostility to me vithin this realm. It was you, father, who involun- arily brought about my ruin, by compelling me to yive my envious foes an opportunity for calumny. 3ut here I am to meet my accusers ; here I am, the parricide,, who has traversed sea and land, and 1owhere been molested! But I do not ask for your ove on the strength of the evidence so far given of ny innocence ;® for I stand condemned before God ind before you, father. But, condemned though _ am, I entreat you not to rely on admissions ex- racted by the torture of others. Let the fire be 301 JOSEPHUS € , ‘ ~ ’ ~ / \ »” ddeverw Sia THY Eeudv ondAdyyvwv ta opyava, un peidecw' tod papod ouparos: ef yap elt , > 27 7 , > , 2° maTpoxTovos, odK odeiAw OvicKkew aBacduoartos. 636 ToLadTa pret CAOPuppod Kai Saxp¥wv exBowv Tovs te dAXovs dmavtas Kai tov QOvapov ets oixzov |) pe / Sé ¢ a io 45 15 mpovkadéoato, povov be 6 Bupos “Hpwdnv adaxpuv duexpater Tous éAdyyous aAnbets emiatapevov. ~ , 637. (4) °Ev rovrw NixdAaos tot Baawéws Kedev- cavtos moAAa mpos TO mavotpyov To °Avtimdatpov Tmpoeimwy Kal TOV em abT@ diaxéas EAcov, EmeiTa ‘ TiKpav KaTHyoplav KaTETElVaTO, TavTa pev Ta |} Kata THv Bao.Aetav KaKoupynpata TepiTileis avTa, |i , ‘ \ > / ~ > ~ 3 ‘ padiora de THY avaipeow TaV adeAdav, amodeikvus |i - ’ / ~ > , > , tais exelvou diaPoAais amoAwdAdtas. émPovdAcvew |é d€ adtov eAcyev Kal Tots mepiobow ws ededpors ‘ tis dvadoyxijs" TOV yap TAapackevacavTa TaTpt . | dapyakov 7 mov y av adeAddv arocyéeoba ; 633 MpoeABaw O° emt tov Edeyxov Tis dapyakelas Tas }), te pnvicers [eEjs|* émedeixvuev Kat mept Depwrpa Y KateoxeTAialev, OTe KaKeivov *Avtimatpos 7rovn- |i > U ‘ \ / ca Ale cevev adeAdoxtovov Kai Tovs diAtarous TH BacrAct} ti diadbeipas dAov Tob pvaous avarAnoerev Tov olkov, |f ” \ \ , > ‘ ‘\ > , aAXva te moAAa mpos TovTos eilmwv Kal amodetéas | Katamaver Tov Adyov. 639 ~—«(5) Ovapos de dmodoyetabau Kedevoas Tov * Avti- k TAT pov, ws ovdev mA€ov eimaw 7 “‘ Geos eoriv re Tod pndev adiKetv pedptus "’ ExetTo ovy@v, airnoas}), by 1 The mss. add é\ogupuds (or -00), an obvious gloss, absent} * from Lat. 2 Bekker: dSacavicrws Mss. 3 om. PAM. th. 302 JEWISH WAR, I. 635-639 (cf. anv. xvii. 106-128) applied to me! Let the instruments of torment course through my frame nor spare this polluted body! For, if I am a parricide, I ought not to die without being put upon the rack.” These ejaculations, accompanied by moaning and tears, moved all to compassion, including Varus. Herod alone remained dry-eyed, furious and knowing that the evidence was true.” (4) Thereupon Nicolas, as ordered by the king, addressed the assembly. He began with a full ex- posure of Antipater’s knavery, dissipating the com- miseration which his speech had aroused. He then launched out into a severe indictment, attributing to him all the crimes which had been committed throughout the realm, and in particular the execution of his brothers, demonstrating that they owed their death to Antipater’s calumnies. He added that he had further designs on the survivors as presumptive heirs to the throne; “ Would one who had pre- pared to poison his father have stopped short at his brothers? ”’ Passing on to the evidence for the poisoning plot, he brought forward in succession all the information extracted ; being roused to indigna- tion on the subject of Pheroras, at the idea of Anti- pater converting even him into a fratricide and, by corrupting the king’s nearest of kin, infecting the whole palace with pollution. With many more observations, supported by proofs, Nicolas concluded his speech. (5) Varus then called on Antipater for his defence. But he would say no more than “ God is witness of my innocence ”’ and remained prostrate and silent. * According to A. xvii. 106 even Herod was not unmoved, though he sought to conceal] his emotion. 503 Speech ot Nicolas. Outcome the trial Antipate imprison JOSEPHUS TO Pappaxov diowal twe Tov emt Oavatw KaTa- 640 Kpiro deopwrn mel. ov de TmapaXpnpwa tehev- THOGVTOS, O pev amoppytous Toujoas Tas 7pos “Hpwidnv opdtas Kal 7a mept To cuvedprov Kaicapu ypaibas pera pilav 7wEepav xXwpilera: deopet be 6 Baotdevs "Avrimazpov Kat mpos Kaicapa tovs dnAwoovtas THY cupdopay e€erreuipev. 641 (6) Mera d€ tadra Kal Kara Ladapns em- Bovdos "Avtimazpos evplokeTau'? TOY yap "Avte- didov TLS olkeT@v Hkev emoToAas Koplow amo “Papns Tapa Avovtas* Jeparrawidos, "Apts Tov- vous. Kal Tapa plev tavTns eméataAro BaotAet Tas Tapa Ladwpns ématoAas ev Tots Avovias* eUpnKeva ypappacw, meToudéevas S€ at7T@ Ad6pa 642 6.” evvorav. at dé THs Ladapns Aowopias TE Too Bacrrews TE pLetXov muKpoTaras Kal KaTnyoplav peylatnv. tavras 6€ mAdoas *Avtimatpos Kat THV 643 °AKp7y dvapbetpas emeoev “Heady mépyar. du- mreyx On de eK THs mpos auTov emaToAas” Kal yap e€xelvw TO yevawov eypaipev: “ws eBovdn Ons, éypaika cov 7TH maTpl Kal tas émuotoAds exetvas eveuia, TeTeLopevyn Tov Bactréa px deiceobar 77s adeAdijs, OTav avayva. Kadd@s S€ mroijoets, EemeEL- dav azapticby marta, pvnovetoas av bm€oxov. | 644 (7 ) Tavrns dwpabeions tis emaToAns Kat TOV Kara Lahwpns evoxevacdevaav, evvoua pev é mintet T@ BaciAel Taya Kal * Kart’ *ANeEdvBpow mAacbnvat ypdupata, mepiadyns 8 Hv bro Tob nafous ws map odAlyov Kat tHv adeAdry ano- 1 éziBoudas Avr. evplox. meTmonknws PAM. > Acvias PA: ’lovdias the rest; cf. § 506. ®xai ra Destinon: xai mss. 304 JEWISH WAR, I 639-644 (cf. ant. xvii. 131-144) The governor, thereupon, called for the poison and had it applied to a prisoner under sentence of death, who drank it and instantly expired. Then, after a private interview with Herod, Varus drafted his report of the meeting for Caesar, and a day later took his departure. The king had Antipater put in irons and dispatched messengers to the emperor to inform him of the catastrophe. (6) It was subsequently discovered that Antipater had also plotted against Salome. For a domestic of Antiphilus arrived from Rome with letters from a maid-servant of Livia,¢ named Acme; she wrote to the king to say that she had found among Livia’s papers some letters from Salome, which, as his weil- wisher, she had privately transmitted to him. These letters of Salome, containing the most cruel abuse of the king and the most scathing condemnation of his conduct, were forgeries of Antipater, who had bribed Acme to send them to Herod. He was convicted by the letter which the woman addressed at the same time to him, in these terms: “ As you desired, I have written to your father and forwarded those letters, and feel sure that, when he has read them, he will not spare his sister. Be good enough, when all is over, to remember what you promised.” (7) When this letter was brought to light, with those concocted to injure Salome, a suspicion crossed the king’s mind that perhaps the letters incriminating Alexander were also forgeries.2 He was, moreover, deeply distressed at the thought that he had almost killed his sister also, owing to Antipater’s intrigues. * Livia Drusilla, the wife of Augustus, and after his death known as Julia Augusta; by her former husband she was mother of the emperor Tiberius. > -Cf2§:528. 305 Discove: Antipat plot aga Salome. Herod's illness a new wil naming Antipas heir. 645 646 647 648 JOSEPHUS Krewas 60 *Avtimatpov: ovKéte ovv aveBadAeTto AaBetv tTiswpiav tmep anavTwv. wpynuéevos O° ent tov “Avtimatpov émecxén voow yadrer’ Tepi pevtot THS “AkpAs Kal Tov Kata Ladwpns éoxev- wpnevwy eméatetAev Kaicapr. thy te drabyKnv aitnoas wetéypadev, Kai Baoiiea prev amedeixvuev "Avtimav apeAdv tav mpecPutatwv, *ApyeAdov kat Qirimzov: sdiaBeBAjKer yap Kai tovrous *Avtimatpos: Kaicap: d€ abv tots diya’ ypnudtwv duspois xitAva taAavta, TH SE yuvatKi Kal TéKVOLS avtod Kat didos Kai ameAevbépous mepi mEvTaKOaLA, améveyev 5€ Kat Tots GAAow TaLcw*® THS TE YWPAS ovk oAiya Kai THY ypnuatwv: Aaumpotatas de dwpeats etiua Ladwpny thy adeAdjv. ev pev odv tais d:abyjKais tadrTa SuwpAacaro. (XXxili. 1) Hpore 6° av7T@ 7pos TO xarera- TEpov 7 vooos, ate 87 TOV appworniar ev ev y7npa kal abupia ETLTETOVTWY" 7V pev yap 7107 cxedov eTayv €Bdou7Kovra, TETATIELVWTO be THY poxnv tals mept THY TéKvWY ovedopais, ws und ev vyteia® Te THY O€wv mpociecfar. TAS vooov 6° Hv éexitacts Cav ’Avtimatpos, dv odK €v Tapepyw, patoas d€ mporpytTo avedeiv. (2) Tierar 5’ &v tais ovudopais at7r@ Kat OnmoTiKn Tis €mavaoracis. dVo Acav ood.oTat Kata tiv TOAw padtota SoKodvTes axpiPobv 7a 1 Havercamp on ms. authority: 6a most mss.; ef. B. i. 104 for the same error. 2 Destinon (after A. xvil. 147 vidow): Gracw Mss. > iyeia MSS. @ Literally ** without money.” * Greek “sophists."" The Greek term, originally free from any sinister associations, for a paid professor of 306 JEWISH WAR, I. 644-648 (=anr. xvii. 146-149) He determined, therefore, to delay no longer to punish him for all his crimes. But when proceeding to extreme measures against Antipater, he was arrested by a serious illness. He wrote, however, to Caesar on the subject of Acme and the fraud which had been practised on Salome; he also called for his will and modified it. He now named Antipas king, passing over his eldest sons, Archelaus and Philip, who had also been the objects of Antipater’s calumnies. To Augustus he bequeathed, besides gifts in kind,’ one thousand talents ; to the empress, to the children, friends and freedmen of the emperor about five hundred; to the other members of his own family he assigned large tracts of territory and considerable sums of money, honouring his sister Salome with the most magnificent presents of all. Such were the corrections which Herod made in his will. (xxxiii. 1) His illness steadily grew worse, aggra- vated as were the attacks of disease by age and despondency. For he was now nearly seventy years old, and his tragic experiences with his children had so broken his spirit, that even in good health he no longer enjoyed any of the pleasures of life. His malady was further increased by the thought that Antipater was still alive; for he had determined that his execution should be no casual affair, but seriously undertaken on his recovery. (2) To his other troubles was now added an in- surrection of the populace. There were in the capital two doctors® with a reputation as profound experts in the laws of their country, who con- rhetoric etc. is employed by Josephus as the equivalent of the Jewish * Rabbi.” 307 Herod’ increas illness. A sedit attemry pull dc the gol eagle fi the Te 4 B.C. JOSEPHUS ~ ~ mdtpia Kai dia TOUTO ev TavTL T@ EOver preyiorns ’ / C 7 > oO e, > / 1 \ HEwwpLevor So0kns, Jovdéas TE vos em wpatov KQL 649 Mar@ias eTEpos Mapyddov. TOUTOLS ovK oAtyou 6 0 651 ™pooyjecav TOV vewv eEqyoupevois Tous vojLous, Kal GuyVoV auvetxov" OonpEpa Tov 7Bavrwy oTpa- ToTmEd0v. ot tote Tov BaotAéa muvAavopevot Tais abuuias dbrexpéovta® Kal TH voow Adyov Kabiecav els TOUS yywpluous, WS apa KaLpos émiTydELOTATOS Ely TYLwpetv 7707) T@ Oe kai Ta KataoKkevaobevta Tapa Tous 77aT pious vomous Epya KaTaom ay. a- Gepurov yap eivau Kara TOV VGOV iy etkovas 7) ™po- TOMAS 7) Cqwou TWOS eT OVULOV Epyov eval’ KaT- eoKevdKel as) Baovdeds b7ep THY peyadny mvAnv GeTOVv xpvaobv: Gv 81) TOTE TapyVvoUY eKKOTTEW OL cod.atal, KaAov eivat A€yovtes, ef Kal TLS yEevoltTO Klvouvos, UTEp TOO TaTplov vopou AvijcKew: Tots yap oUTw teAevT@ow abavatov Te THv Wvynv Kal THv ev ayabois alcAnow aicdviov tapapevewv, Tovs d€ ayevveis' Kal THs éavT@v aodias ameipous ayvoobvtas diAdowuyeiv Kal po Tod be’ apeths Tov €x vooov Odavatov aipetobat. (3) “Apa 6€ tots exelvwr Adyois SrednpioOy kat Ovnoxew 6 PBaaire’s, wate Gappadewrepov WTTOVTO THS EemlyELpHoEwS OL VvEeoL. pLeans ‘youv npeepas Kat ToAA@y KaTa TO lepov avaotpehopeve Gxolvos Tmaxelats KaBysnoavtes adGs adbtovds amo Tov Téyous TOV xpvaoby aetov e€e€KoTTOV TEAEKEGW. 1 Variant readings Ler@epaiov, Lemgaipéovu: A. || has Lapidaiov. 2 cuxvdv cuvecxov P: cuv7yov the rest. 3 LVRC: vrop(p)éovra the rest. * ayevets PC. * Perhgps in imitation of the pediments of Greek temples. In the eatly temples of Zeus the flat surface of the pediment 208 JEWISH WAR, I. 648-651 (=antT. xvii. 149-155) sequently enjoyed the highest esteem of the whole nation ; their names were Judas, son of Sepphoraeus, and Matthias, son of Margalus. Their lectures on the laws were attended by a large youthful audience, and day after day they drew together quite an army of men in their prime. Hearing now that the king was gradually sinking under despondency and dis- ease, these doctors threw out hints to their friends that this was the fitting moment to avenge God’s honour and to pull down those structures which had been erected in defiance of their fathers’ laws. It was, in fact, unlawful to place in the temple either images or busts or any representation whatsoever of a living creature; notwithstanding this, the king had erected over the great gate a golden eagle.* This it was which these doctors now exhorted their disciples to cut down, telling them that, even if the action proved hazardous, it was a noble deed to die for the law of one’s country ; for the souls of those who came to such an end attained immortality and an eternally abiding sense of felicity ; it was only the ignoble, uninitiated in their philosophy, who clung in their ignorance to life and preferred death on a sick-bed to that of a hero. (3) While they were discoursing in this strain, a Punishr rumour spread that the king was dying ; the news nee caused the young men to throw themselves more boldly into the enterprise. At mid-day, accordingly, when numbers of people were perambulating the temple, they let themselves down from the roof by stout cords and began chopping off the golden eagle was ornamented with an eagle as a symbol of the god, whence the whole pediment derived its name (ae7és or AETWUG). 309 JOSEPHUS 652 nyyerdn 5° evdews T@ Baoir\éws oTparny®, KaKEt- vos peTa Xetpos ovk bAlyns dvad paper mepl TeGou- pakovTa veavias ovAAapBaver KQL Karnyayev pos 653 BacitAéda. muvbavoneva 8 adt@ mp@tov, et ToAur- cevav TOV xpvaody aeTOv eKKOTTEW, wpoddyour. evreita, Tivos KeAeVoavTos, ameKpivavTo Tod TaTpiov vopov. Ti & ovtws yeynPacw dvepwryicartos, avaipetabat eAAovtes, EAeyov 6Tt mAcLOvWwY ayabdv amoAavcovow peta THY TEeAcUTHV. 654 (4) °"Exi = rovrous 0 Baotreds bv drrepBoAgy opyjs KpelrTo THs vooou yevdomevos mpoevow els exkAnatay, Kal moa. TOV avOpav KaTnyopynoas ws tepoavAwy Kat mpopacer TOD vojLov mrevpalovTiy 655 Te pretCov ngiov KoAdlew ws acefets. 6 d€ dios deloas, a) dua Toa 6 edeyxos EAOn, Tapenade m™p@rov pev tovs tb7olenevous THv mpaéw, Emeira Tovs ev avTH avddAndbévtas KoAdcavTa Tots hoi- Tots Thy opynv adiévar. eiferar ports 6 Ba- atrevs, Kat Tovs pev Kabiujoavtas éavTods aya Tois coguotais Katéxavoe C@vtas, tovs Aoumovs de Tov avAAndbertwy mapédwKev Tots trnpéTais aveXetv. 656 (5) "EvOev adrod ro cha av 7% voocos bia- AaBotca rrovkidows wafeow epepilero: mupeTtos pev yap 7v od AdBpos, Kvynopos b€ addpyros THs ém- avelas OAns Kat KoAov avvexeis adAyndoves, mrEpi TE TOUS TOdas WoTEp VOpwri@vTos oldnuaTa, TOO ” r A \ én >) / 5 \ /, TE 1TPOV d EYHOV7) KAL OY) ALOOLOV ONTEOWY TKW- 1 6 Niese: 6’ mss. * Perhaps “the captain of the Temple”’ is intended (e/. Acts iv. 1, v. 24). 310 JEWISH WAR, I. 652-656 (=anT. xvii. 156-169) with hatchets. The king’s captain,“ to whom the matter was immediately reported, hastened to the scene with a considerable force, arrested about forty of the young men and conducted them to the king. Herod first asked them whether they had dared to cut down the golden eagle; they admitted it. _“ Who ordered you to do so?” he continued. ‘The law of our fathers.” “‘ And why so exultant, when you will shortly be put to death?” “‘ Because, after our death, we shall enjoy greater felicity.” (4) These proceedings provoked the king to such fury that he forgot his disease and had himself carried to a public assembly,’ where at great length he denounced the men as sacrilegious persons who, under the pretext of zeal for the law, had some more ambitious aim in view, and demanded that they should be punished for impiety. The people, appre- hensive of wholesale prosecutions, besought him to confine the punishment to the instigators of the deed and to those who had been arrested in the perpetra- tion of it, and to forgo his anger against the rest. The king grudgingly consented ; those who had let themselves down from the roof together with the doctors he had burnt alive; the remainder of those arrested he handed over to his executioners. (5) From this time onwards Herod’s malady began to spread to his whole body and his sufferings took a variety of forms. He had fever, though not a raging fever, an intolerable itching of the whole skin, continuous pains in the intestines, tumours in the feet as in dropsy, inflammation of the abdomen and » A meeting of the magistrates in the theatre at Jericho, according to A. xvii. 160 f. 311 Herod's | illness. JOSEPHUS Ankas yevv@oa, mpds TovTots opfomvoa Kai dvo- / - ~ mvola Kal oTacpol TavTwy THY peADv, WoTE TOUS emuferdlovras mowny eivac THY codioTav Ta 657 voojjata A€yew. 6 d€ wadaiwy rocovTos mafeow Suws tod Civ avteiyeTo, owrypiav te HAmCev Kal Gepamretas émevdet’ duaBas yodv tov *lopdavny rots \ / > ~ ~ ~ > kata Kaddipponv éxpito Bepuois: tatra 8 e€evou \ ° \ > A / 4 \ / pev. ets tTHv "AodadArizw Atuvnv, bo yAvKvTHTOS > ~ 4 \ : |} / 50 be > ~ ~ 8 é€ort [kal]! motysa. Sd0€av d€ evradba ois > ~ > ‘ 7 ~ > / \ ~ tatpois éAaiw Oepu@ av avabadar to capa A > / , > 7 \ ‘ xadacbev eis mAnjpn mveAov, exAver Kal Tous 658 OPGaAuovs ws TEebvews avéaotpepev. OoptBov de ~ / / A ‘ \ A trav bepamevovtTwy yevouevov mpos ev THY dwv7yv s > aviveyKev, els 5€ TO AoiTOV aTOyvovs THY GwTNpLaVv Tots T€ OTpaTitais ava TevTHKOVTa Spaxyyas exéAevoev duavetuar Kai moAAa ypryuata Tots Hyewoot Kal Tots PtAoss. 659 (6) Adros d€ broortpédwy eis ‘leptyodvta mapa- yivetar peAayxoAdy bn, Kal povov ovK ameAdy ait@ T@ Oavadtw mpoéxomterv eis emBoAny® a- Geuitov mpafews: Tos yap ag exaoTns KwuNs > , » oO ’ ” > ate q émajuous avdpas e€ OAns ‘lovdatas cuvayayay eis Tov Kadovpmevov immddponov exéAevoev avy- 660 KAetaae. ~mpooKkadecauevos d€ LaAwunv THY aded- div kal tov avdpa tavrns ‘Adeéay “ olda,” Edn, “ *Tovdalous Tov euov €optdaovtas Bavarov, dvva- ' om. PAM Lat. 2 Hudson: emSovAny mss. 312 JEWISH WAR, I. 656-660 (=anT. xvii. 169-176) gangrene of the privy parts, engendering worms,? in addition to asthma,? with great difficulty in breathing, and convulsions in all his limbs. His condition led diviners to pronounce his maladies a judgement on him for his treatment of the professors. Yet, struggling as he was with such numerous sufferings, he clung to life, hoped for recovery, and devised one remedy after another. Thus he crossed the Jordan to take the warm baths at Callirrhoe, the waters of Herod at which descend into the Lake Asphaltitis® and from their sweetness are also used for drink. ‘There, the physicians deciding to raise the temperature of his whole body with hot oil, he was lowered into a bath full of that liquid, whereupon he fainted and turned up his eyes as though he were dead. His attendants raising an uproar, their cries brought him to himself, but, now despairing of recovery, he gave orders to distribute fifty drachmas per head to the soldiers and considerable sums to their officers and to his friends. (6) He started on his return journey and reached Jericho in an atrabilious condition, in which, hurling defiance as it were at death itself, he proceeded to devise an outrageous scheme. Having assembled the distinguished men from every village from one end of Judaea to the other, he ordered them to be locked into the hippodrome. He then summoned his sister Salome and her husband Alexas and said : “ I know that the Jews will celebrate my death by @ Cf. the description of the death of his grandson, Herod Agrippa I, “eaten of worms,” in Acts xii. 23. > The Greek word means inability to breathe except in an upright posture. ¢ The Dead Sea. Callirrhoe (‘‘ Baths of Herod ’’) was near the N.E. end of it. 313 Callirrho Herod at Jericho: arrest of notables. JOSEPHUS -~ / pat 6€ mevOeiobar bu’ Erépwv Kal Aapzpov emitddiov exew, av dvpeis BeAnonte tats euats evrodats bmoupyjcar. tovade tov’s dpoupoupevous avdpas eTELOaVY eKTVEVOW TAXLOTA KTElVaTE, TEpLOTTCaV- A a ~ Tes TOUS o7parwiras, iva maca “lovdaia Kali mds olKos aKwy én éol Saxpton.” 661 (7) Tatra évetéAXeT0, Kat Tapa. TOV ev ‘Payn mpéeapewv AKov émotoAal, du dv *Akpn pev av- npnuevn KeAevoavtos Kaicapos édnAotro, bavatw > > / 6° “Avtimatpos KatTdxKpitos’ €ypadov ye pq as, > \ , > \ > / e / el Kat guyadevew adtrov eleAjcecey 6 TaTHp, > / a” ¢ \ 8 \ \ A 662 €7TLTpPETFOL Kaicap. 0 Oe Bpayv fhev pos THV , > > ev0upiav avyveykev, adlis 6é€, Kal yap evdeia Tpopns Kat Pnxt omacuwoder dueTelveto, THY adyn- / e \ / \ ¢ / > / ddvwv joanbeis pbdcat THY €tpappevny eveBahero. AaBebv de pnAov 7 qTnoev Kal payaipiov, ewer yap d7ro7 eve eobiew, emetTa mepiabpjoas ay Tis O KwAvwY Eln, emipev THY SeEvav ws TANEWY EauToV. \ A >’ / °A / e > 4 mpocdpauwy de exwdAvoev “AyiaBos 6 avexuds ~ - > > 663 avToD T7HV xelpa KaTacxuv. olpwyn 8 etléws npOn peyiotn Kata 70 Pacidevov ws olxopéevou > , Baciréws, Kal taxyéws axovaas “Avtimatpos dva- A ‘ Bappet te Kai yeynfws tovs dvdAakas ikérevev emt = e xpjacw e€adetvar AVcavtas avrov. o b€ Hyeuwv > , weer, > \ \ = \ od povov exwAvoev aAAa Kat Baoiret Spayay a A. xvii. 176, ‘‘ He was not blind to the feelings of the Jews and knew what relief and intense delight his death would bring them.” A Jewish festival on the seventh of the month Kislev (December), of which the occasion is un- recorded in the Jewish calendar known as Megillath Taanith, is said by a late Scholiast to commemorate Herod’s death ; 314 JEWISH WAR, I. 660-663 (=anT. xvii. 177-186) a festival ;* yet I can obtain a vicarious mourning and a magnificent funeral, if you consent to follow my instructions. You know these men here in custody ; the moment I expire have them surrounded by the soldiers and massacred; so shall all Judaea and every household weep for me, whether they will or no.” (7) At the moment when he was giving these instructions, he received letters from his ambassadors at Rome, informing him that Acme? had been executed by Caesar's orders and Antipater con- demned to death; but, the letter continued, if his father were content with banishing him, he had Caesar’s permission to do so. At this news he for a while recovered his spirits, but later, under the strain of lack of nourishment and a convulsive cough, over- powered by his tortures, he endeavoured to anticipate the hour of destiny. He took an apple and called for a knife, as it was his custom to cut up this fruit when eating it, and then, looking round to see that there was no one to prevent him, raised his hand to strike himself. However, his cousin Achiab rushed up and seizing his hand arrested the blow. Instantly there arose loud lamentations throughout the palace, in the belief that the king had passed away. Anti- pater, quick to catch the sound. took heart again and. radiant with joy, besought his jailers, for a remuneration, to loose him and let him go. The head jailer, however, not only prevented this, but hastened to the king and reported his prisoner’s out the tradition is untrustworthy. It appears from the sequel (B. ii. 10) that Herod died a little before Passover. see Zeitlin, Megillat Taanit, pp. 100 f., Schiirer, G.J.V. ed. 3) i. 416 f. > § 641. 315 Executio of Acme. Herod attempts suicide, Executio: Antipate: JOSEPHUS 664 avyyyetlev thy emiBoAnv.' avéxpayev 8° exeivos laxupoTepov THs vocov Kal Tapaxphua méuias tous Sopuddpovs amoxteiver tov “Avtimatpov. , \ \ ‘ by a= / > ¢ , Gaba d€ Tov vexpov attod mpootagas ev “Ypxavia / \ / > ~ A / mdAw tas d1abyjKas éemavopfotitar, Kai diadoxov \ nev “ApyéAaov tov mpecBuratov vidv, adeAdov Se °A / / / Si? / vrima, ypader, teTpdpyny dé *Avtizayv. ~ \ 5 (8) Mera d€ tHv avatpeow tod maidos éemuBiovs , gp te A ~ , > 4? * \ mevTe nuepas TteAeuTa, Pacirevoas ap ov pev > - / amoxrewas “Avtiyovov éxpdtncev TOV TpaypaTwv ” , \ , on) e . Ge ae €7T7 Tégoapa Kal TpidKovta, ad’ od dé timo ‘Pw- HD D> t patwy amedelyOn Bacireds EeExta Kal TpiaKovTa, Kal KaTa pev Ta GAAa mavta TUyn SeEta xpnod- eevos, €t Kat Tis dAXos, GaTis KaTeKTHGAaTO Paat- Xetav iduitns @v Kat tocottw xpovw dvdAdéas ldlois teKvois KaTéeAimev, ev S€ Tois KaT OlKOV 666 atvyéaTatos. mplv dé yuavar THY TeAEUTHV avTOD TO oTpatiwtiKkov, mpoe\fotca peta Tavdpos* 7 Larupn siadjKev rods Seopuitas, obs Kreivew O Baoireds eveteiAato, petamercbyvar tov Baoidea Aéyovoa Kai mdAw avanréumew Eexactov eis Ta tdia. TovTwy 8 olyouéevew édynAovw dn Tots oTpaTwwitais Kal auvyyov avtovs eis éexKAnciav peta Tod Aoiz0d mANOous ev 7H Kata ‘leptyobdvra 667 audiledtpw. €vfa mapeABaw TroAepatos 6 Kat Tov onuav7jpa SaxrttAwv rapa tod Bacirews memLoTEupevos Tov Te Baatrdda KaTevdaimoviler Kal To 7ArGos mapaxanXe?, Kai Tv amoAepbeicav Tots 1 Niese: ériSovdA7qv M33. 2 Destinon: per’ dvépds Mss. 316 JEWISH WAR, I. 664-667 (=anT. xvii. 187-195) design. Herod, with a shout which might have seemed beyond a sick man’s strength, instantly sent his guards and had Antipater executed. He ordered his body to be buried at Hyrcanium.* After that Hered S he again amended his will, nominating Archelaus, ele his eldest son and brother of Antipas, heir to the Archelaus. throne, and Antipas tetrarch.® (8) Herod survived the execution of his son but Herod's five days. He expired after a reign of thirty-four (about — years, reckoning from the date when, after putting Mc) Antigonus to death, he assumed control of the state ; of thirty-seven years, from the date? when he was proclaimed king by the Romans. In his life as a whole he was blessed, if ever man was, by fortune : a commoner, he mounted to a throne, retained it for all those years and bequeathed it to his own children ; in his family life, on the contrary, no man was more unfortunate. Before the army had learnt of his decease, Salome left the palace with her husband and released the prisoners whom Herod had ordered to be put to death, telling them that the king had changed his mind and now dismissed them all to their homes. Not until after their departure did she and her husband announce the news to the soldiers, summoning them and the rest of the people to a public assembly in the amphitheatre at Jericho. Here Ptolemy, to whom the king had entrusted his Beane 0 signet-ring, came forward, pronounced a benediction '* “’” on the deceased king, delivered an exhortation to -he people, and read a letter which Herod had left @ Greek here * Hyrcania.” ® Both sons of the Samaritan Malthace. orOT BIC. | 7? 40 B.c. (end). Josephus reckons the short portions of 1 Roman calendar year at the beginning and end cf the eign as complete years (Schiirer, G.J. V. i. 416). 317 JOSEPHUS 7, > / ’ /, > 4 oTpaTiitais dveyivwoxev emiotoAnv, év 4 moAAa mept THS els TOV Biadoyov etvoias mapeKadAer. A ‘ ‘ > A , ‘ > , e6g eva Oe THY é€mioTtoAny Avcas tas emdia0jKas > / , ~ aveyivwokev, ev ais Dikizmos pev tod Tpaxywvos Kal TOV YEITVLWYTWY ywpliwy KAnpovomos, TETPAP- > e / > , ‘ > xns 8, ws mpoeimapev, *Avtizas, BaatAeds 5 >A ‘ > Q 7 , rS1:71 / 669 ApxéAaos amedeixvuto. tovtw [dé]' tov Te da- / \ e = , , > / \ KTUALov tov eavtod Kaicapi dépew éeveréAXeTo Kat 4 ~ Tas dioiKnoets THS Bactireias ceonwacpévas: KUpLoV yap avavrwy wv diatdgevey kai BeBawwtny tav diabnkav eivac Kaicapa: 7a ye pry Aowa Kata Tas mpotépas diabyjKas duAdrrew. 670 (9) Bon & etOds eyévero tav *ApyeAaw avv- = =~ \ noowevwy, KaL KaTa oTidos of oTpaTL@TaL peTa tot. mAnbouvs mpoaiovtes tmicxvodvTo pev TH a »” \ fa €avT@v evvotav, cuvntyovto be Kal THY Tapa Tot feod, [kai]? pera tadra mpos tadnv érpézovTc = > ig 67] TOD Baaitéws. mapéAizev 8° ovdev “ApyéAaos ets , > \ / \ ‘ , moAutéAevav, GAAa mavta tov BactAtKov Koopol ~ ~ A Tporjvey Kev oupTopTevcovTa TH vEKpQ KAivyn [el yap oAdxpucos hy dud Adbios, oT pwn dé dAoupyis TouKiAn, TO cpa & én avris Twophupa KEKQ. Avppeévov, kai diadnua pev éxéxetto TH Kedadn atédavos 8 umép attod ypvaots, 70 b€ oKA77poI ta 672 Tapa Thy Se€idv. Kai mept THY KAivyy ot TE vIEl: ‘ A ~ - ~ > 7? ce e , kat 70 7Anfos Tav cuyyevav, éd’ ois ot dopvddpo \ ‘ / - /, \ ee 7, Kal TO Opax.ov otidos, Teppavor re kat Paddrar 673 StecKevacpevon TavtTes ws eis TOAEMOV. mponye 8° 7) Aowrn dvvauis WaAicpéern Tots Hyeuoow Ka “anne —_\ aaa. "ta: cee 1 om. P. 2 P: om. the rest. 318 JEWISH WAR, I. 667-673 (=anT. xvii. 195-199) for the troops, in which he earnestly appealed to them to be loyal to his successor. After this letter, he opened and read the codicils : under these Philip @ inherited Trachonitis and the neighbouring districts, Antipas, as we have already mentioned,® was ap- pointed tetrarch,° and Archelaus king. The last- named received a charge from Herod to carry his ring to Caesar, with the documents relating to the administration of the realm, under seal, because he had vested in Caesar the control of all his dispositions and the ratification of the will; in the remaining particulars the directions of the previous will were to hold good. (9) Archelaus was instantly hailed with acclama- His funer tions and congratulations ; and the troops advancing by companies, with the people, made promises of allegiance on their own part, and invoked upon him the blessing of God. The king’s funeral next occupied attention. Archelaus, omitting nothing that could contribute to its magnificence, brought forth all the royal ornaments to accompany the procession n honour of the deceased. The bier was of solid 4:his lay the body enveloped in a purple robe, a diadem encircling the head and surmounted by a crown of jzold, the sceptre beside his right hand. Around she bier were Herod’s sons and a large group of iis relations ; these were followed by the guards, the Thracian contingent, Germans and Gauls, all “equipped as for war. The remainder of the troops narched in front, armed and in orderly array, led by @ Son of Cleopatra. > § 664. ¢ Of Galilee and Peraea (A. xvii. 188). 319 JOSEPHUS > =~ taéiapyors aKxoAovobvtes ev Koopw, TEvTaKdatoL 7 ~ > ~ 6€ én attois Ty olkeT@v Kal ameAevlépwv apw- / ~ parodopot. aradious om exouicby 70 oGpa dia - A Kootous' ets “Hpwédéevov, Omov Kata Tas evToAas \ : ¢€ > 4 \ A \ 4 ~ ” evddyn. Kat Ta prev mept ‘Hpwdnv towdrov Eeayev Tépas. 1 LVRC Lat. Heg.: €8dou7jxovra PAM (reading o’ for ¢). The procession starts from Jericho which was 150 stades (N.E.) from Jerusalem (B. iv. 474); Herodion was 60 stades south of Jerusalem (B. i. 265, 419). 320 — es —— —— ote JEWISH WAR, 1. 673°(=ant, xvii. 199) their commanders and subordinate officers ; behind these came five hundred of Herod’s servants and freedmen, carrying spices. The body was thus conveyed for a distance of two hundred furlongs to Herodion, where, in accordance with the directions of the deceased, it was interred. So ended Herod's reign. VOL, II M $21 1 AOTO® B’ ~ > or ~ (i. 1) "ApyeAdw Sé€ véwy p€e BoptBwv 1 tis 2<.% ¢ , > / > / / ‘ ext “Pwpny amodnias avaykn. mevOrijcas yap Hépas émTa TOV TaTépa Kal THY éemiTAdLOV EoTiacw lo ~ / / ” \ ~ \ moduteAn TO TANG Tapacywv: EGos Sé€ TobTO Tapa sh | / A = / w Ps) A A ~ ovdatots moAAois zevias aitiov, dua TO mAOos €aTiav ovK avev avdyKns, el yap mapadeizor Tis, , oe / \ >] ~ , ody datos: petadapPaver pev eabyta AevKny, / \ ? 4 ¢ / »” / > ‘ mpoetot Se eis TO Lepov, Eevba mrorxiAais adrov > / ¢ \ > / > A A ~ etdnpiats 0 Aads exdéxeTar. Kaketvos TO TARBos ad’ tunAod Bryatos Kat xpvaod Opdvov dSeEwoa- pevos THS TE oToVvd ns, Av evedeiEavTO TEpL THY K7S€lav TOD TaTpOs, EvxapLoTEl KAL THS Tpos adTOV ’ ‘ > > ‘ Bepamretas ws mpos BéBarov 7dn Baotréa- detdecbat ve yy od povov Edy THs e€ovatias emt TOD TaporTos, > \ \ ~ 3 / ¢ bal , ~ ~ GAAad Kat Tay dvoudtwv, ews av att@ Katoap I] / A / ¢ \ \ 4 > / emikupwon TH dvadox7yv, 0 Kat Kata Tas dtabyKas Tav CAwy dSeamoTns* ovde yap ev ‘leptyodvTe Tips oTpaT.ias TO diddnua Teptamtovons atT@ SedexGae: 700 pevto. mpobdpou Kal THs evvolas, Wamep Tots OTpaTLWiTals, OUTW Kal TO Siw mAjpers amo- 1 Gia. . . avdyxns om. Lat. 322 BOOK II (i. 1)? The necessity under which Archelaus found himself of undertaking a journey to» Rome was the signal for fresh disturbances. After keeping seven days’ mourning for his father and providing the usual funeral banquet for the populace on a sumptuous scale—a Jewish custom which reduces many to poverty, such entertainment of the people being considered obligatory and its omission an act of _impiety—he changed into white raiment and went forth to the Temple, where the people received him with varied acclamations. Speaking from a golden throne on a raised platform he greeted the multitude. He thanked them for the zeal which they had dis- played over his father’s funeral and for the marks of homage shown to himself, as to a king whose claim to the throne was already confirmed. He would, however, he said, for the present abstain not only from the exercise of the authority, but even from the assumption of the titles, of royalty, until his right to the succession had been ratified by Caesar, to whose ruling everything had been submitted under the terms of the will. Even when, as he reminded them, the army at Jericho had desired to place the diadem on his head, he had declined it. He would, none the less, make an ample return alike to the soldiers and to the citizens for their devotion and 9§§ 1-3=A. xvii. 200-203. 323 Accessio and promises ARCHELA 4 B.C. JOSEPHUS dwoew Tas aporBas, OmdoTav U0 THV Kparouvroy Baovreds arrobetx OF BéBauos- omovodcew yap ev maow mpos avrous davyvat Tod maT pos ayretvo. 4 (2) “Emi rovrous 7)00Levov To mAnGos evbews dmemretparTo THs Sdvavotas avToo poeyahous airn- pac of per yap Bow emuxovgilew Tas €lo- dopds, ot d€ avaipety Ta TéeAn, Twes SE amrodvew Tovs Seopwras. emévevae 5° ETOiws atact Bepa- mevwv TO TARBos. EmeiTa ddcas ev evwyia mera 5 rav dirwy ip. evOa 87) mrepi dSetAnv ab poobevtes ovK oAtyo. TAY vewrepilew Tponpneverv npEavTo (tov mevlous, OTE TO Kowov eml TH Baowrei méTavTo, KaToAodupopevot Tovs Kodacbévras t7r6 “Hpwidov dia tov éxxomévta ypvoodv deTov 77s 6 7mUAns tod vaod. hv 8€ To meévOos ody Un- eotaAuevov, add’ olmaryat Svamrpvatot Kal Opivos eykeAevoTos KoTreTot Te mepinxobvtes oAny THY 7oAw, ws av én avOpdow oUs edackoyv trep THV TaTpiwy vouwv Kal TOD vaod [zupi |' mapamoAeoBat. 7 Tyseapety 5° adrtots avePow eK TOV op’ ‘Hpaidou TETUYLN LEVY xpnvac® kal 7™p@Tov TOV bar’ éxelvov xataorabevra Tavew dpxvepea. Tpoonkew yap avrots evoeBeorepov aipetofar Kal kabapurepov.— 8 (3 ) IIpos a Tapw€vvero pev ’ApyéAaos, emretxe de 77 dpvvav UTO Tijs mept THv e€odor emei€ews, dedouKws pnmore To TAAOos éxmoAcumoas Kara- axefein TH Kwrpatr. 810 meBot paddAov 7 Pia 1 om. LVRC Lat. ; cf. i. 655. 2 VC: xpjuac: the rest with Lat. @ Duties on sales, A. xvii. 205. ® Judas, Matthias and their followers, B. i. 648-655. © Joazar, A. xvii. 164. 324 JEWISH WAR, II. 3-8 (=anr. xvii. 203-208) goodwill, as soon as the supreme authorities had definitely declared him king; for it would be his earnest and constant endeavour to treat them better than they had been treated by his father. (2) Delighted at these professions, the multitude at once proceeded to test his intentions by making large demands. One party clamoured for a reduc- tion of the taxes, another for the abolition of the duties,” a third for the liberation of the prisoners. To all these requests, in his desire to ingratiate him- self with the people, he readily assented. Then, after offering a sacrifice, he regaled himself with his friends. Towards evening, however, a large number of those who were bent on revolution assembled on the same spot, and, now that the public mourning for the king was ended, began a lamentation on their own account, bewailing the fate of those whom Herod had punished for cutting down the golden eagle from the gate of the Temple.® This mourning was in no subdued tones: there were piercing shrieks, a dirge directed by a conductor, and Jamentations with beat- ing of the breast which resounded throughout the city; all this in honour of the unfortunate men who, they asserted, had in defence of their country’s laws and the Temple perished on the pyre. These martyrs ought, they clamoured, to be avenged by the punishment of Herod’s favourites, and the first step was the deposition of the high-priest whom he had appointed,° as they had a right to select a man of greater piety and purer morals. (3) Archelaus, exasperated by these proceedings, but in haste to depart, wished to defer retaliation, from fear that, if he provoked the hostility of the people, he would be detained by a general rising. 325 Demand: the Jews Their sedition on the oceasion of the obsequie of the martyrec doctors 10 1] 12 13 JOSEPHUS kataoreh\ew €mElpaTo Tovs vewTepilovras Kal TOV oTpar7yov drromrepipas ravoacbat Tapekdner. ToU- Tov €is TO ltepov trapeABdvTa, mpiv PbéyEacbat 71, Aifous amjAavvov ot otaciacTai Kai Tovs pet avTov é7t THPPOVLGLD TpoovovTas, viet be moA- Aovs o °ApxéAaos, kat TaVvTa mpos opyiVv aT- expivavto, OAAot Te oa ovK TIPELNGOVTES, El 7An fous emtAdBow7o. Kal 7) THs Tov alvpwv ev- oTdaons €opTis, 7) maoxa mapa *lovdators Kkadetran, 7oAv TL Bupdrov 7AiBos exdexouevn, KGTELOL jLeV éK THS x“pas Aads ametpos émt TIP Opnoxetay, ot be Tovs godioTas mevOobvres ev TH lep@ ouv- EvoTIKEGaY Tpodiy TH ordoet mopildpevou. pos 6 detoas ‘Apxedaos, amply du dAov Tob mdi Gous duadpapety TV vooov, UTOTELTEL peTa o7reipas xAiapxov mpooragas Bia TOUS | efdpxovras Tis OTAGEWSsS KaTaoxelv. mpos ovUs TO 7AiGos dav mapofvveTat Kal TOUS pLEV mo\ovds THs o7relpas BaddAovtes AiBous duepbepov, 6 be xAtapxos €k- devyer Tpavparias ports. eeu” of ev ws pndevos ewod yeyovoTtos €TpémovTo mpos Ouoiay: ov pny "ApyeAdw diya dovov Kabextov ete TO TAROos edaiveto, tiv Se oTpatiav exadinaw adtots oAnv, Tovs pev mrelovs 1a THS TOAEwWSs abpoous, Tovs bE inmets ava TO Tedlov’ ot Avovow Exdoros e€aidvyns * Or perhaps the “captain of the Temple” (Sagan), Acts iy. 1. > Greek “‘ sustenance.” In the parallel A. xvii. 214 the writer (an assistant of Josephus), using the same source, appears to have taken the word zpo¢@7 literally: “‘ they had no lack of food for the rebels, not being ashamed to beg for it.” ¢ Apparently rounding the N.W. side of the city outside 326 JEWISH WAR, II. 8-13 (=anr. xvii. 209-217) He, accordingly, endeavoured to appease the rebels by persuasion, without resort to force, and quietly sent his general? to entreat them to desist. This officer on entering the Temple and before he had even opened his mouth, was driven off by the rioters with a shower of stones; many others whom Archelaus sent in after him to call them to reason were similarly treated. To all remonstrances they replied with anger, and it was evident that, given any accession to their numbers, they had no intention of remaining is quelle inactive. And now the feast of unleavened bread, Mi . |. which the Jews call Passover, came round ; it is an April, 4 occasion for the contribution of a multitude of sacri- fices, and a vast crowd streamed in from the country for the ceremony. The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in a body in the temple, pro- curing recruits® for their faction. This alarmed Archelaus, who, wishing to prevent the contagion from spreading to the whole crowd, sent in a tribune in command of a cohort, with orders to restrain by force the ringleaders of the sedition. Indignant at the appearance of the troops, the whole crowd pelted them with stones; most of the cohort were killed, while their commander was wounded and escaped with difficulty. Then, as if nothing serious had happened, the rioters returned to their sacrifices. Archelaus, however, now felt that it would be impossible to restrain the mob without bloodshed, and let loose upon them his entire army, the infantry advancing in close order through the city, the cavalry by way of the plain.° The soldiers falling unexpectedly upon the the walls, while the infantry struck straight across from the palace which lay on the S.W. of the city to the Temple on the N.E. 327 JOSEPHUS mposmecovrTes Stadbelpovor ev mept TpioytAious, To 8€ Aotrov ABs eis Ta mAnatov opn &- eckéoagayv. eimovTo de "ApxeAdov KTpUKES Ke- Aevovres EKQOTOV _dvaxwpely ém olkov, Kal TMAVTES GYOVTO THY eopT iy amoAmovres. 14. (ii. 1) Adros be peTa THS PNTpOs Kal TOV pilwy TlomAa kat Ilrodeuaiov Kat NuixodAdov KaTyel 7pos Gadaccav KaTaXdimov emit pomov TE ta@v Pacirelwy Kat Kndeuova Tay oikelwy Did- 15 imzov. auveEjer 5° dua Tots texvois Ladwpy Kat Tod Bao.Aéws adeAdudol TE kal yapBpot, TO prev doKetv ouvaywviovpLevor TEpt THs S.adoxijs “ApxeAdw, TO e GAnfés KatnyopycovTes meEpt TOV KATA TO lepov Tmapavounbevrwvy. ig 6 (2) Lvvavta 8 adrois Kata tHv Karodpeav LaBivos 6 THs Lupias ETT POTTOS els *Tovdatav dvicsy emt dvAakh av ‘Hpwidov Xpnuatwv. tov- TOV éméaxev Tpoowtepw ywpelv éemeAPwv Ovapos, Ov bua IIroAepatov moAa denfeis “ApyéAaos pert- emeuparo. TOTE pev ovv ZaBivos Ovdpw xapilo- [evos OUT éml Tas dKpas EOTEVOEV OUTE TA TOpLELA Tay TAT pw@wy xpnudtwy ameKAeioev "Apxeddy, EXPL de 77s Kaicapos Svayveicews Tpenncer 18 bméaxeTo Kal drétpiBev emi tis Kawoapetas. ws 6€ tav eumodilovrwy 6 pev eis “Avtidyerav am 7peV, "ApxéAaos dé eis ‘Papny avnxOn, da Tdxous em ‘lepocodAduev opunoas mapaAdauBdver ta PaoiAea, Kal peTameuTopevos TOUs TE Ppoup- l ~I @ Malthace. > Called Ptollas in A. xvii. 219. ¢ Herod's chief friend and executor, B. i. 473, 667, ii. 21. @ Of Damascus, another friend of Herod, and the historian on whose work Josephus is here probably dependent. 328 ~~ CG =P, wn —eas7,_ -— i «$4 == eo *S[S” e@es* Cara JEWISH WAR, II. 13-18 (=ant. xvii. 218-223) various parties busy with their sacrifices slew about three thousand of them and dispersed the remainder among the neighbouring hills. The heralds of Arche- laus followed and ordered everyone to return home ; so they all abandoned the festival and departed. (ii. 1) Archelaus himself with his mother? and his friends, Poplas,? Ptolemy,° and Nicolas,? now de- scended to the coast, leaving Philip to take charge of the palace*® and to protect his private interests. Salome,’ with her children, also accompanied him, and the nephews and sons-in-law of the late king, ostensibly to support the claims of Archelaus to the succession, but in reality to accuse him of the recent illegal proceedings in the Temple. (2) At Caesarea the party were met by Sabinus, procurator of Syria,’ on his way up to Judaea to take charge of Herod's estate. He was prevented from continuing his journey by the arrival of Varus,* whose presence Archelaus had, through Ptolemy, urgently solicited. Sabinus, in deference to Varus, abandoned for the moment his intention of rushing to the castles and excluding Archelaus from access to his father’s treasuries, and, promising to take no action until Caesar had given his decision, remained at Caesarea. But as soon as those who had ob- structed his designs had left, Varus for Antioch,’ Archelaus for Rome, he sped to Jerusalem and took possession of the palace ; and then, summoning the e Or perhaps " the realm.” f Herod's sister. ° More accurately described in 4. xvii. 221 as Kaicapos éritpomos Twy év Zupla moayudrwy, t.é. imperial finance officer for the province. * Quintilius Varus, governor (legatus) of Syria (B. i. 617), ‘ Before returning te Antioch he visited Jerusalem and left a legion there to keep order (§ 40). VOL. II M 2 329 Archelau:s depacts for Rome. Mercerar designs > Sabinus t procurato JOSEPHUS dpxous Kat dioiknTas emetpato Siepevvdy Tovs Tov xpnuatwv avadoyiopovs Tds Te aKpas Tapa- ‘ > \ e , ~ > / 19 Aaufavew. ov pry ot dtdaxes tOv “ApyeAdou KaTnuéAovy évtoAd@v, epevov d5é€ dpoupodbytes €xaoTa Kal tTHv dpovpav avatilévtes Kaioapu ~ na 9 , paAdov 7 “ApxeAdw. 20 (3) Kav tottw nddAw *Avtinas apdioByntaev mepi THs Paotreias énééerow abidyv tis emd.ab7- Kns Kupwwtépav elva tiv SiabyKny, év 7 Baotrevs abtos éeyéypamto. avddAnbecbar 8 att@ mpotn- , / A A ~ A > / €oxeTo Ladwiyn Kat modAdot tay atv “ApyeAaw 21 wAcovTwy avyyev@v. éenryyeto b€ TH pnTépa Kal ‘ > \ T , A G B' > tov adeAdov NixoAdov IIrodepatov, pomny etvat doxobvta dia tHv mapa ‘Hpwdn mictw: yeyover yap 67 T&v didwy exeivov tyswTtatos: mA€toTov HevTou memotBet dud dewoTyTa Adywv Eipyvatw TO prjropt, 610 Kal TOUS vouGeTobvras eikew “ApyeAdw KaTa TO TpecPeiov Kal Tas em duabijKas Oexpov- 22 caro. peGiorato de ev ‘Payy mavTwy 7 pos. avTov 1) OT0vdn THY ovyyevav, ots Oud pLigous Vv "Apxe- Aaos, Kal T porjyoupLevers EKGOTOS adrovopias eve BUpet otpatny@ “Pwyaiwy Sorkoupernys, ei de TovTo' Ovapapravor, Baothevew “Avrimay n0erev. 23. (4) Luvipye: & adtots eis tobto Kat LaBivos bu’ > ~ emlaToA@y, KaTnyopjncas pev “ApyeAdov mapa 24 K , \ > > , > ’ 24 Katoapt, moAAa 8 eézawéoas *Avtimav. auv- / A \ ] / e \ / > Tagavtes b€ Ta eyKAnpata ot mept Lady ev- exelpioav Kaloapt, kal eta Tovtous “ApyéAaos Ta te’ kedddaa tOv €avtod dixaiwy ypdibas Kal Tov 1 rov7Tov LVRC. 2 4+ 4\\a PAM. * B.i.646. ° Malthace who had sailed with her other son, § 14. 330 JEWISH WAR, II. 18-24 (=anv. xvii. 223-298) governors of the forts and the controllers of the treasury, endeavoured to search into the accounts and to take possession of the castles. These officers, however, mindful of the injunctions of Archelaus, continued to guard their respective trusts, for which they professed to hold themselves responsible to Caesar, rather than to Archelaus. (3) Meanwhile another claimant to the throne had Antipas, set out for Rome, namely, Antipas, who maintained ee that the will in which he had been named king had { the greater validity than the codicil.¢ He had received , previous promises of support from Salome and from many of his relations who had sailed with Archelaus. He had won over his mother® and Ptolemy, brother of Nicolas, from whose influence much was expected, owing to the confidence reposed in him by Herod, who had honoured him above all his friends. But what Antipas mainly relied on was the brilliant eloquence of his advocate Irenaeus ; on the strength of this he refused to listen to those who advised him to give way to Archelaus, in consideration of his rights of seniority and the terms of the codicil. At Rome, all the relations, who detested Archelaus, transferred their support to him ; the object that was uppermost in the minds of every one of these was autonomy under the administration of a Roman governor, but, in default of that, they preferred to have Antipas for king. (4) They were aided in this design by Sabinus, the riva who, in dispatches to Caesar, accused Archelaus and * Rome highly commended Antipas. Salome and her friends now drew up their indictment and placed it in Caesar’s hands ; Archelaus responded by drafting a summary statement of his rights and sending in his father’s 331 JOSEPHUS - ‘ ‘ 4 SaxtuAov Tob maTpos Kal Tovs Adyous' eloméemret 8 ‘ , / S 4 ¢ - ‘ 25 da TlroAewaion. mpookeauevos d€ O Kaioap TH map dupoty Kat (diav, TO Te peyeDos Tis Bas Aelas Kal TO mAnGos THS mpoaddou, mpos ols TOV dpiOuov THs ‘Hpwdov yeveds, mpoavayvods* dé kat Ta mapa Oddpov Kxai LaBivov rept tovrwy emeotaAueva, auvedpiov pev aOpoile. tav ev TéA€L ‘Pwyatwy, €v @ Kai tov €€ “Aypizma Kai ‘lovAias THs Ouyatpos Berov maida Tacov mpwrws exdbigerv, aTrodlowat d€ Adyov avrTois. Po ” ‘ ¢ 5 , 26 (5) Evéa KaTaoras re) Ladwuns vios *Avzi- TaTpOS, ay d€ THY eVAYTLOULEVOWY "Apxedd devo - TATOS €LTTELV, KaTyyopel ddoxwv tois pev Adyous > / - >? daudiaBnteiv aprTt Baowetas ApxéAaov, tots 3 Epyors mara yeyovévat Baovréa, _katetpwvevectar d6€ viv t@v Katoapos axomv, ov dixaorny Tis ~ ’ / ” A A € / 27 duadoyis ov mepiemetvev, El ye peta THY “Hpwdov teAeuTHv eyKkablérous pev vmoTéupas Tovs TeEpt- Ojjcovras avTw@ TO diddy, mpokabicas 8° ert TOU Opovov: Kal XpnHatioas® Bacwrevs, Takers TE Tis oTparids dpetibas Kal mpoKoTras: Xapiodpuevos, 28 eT. b€ TH jw mMavTa KaTavevoas Oowv ws Tapa Baotdéws TUxelV nE€lovv, Kal Tovs emt peylorats aittacs Tapa Tod TaTpos dedeuevous Avcas, vov KEL Tapa TOO SeomoTOV GKLaY aiTHadpeEVvos Bao.relas, js ipmacev €avT@® TO o@pa, Kai TrowWv ot TOV mpayudtwv adda Tav ovoudtwy KuUpLov , ‘ 2? ¢ A \ / 29 Kaicapa. mpoowveiiilev 8° ws Kat 70. mevOos 1 rationes administrationis Lat. (apparently reading Noyicuovs, as in A, |I). 2 PAV*: roosavayvous the rest (perhaps rightly). $ +Ws MLVRC., 332 JEWISH WAR, II. 24-29 (=anr. xvii. 228-233) ring and papers® by Ptolemy to the emperor. Caesar, after reflecting in private on the allegations of both parties, the extent of the kingdom, the amount of the revenue, as well as the number of Herod’s children, and after perusing the letters on the subject which he had received from Varus and Sabinus, summoned a council of leading Romans, at which for Council the first time he gave a seat to Caius, the son of pee Agrippa and his daughter Julia, whom he had adopted himself; he then called upon the parties to speak. (5) Thereupon Antipater, son of Salome, the ablest Antipater orator among the opponents of Archelaus, rose as ees his accuser. Archelaus, he stated, although at the ee moment ostensibly suing for a crown, had in reality long since acted asking. He was now merely playing upon the patient ears of Caesar, whose sentence upon the subject of the succession he had not awaited. For, after Herod’s death, had he not suborned persons to place the diadem on his head, sat in state upon the throne and given audience as a king, made changes in the ranks of the army and conferred pro- motions, assented to all the favours which the people had claimed from him as sovereign, and liberated those whom his father had imprisoned for the gravest crimes? And after all this he had now come to beg from his lord for the shadow of royalty, of which he had already appropriated the substance, thus making Caesar a dispenser not of realities, but of mere titles ! A further charge which Antipater brought against * Or, with the other reading doycpols, “* (public) » accounts.”” 333 30 31 33 JOSEPHUS KaTeipwvevoato Tod TaTtpdés, pel” nuepay ev emioxnuatilwy TO mpoowmov eis Avmnv, vdKTWP dé péxpis Kwpwv pwebvoKdpmevos, ev @ Kal THY Tapaxyv tov mAnfouvs ex THs emt TovUTOLS aya- vakTnoews eAeyev yeyovevar. Kal TOV ay@va Tod Adyov mavtTos evamnpeltocato TH ANGEL TaV TeEpt tov vaov dovevbévtwy, ots éeAnAvbévar pev ed? éopTHnv, Tapa d€ Tats dtats Auvciats wpa@s am- eoddybat: Kat Tocotdrov év 7T@ tep@ ceowpebabar vexp@v APs, daov odd’ [av|* addodvdos €eaw- pevoev 7rOAepos emeAP a axnpuKtos. TtavTny LEVvTOL THY WpLOTHTA TpocKkepapevov avTOD Kal TOV TATEpA und éAnidos atrov mote a€iHaat BaoiAcKhs, 7 OTe xeipov Thy wWuynY KdyvwY TOD GapaTos akpatns hv wvyatvovtos Aoywopod Kai ovd’ dv éypadev ev tais éemidiabyjKais Wder Siddoxov, Kat Tatra pydev tov ev tats biabjKais péepypacbar duvapevos, as eypabev tyvaivwy pev To o@pa, Kafapay de tiv duynv exywv mabovs mavtos. et pevTo. Kal Kupiwtépayv Tein Tis THY TOD KapvoV- Tos Kplow, amoKexeipotovacbat Baowreias *“Apxeé- Aaov td’ é€avtod tots eis adtyyv tapavounfetow: motamov yap av yevéofa. AaBdovta thy apxynv mapa Kaioapos tov mpw AafPeivy tocovrous av- npnkoTa; (6) IloAAa rovadra dveEeAPa *Avtimatpos Kat Tovs mAeloTovs TV avyyev@v Tapactnodpevos eh éxdoTw TOV KaTHyopHuEevwY pLdpTupas KaTa- 1 om. PA. 334 JEWISH WAR, TI. 29-33 (=ant. xvii. 233-240) Archelaus was that even in his mourning for his father he had played the hypocrite, in the day-time assuming a pose of grief, at night drinking to riotous excess. In this connexion, he added that the recent outbreak of the populace was attributable to their indignation at such conduct. Proceeding to the main contention of his speech, he laid great stress on the multitude of Jews who had been massacred around the sanctuary, poor people who had come for a festival and, while offering their sacrifices, had them- selves been brutally immolated.¢ There had been, he said, such a pile of corpses in the temple as would never have been raised even by the ruthless inroad of a foreign foe. It was, indeed, because he foresaw this ferocity of Archelaus that his father had never deigned to hold out to him even a hope of ascending the throne, until the day when, more stricken in mind than in body, and incapable of sound reasoning, he did not even know whose name he was inscribing in the codicil as that of his successor ; when, more- over, he had no fault to find with the heir named in the will which he had drafted while he possessed health of body and a mind quite unclouded by affliction. But, he continued, even if greater weight were attached by any to the decision of an invalid, Archelaus had pronounced his own deposition from the kingdom by his outrages upon it. What would he become, once invested with authority by Caesar, who before receiving it had massacred such multitudes ! (6) After dilating at length in this strain, and pro- ducing most of the relatives as witnesses to each item in his accusation, Antipater concluded his speech. a Of. the charge against Pilate of mingling the blood of Galilaeans with their sacrifices, Luke xiii. 1. 335 JOSEPHUS ~ 34 waver TOV Aoyov. dviorarae be NixdAaos rep “ApxeAdov, Kal TOV pev ev 7@ tep@ povov avay- Katov amednvev: mroheptous yap yeyovevat Tovs av- npneevous ov THs Bactvelas povov aAAa Kat Tod 35 duxalovtos attiv Kaioapos. trav 8 addAwy ey- KAnpdtov ovpBovrous drredeikvvev a’Tovs TOUS KaT- nNyopous yeyovevar. THY ye py em dua icqy 7§tov ia TOUTO pdAoTa elvat Kupiay, OTL BeBavwriy év 36 avTH Katoapa Kalictato tod Sd.uaddyou- 6 yap cwhpovav worTe T@ SeomdTy TOV OAwY Tapaxywpeiv THs e€ovoias od Symov mepi KAnpovopov Kplow eadddrero, owdpovav o qpetro Kat tov Kab- LOTOMLEVOV O ywwoKWyY TOV kafioravra. 37. (7) AveEeABovtos 5€ mavta Kai NixoAdov zap- e\faw “ApyéAaos mpominre' tév Kaicapos yovatwv OVX. KaKELVoS avrov pdra drodpovens dva.- oT1nGaS evedryvev fev ws a€tos etn THS TaTpwas 38 diadoyijs, od pny TL BéBatov amepnvaro. dvahtoas é € TOUS cuvedpous € exes TIS TiEpas Kal? éauTov mepl dv dinkovcev EOKETTETO, eiTe YXxp7) Tov €v Tats SvabijKats KaTaoTHoat Twa diddoxor, clTE kal mon) TH yeved Svavetuat TH apy’ ed0Ket ‘yap emukouptas xp7jCew 70 7AnGos Tay Tpoowmay . 39 = (ill. 1) II piv de optoat Tl mrepl TOUTWY Katoapa TeAeuTa pev 1 "ApxeAdou pyArnp | MadGann voon- caca, Tapa Ovdpov exopicnoav eK Luptas 40 criaeehil mrepl THS lovdate dmooTdcews, nv mpotdopmevos O Ovapos, aveBn yap [eTa TOV "Apxe- Adov mdrotv eis ‘lepoodAvpa Tous ‘Tapaxwobvras KabéEwv, ézeid7) mpdodnAov fv to mAnOb0s ovK ~ 1 xpoomimre: most Mss. 336 JEWISH WAR, II. 34-40 (=anr. xvii. 240-251) Nicolas then rose in defence of Archelaus. He main- Nicolas c tained that the slaughter in the Temple had been neve" rendered necessary, because the victims had shown @efence. themselves enemies not only of the kingdom, but also of Caesar, the arbiter of the kingdom. As for the other charges made against Archelaus, he showed that his accusers themselves had advised him to act as he did. The validity of the codicil, he claimed, was proved by this fact above all, that in it Caesar was constituted surety for the succession ; one who was sane enough to cede his authority to the master of the world was surely not mistaken in his selection of an heir. The sagacity shown in his choice of the donor was a guarantee of his sanity in the choice of the recipient. (7) Nicolas on his side having fully stated his case, Perplexi _Archelaus came forward and fell, in silence, at the vee knees of Caesar. The emperor very graciously raised him up, intimating that he thought him worthy to succeed his father, but pronouncing no final de- cision. After dismissing his council, he passed the day in reflection on what he had heard, considering whether he ought to appoint as successor one of those named in the wills or to divide the dominion among all the children ; for the numerous members of this family all seemed in need of support. (iii. 1) But before Caesar had come to any de- Further cision on these matters, Malthace, the mother of (ition: Archelaus, was taken ill and died, and dispatches Bier arrived from Varus in Syria concerning the revolt Rha Ne of the Jews. This outbreak had been foreseen by Sabiuus: Varus, who, after the sailing of Archelaus, had gone up to Jerusalem to repress its promoters, and, as it was evident that the people would not remain quiet, 337 4] 43 44 45 JOSEPHUS TipEnAjoov, ev TOV Tpudv amo LXupias Tayudrwv, Omep dywv HKEeV, eV TH, mode. KaTaAeimet. Kat avtos pev vréotpewev eis “Avtioyerav, émeABav d€ 6 LaBivos adopunv atrois mapéoyev vewtepo- Touas* Tovs Te yap Ppouvpovs mapadidovar tas akpas efidleto Kal muKp@s Ta BaciAiKa xprhuara inpevva, memolOws od provov tois tro Odapov KataAedbeiot oTpatiwtais, adda Kat mA7jfer dov- Awv idiwy, ods dmavras omAicas Umnperacs EXp7TO 2 THs mAeoveéias. evoTdons 6€ THs TEVTNKOGTIS » ovTw Kadovalv Twa copT ny "lovdator Tap. ema ywopevynv efdouddas Kai’ tov apiluov THv jwep@v Tmpoonyopiav €yovcav, ovx 7 cuvyifyns O@pnoKeta cuvnyayev Tov Sjuov, GAA” 7H ayavaKTnots. cuv- cdpapev yoov mAGos ameipov ex te THS TadAatas Kat ex THs ‘ldovpatas, ‘leptxobvros Te Kal THs v7eép *lopdavnv Ilepatas, Umepetxev 6e T7An Ger Kal mpolvptais avdp@v 6 yvijatos €€ avrijs ‘lovdatas Aads. Staveipavtes 5€ adds attovs eis Tpla pEepn Tplx) oOTpaToTEedevovTal, mpos TE TH Popeiw Tod iepod KAiwate Kal mpos T@ peonuBpw@ Kara Tov inmodpopov, 7 S€ Tpitn otpa mpos Tots BactAetous Kata dvow. mepixabelouevor 5€ mavtaxobev Tovs ‘Pwpaious ézoAdpKovv. (2) ‘O 6€ LaBivos mpds te To AAAs adrav Umodetoas Kal Ta Ppoviyata, auvexels pev ay- yéAous emeuTev pos Ovapov émapmtvew ev Taxes deduevos, ws et Bpadvvor KaTaKo7naopévov Tod 46 taypatos: abtos dé emi Tov viynAdTaTOV Tod dpov- piov mUpyov avaBds, 6s éxadetro DacdyAos éz- 1 «ara Hudson (after Lat.). 7 § 16. 338 cr of ome 3 j= -*- = JEWISH WAR, II. 40-46 (=anr. xvii. 251-257) had left in the city one of the three legions from Syria which he had brought with him; he himself then returned to Antioch. It was the arrival of Sabinus ? which gave the Jews an occasion for insur- rection. For this officer endeavoured to force the guardians of the citadels to hand them over to him and instituted an exacting search for the royal treasures, relying for this task not only on the soldiers left by Varus, but on a crowd of his own slaves, all of whom he armed and employed as instruments of his avarice. So, on the arrival of Pentecost—thus End of M. the Jews call a feast which occurs seven weeks after *** (Passover),’ and takes its name from the number of intervening days—it was not the customary ritual so much as indignation which drew the people in crowds to the capital. A countless multitude flocked in from Galilee, from Idumaea, from Jericho, and from Peraea beyond the Jordan, but it was the native population of Judaea itself which, both in numbers and ardour, was pre-eminent. Distributing themselves nto three divisions, they formed three camps, one gm the north of the Temple, another on the south, adjoining the hippodrome,’ and the third near the palace, on the west. Thus investing the Romans on all sides, they held them under siege. (2) Sabinus, terrified at their numbers and deter- A fight in mination, dispatched messenger after messenger to ‘"® T™?! Varus, begging for his prompt support and assuring him that, if he delayed, the legion would be cut to pieces. He himself mounted to the highest tower in > Such must be the meaning, but this sense of mapa is unusual. ¢ Mentioned here only and in the parallel in 4. xvii. 255 ; its exact position is unknown. It was probably built by Herod. 339 47 48 49 JOSEPHUS / ‘ wvupov exwv adeAdov “Hpadov ds:adbapevta dz0 ~ ~ , 7~ Tldp§wv, evredbev Katécerev tois ev TH Taypate = co / ] oTpatiwitais emyeipety Tots ToAEmtous bu’ ExTrAnEw \ 399 > \ , , > , yap ov eis Tovs odetéepous KataPawew efapper. ~ ~ ’ mapameobevtes S€ Of oTpaTL@TaL TpoTmnd@aw Ets To lepov Kal paynv Kaptepay tots “lovdaiors e /, ‘ , cuvdmtovow, ev 7 pexpt pev ovdeis Kabdmepbev ~ U / ~ / emnvvev Tepiioav euTeipia ToAeuov THY amelpwv" ) A \ ee | / > / a \ ‘ eet 5€ moAAoi “Jovdaiwy avaBavtes emt Tas aToas \ ~ 3 ~ > U A / , Kata Kehadns adtav ndlecav Ta BéAn, auveTpiBovto ‘ | »” ‘ 4 / > /, moAAot Kat ovTe Tovs advwbev BaddAovtas apvvecbat > / padiov Av, ovTe Tovs avaTadyy paxopevous v7o0- pevewv. (3) Karazovotpevor d€' mpos audotépwv v7o- ~ / myimpaow Tas otods, epya Gavpacia peyefous Te 4 / a e > ee > ~ ; / Kal moAuteAeias evexev' ot 6 en abra@v e€aidvns imo 7Hs dAoyos weptacyebevtes TOAAOL wev ev adTH 70 T71S yos TEpltox TES Le Hi] / ‘ a e ‘ 7 / duehbapynoav, moAAot b€ bro THY ToAEuIwY T7H- Sa@vtes els abtovs, Twes & els Tovmicw KaTAa TOD ” > > -~ Telyous expnuvilovto, eviot 8 bm apunyavias Tots wd / - idiots Eideow 7 mip edbavov- dao be Kabepm- ~ =~ > e gavTes amo T@V TeELx@v Fav eis Tovs “Pwyatous ; ’ § ‘ ‘ ” d = \2 EVILETAVELPLOTOL ta TV €K7T néw 1)0aV. Kat TOV ‘ ~ > - pev azoAwAdtwyv, Tav 8 to Tob beovs oKeda- U > / = ~ ~ ~ cbévtwy, éepjyuw T@ Tod Beotd Onoavp@ mpoc- 1 uév PA, which Destinon retains, writing cuverpiSovrd above and making the apodosis begin at xatamrovotjuevo.. 2 uéxpt LVRC Lat. 340 JEWISH WAR, II. 46-50 (=anr. xvii. 257-264) the fortress—called Phasael, after Herod’s brother,who was slain by the Parthians*—and thence signalled to the legionaries to attack the enemy, for he was in such a panic that he had not even the courage to descend to his own men. The soldiers, obedient to this poltroon, leapt into the Temple and engaged in a stubborn contest with the Jews. So long as they remained unassailed from above, their military ex- perience gave them the advantage over the novices opposed to them; but when a large body of Jews mounted the porticoes and poured their missiles down upon their heads, many fell, and the Romans found it no easy task either to defend themselves against those attacking them from above or to hold their ground against their other opponents in hand-to-hand fight. (3) Harassed by these two foes, the legionaries set fire to the porticoes, which for massive grandeur and magnificence were wonderful works of art. Of the Jews who occupied them, many, suddenly en- veloped, perished in the flames; many leapt down among their enemies and were slain by them ; some flung themselves over the precipitous wall in their rear ; others, in despair, threw themselves on their own swords to avoid becoming victims of the flames; while any who successfully crept down from the wall and dashed at the Romans fell an easy prey, owing to their dazed condition. Then, their enemies either slain or dispersed in panic, the soldiers fell upon God’s treasury, now reft of defenders, and plundered it to the amount of some 4 Cf. B.i. 271 f., and for the tower of Phasael i. 418, v. 166. 341 Barning of the porticoes and puilla; of the treasury. 51 52 53 54 JOSEPHUS an , / MEGOVTES OL OTPATLMTAaL TEpL TETpAKOGLA TaAaVTA , - o \ / ~ ” Sinpracay, dv doa ju Overy LaBivos nOpovaev. (4) *lovdatous de 7 TE TOV Epyov Kal avdpav Pbopa 7oAv 7etous Kal HaxysaTepous €7TLOUY ~ é€atncev ‘Pwpyato, Kal mepioxdvtes Ta PBacidera ~ > mavtas nmetAouv diadbeipew, ef ur) OGtTov amiovev’ bmuaxvobvTo yap adevav TH LaPivw PBovdAopevw ~ rd > peta TOO Taypatos eftévar. cuveAdpPavov 48 cal ~ ~ / avtots’ of mAeious TOv BaoiltK@v avtosoAnaartes. TO pLevToL TONE LLKUT ATO }LEpos, XeBaornvol TpiaxtAot, “Potidds te Kai Dparos emt tovrous, 6 pev TOUS melovs Tv Baowixav on adrov EXO, ‘Podgos d€ Tovs inmmeis, wv EKATEpOS Kal xwpis bm7KOov duvdpews bu adv Kal ovveow Vv moAguov pomn,* mpocébevto ‘Pwpaiow. *lovdator pev ovv evéKewTo TH TOALOpKia, THY TELyO@v apa Telpwtevor TOO hpoupiov Kal Tots Tept TOY LaPivov > ~ euBodvres amevat, nd €uTrodwv avrots yevéobas bud xpovov moAAob KopCopevors THY _ maT ptov avTovouiav. LaBivw 5° dyamn7ov pev Wy beg - ~ A eMetv, imicter 5€ tats bmoaxéceaw Kal TO 7pGov > ~ / > > / ¢ / a ‘ i ‘ att@v déXeap eis evédpav bmwnrevev’ dua de Kat \ > ‘ 77 / > ‘ EE 4 \ tiv amo Ovdpov Bonfervav eAmilwy dieTpiBev tHV moAvopKiav. z= > \ 4 \ \ \ A , (iv. 1) “Ev 6€ tovtw Kal Ta KaTa THY ywpaVv ! ed. pr. : adrov’s mss. 2 qv modéuov porn Naber: 7 modéuouv por7jy most mss. 2 According to A. xvii. 264 Sabinus secured 400 talents apart from the sums stolen by the soldiers. ‘The writer of A. is clearly imitating Thue. vii. 85 76 pév odv a@pocbev tot oTpatevuaros és TO Kowdv ov todd éyéveTo, TO 5é dtaxNamev trond, a passage of which there may be a faint reminiscence here. ® 7.@. troops drafted in the region of Sebaste = Samaria. 342 JEWISH WAR, II. 50-55 (=anr. xvii. 264-269) four hundred talents ; of this sum all that was not stolen by them was collected by Sabinus.? (4) However, the effect of this loss of buildings and of lives was only to rally the Jews in far greater strength and efficiency against the Romans. Sur- rounding the palace, they threatened to kill them to a man unless they promptly withdrew ; if Sabinus were prepared to retire with his legion, they guar- anteed him a safe conduct. The rebels now had with them the bulk of the royal troops which had deserted to their side. The most efficient division, however, of those troops still adhered to the Romans, namely, three thousand Sebastenians,? under Rufus and Gratus, the latter commanding the royal infantry, the former the cavalry ;—a pair, either of whom, even without any force under him, was worth an army,° owing to their bravery and acumen. So the Jews pressed the siege, making assaults on the fortress, while at the same time they loudly called on Sabinus and his followers to depart and not to stand in the way of men who after such a lapse of time were on the road to recovering their national independence. Sabinus would have been quite content to slink away, but he mistrusted their pro- mises, and suspected that their mildness was a bait to ensnare him ; he was, moreover, hoping for succour from Varus and so let the siege drag on. (iv. 1) Meanwhile, the country also, in various These cohorts of Sebasteni are often mentioned in inscrip- tions, and elsewhere in Josephus, e.g. B. ii. 58, 63, 74, 236. The oreipa LeBaory mentioned in Acts xxvii. 1 as quartered at Caesarea was probably one of them, though 2eBaor7 = Augusta, not Sebastenian ; its full title was probably cohors Augusta Sebastenorum (Schiirer). ¢ Literally ‘‘ sufficient to turn the scale of war.” 343 Sabinus besiegec in the palace. 58 59 JOSEPHUS moaxobev eTapdagero, kal auxvovs BaotAevav 6 Ka.lpos aveTrefev. Kata pev ye THY ‘Tdoupatay dtaxthcor tov b70 ‘Hpwdn adda otpatevoapevwv ovoTavres evoTrAou Sepa XOvTo Tots _Baotduxots,- “ols "AxtaBos aveyuos Baowléws amo T@v epupvoTataw Xwplov erode pet, dtogevyov THYV ev TOls TEdLOLS cup TAoKiy: ev be Lempuiper TiS PadiAatas ‘lovéas, vios *Elexia Tod KATATPEXOVTOS TOTE TIV Ywpav apxiAnotod Kat Xetpwlevros bd’ ‘Hpwdou Baot- A€ws, avotioas 7AGos otx oAtyov dvappryvvow Tas BaoAucas 67AoO8jKas Kal Tovs mepl avrov 6mAtaas tois 77)v Suvacoreiavy CynrAobdow éemexeiper. (2) Kara d€ tiv Iepaiay Xipwv zis THv Baot- Aixndv dovAwv, edpopdia ouwpatos Kal peyeber meTrows, mepitiOnow pev €avT@ Siddnua, Tepuwmv dé pel” dv auvibpo.wev Anotav 7a Te ev ‘lepryot Baciveta Kataripmpynow Kal moAAas €répas TaV moAuteA@v eéematiders, apmayas padiws ex Tob mupos atT@ Topilouevos. Kav edbn macav oiknow etzpem KatadAdéas, ef ut) Tpatos 6 tév Baoilkt- Kav melav yeu tovs te Tpaywvitas’ to€dtas Kal TO paxywwratov THv LeBaotnvav avadAaBwv dravriales TOV avopa.. TOV (bev oby Hepat? auXvot duehbapnoav ev TH paxn, TOV Liuwva 5° auTov dvadevyovra bu opBiov ddpayyos 6 l'paros Umotéuverar Kal devyovTos eK maytov TOV avyeva mAnéas améppakev.® Kxatedddyn dé kai ta tAnaiov 1 Hudson from Lat.: Tpaxawras etc. Mss. 2 Destinon from A. ||: zaiwy, taidwy or wefGy Mss. 3 aréppntey PA. * i.e. Herod, whom he had once saved from suicide, B.1. 662; cf. ii. 77. > B. i. 204. 544 JEWISH WAR, II. 55-59 (=anr. xvii. 269-277) districts, was a prey to disorder, and the opportunity induced numbers of persons to aspire to sover eignty. In Idumaea, two thousand of Herod’s veterans formed up in arms and took the field against the royal troops. They were opposed by Achiab, the king’s® cousin, who, avoiding an engagement in the plain, fell back Anarchy i i Palestine. Revolt of Herod’s veterans ij Tdumaea on the strongest positions. At Sepphoris in Galilee oe Judas, son of Ezechias, the brigand-chief who in former days infested the country and was subdued by King Herod,® raised a considerable body of followers, broke open the royal arsenals, and, having armed his companions, attacked the other aspirants to power. (2) In Peraea Simon,’ one of the royal slaves, proud of his tall and handsome figure, assumed the diadem. Perambulating the country with the brigands whom he had collected, he burnt down the royal palace at Jericho and many other stately mansions, such in- cendiarism providing him with an easy opportunity for plunder. Nota house of any respectability would have escaped the flames, had not Gratus, the com- mander of the royal infantry, with the archers of Trachonitis and the finest troops of the Sebastenians, gone out to encounter this rascal. In the ensuing engagement numbers of the Peraeans fell. Simon himself, endeavouring to escape up a steep ravine, was intercepted by Gratus, who struck the fugitive from the side a blow on the neck, which severed his head from his body. The palace at Betharamatha,? ¢ Mentioned by Tacitus, Hist. v. 9 ** post mortem Herodis . Simo quidam regium nomen inuaserat”’ (Reinach). 4 Beth-haram of the Old Test. (Jos. xiii. 27), Beth-ramtha of the Talmud, rebuilt by Herod Antipas and renamed Julias A. xviii. 27) or Livias; some six miles north of the head of the Dead Sea and east of the Jordan. 345 udas in eens The usury} Simon in Peraea. JOSEPHUS “Topddvov Bacideva Kata Brbapayaba’ cvotavtTwv ETépwv TWaV eK THS Mepatas. 60 (3) Tore Kat TOULTy tis avtuounbnvat Baau- Neias éroAuncev. “AOpoyyatos éxadeiro, mpov- Edver 8 abt@ tHv eAmida cupatos ioxds Kat pvyn favatov Katadpovotca, mpos S€ tovtow adeAdot 61 Téooapes Gpovot. TOUT WV exdoTw Aoxov vrolevEas evortAov waTep oTparnyots EXpijTo Kal caTparzrais emt Tas KaTadpouas, avtos dé kabdzep Baoudeds 62 rv CEpvoTepav WUTETO TpaypaTwv. TOTE peV ov eauT@ TrepuriOnow duddnHA., Ouemenvev oo voTEpov ovK oAtyov xpovov THY xaepav KaTaTpexov ovv Tots adeAgois: Kal TO KTelvew avTois 7mpo- nyovpevov Vv ‘Papatous TE Kal ToUs BaotdrKkovs, duedevyev 8 obde “lovdaiwv et tis ets xetpas EAfou 63 dépwv Képdos. eToAunoay d€ moTE ‘Papatov Adxov aGpouv TEepiaxeiv KAT ‘Appaodvra: oir 8° obrot Kal émrha OuexopuiCov TO Tdypare. Tov peev obv EKATOVTAPXIV avT@v “Apevov Kat TeooapdKovTa TOUS YEVVALOTATOUS KAaTHKOVTLOGY, ot de Aouroi Kwovvevovtes tatto mabeiv, Tpdrov avy ois 64 LeBaornvois emBonIjncavtos, efepuyov. 7oAAa Towabra Tovs emixwplous kal TOUS adAogvAous map oAov Tov mdoAceuov Epyacapevot peTa YpOVvoV ot prev tpets exetpwOnoav, bm *ApyeAdov pev o mpeaputaros, ot & <€qs So TVpdtw Kat I[Iro- Acwalw mepimecdvTes: 6 S€ téraptos *ApyeAdw 65 Tpooexwpynoev Kata de€iav. TodTo pev dy TO téhos vatepov avtovs e€edéxeTo, TOTE SE AnoTpLKOD moAg€uouv tiv “lovdaiay macav eveviutAacav. 1 Niese: Byfapduw év@a or BnOapaydbov mss.: év ’Aupddois A. ||, Bn@apaudda A. xviii. 27. 346 JEWISH WAR, II. 59-65 (=anT. xvii. 277-285) near the Jordan, was likewise burnt to the ground by another body of Peraean insurgents. (3) Now, too, a mere shepherd had the temerity The usurp to aspire to the throne. He was called Athrongaeus, eLotke and his sole recommendations, to raise such hopes, shepherd. were vigour of body, a soul contemptuous of death, and four brothers resembling himself. To each of these he entrusted an armed band and employed them as generals and satraps for his raids, while he himself, like a king, handled matters of graver moment. It was now that he donned the diadem, but his raiding expeditions throughout the country with his brothers continued long afterwards. Their principal object was to kill Romans and royalists, but no Jew, from whom they had anything to gain, escaped, if he fell into their hands. On one occasion they ventured to surround, near Emmaus,? an entire Roman company,’ engaged in convoying corn and arms to the legion. Their centurion Arius and forty of his bravest men were shot down by the brigands ; the remainder, in danger of a like fate, were rescued chrough the intervention of Gratus with his Sebasten- ans. After perpetrating throughout the war many such outrages upon compatriot and foreigner alike, chree of them were eventually captured, the eldest vy Archelaus, the two next by Gratus and Ptolemy ; the fourth made terms with Archelaus and sur- ‘endered.£ Such was the end to which they ulti- nately came; but at the period of which we are speaking, these men were making the whole of ludaea one scene of guerilla warfare. 2 See § 71 note. > Centuria. © There were five in all (§ 60): the fate of the fifth is un- ecorded. 347 66 67 68 69 70 JOSEPHUS (v. 1) Odvdpw de deLapeven Ta Tapa LaBivou Kal TOV Wyewovwv ypdppata Seicat Te mrept Too Taypatos OAov mapeoTy Kal omevoew emt THY Borferav. avadraBav 6 7a Aowra 600 Taypata Kal Tas ovv avtois téocoapas tras imméwv én I]toAepatdos et, mpootagas exel Kal Tovs mapa tov Baciléwv Kat duvacray ézuKovpous auveAbeiv: mpoaeAaBev d€ Kal mapa Bnputiov Ovepxopevos THY moAw xtAlous Kat TevTaKootous OmAitas. é7et 8 eis tHv IlrtoAcuatda 7d te GAAo ovppayiKov 7AjGos avTa@ Tapiy Kal Kata TO mpos “Hpwdnv ex4os ’Apéras 6 “Apaws odK oAtynv dywy duvayw inmuKny Te Kal melikiy, Lepos TIS o7parias evbéws emeuTev eis THV LadtAatay yerrvidoav tH ItoAe- patds Kat Tauov' nyenova tav atdtod didwy, ds Tovs Te UmavTidoavTas TpéTeTAL Kal Lémdwpw 7oAw €Adv attny pev eumimpynor, tods 8 eév- o.kobvTas avopamodilerar. peta d€ THs GAns duva- pews adtos OQvapos eis Layapevav eAdoas Tis pev moAews améoxeTo, undev ev Tois TOV adAwv Oo- puBow mapaKkexwykKviav evpwv, addrAtletar 5é reps twa Kapnv “Apodv Kadovpevnv: Kthua be jv IltoAepatov Kai dia totto tro tay *ApaBwy dinpaobn penveovt ey Kal Tots ‘Hpaidov girors. evOev ets Landw mpoeiow, KwuNV ETEpav epuLvay, iy Opolws dunpmacav Tds TE 7 poaopous* maoas ocais emeTUYXAVOV. TUpos de kal povov TEeTAn- pwTo mdvTa Kal mpos Tas apmayas Tov ’ApdBwv 1 Tdiov] Galli filio Lat.: rw vip A. 2 Destinon and Niese: poo bdous MSS. * Lat. alae, ie. regiments of auxiliary cavalry, usually 348 JEWISH WAR, II. 66-70 (=anrT. xvii. 286-290) (v. 1) On receiving the dispatches from Sabinus Varus and his officers, Varus was alarmed for the whole 7a7ch’s! legion and resolved to hasten to its relief. Accord- of Sabinus ingly, mobilizing the two remaining legions with the four regiments? of horse which were attached to them, he marched for Ptolemais, having ordered the auxiliary troops furnished by the kings and chieftains to assemble at that place. On his way through Berytus,? his army was further increased by 1500 armed recruits from that city. When the other con- tingent of allies had joined him at Ptolemais, as well as Aretas the Arab who, in memory of his hatred of Herod, brought a considerable body of cavalry and infantry, Varus at once sent a detachment of his His cam- army into the region of Galilee adjoining Ptolemais, Baits an under the command of his friend Gaius; the latter Samaria. routed all who opposed him, captured and burnt the city of Sepphoris and reduced its inhabitants to slavery. Varus himself with the main body pursued his march into the country of Samaria; he spared the city, finding that it had taken no part in the general tumult, and encamped near a village called Arous ©; this belonged to Ptolemy and for that reason was sacked by the Arabs, who were infuriated even against the friends of Herod. ‘Thence he ad- vanced to Sappho,? another fortified village, which they likewise sacked, as well as all the neighbouring villages which they encountered on their march. [he whole district became a scene of fire and blood, und nothing was safe against the ravages of the ‘onsisting of 500 horse, as distinct from the strictly ‘‘ legion- ry’ squadrons of cavalry, consisting of only 120 horse, 3. iil. 120 (Reinach). ® Beirut. ¢ Position unknown. 4 Unknown ; Sampho in JA, xvii. 290. 349 JOSEPHUS Tl ovdev avretyev. Katedréyn 5é Kat *“Appaods}. > dvyovtwy Tay oikntopwv, Oddpov 8. dpyny tev TeEpt “Apevov dmoopayevt wy KeAevoavTos. 72 (2) "EvOevde" els IepoooAupa. mpoeABay op bets TE PLOVOV [ETA TIS Suvapews 7a oTparomeda TOL 73 “Tovdatew Sueoxedacev. KaL ol pev @xOVTO gu: yovres ava THY ywpav" deEduevor be adrov ot Karo TI TOAw ameoxevdlovro Tas aitias THs azo- oTdgews, avrol pev ovdev mapaxwijcat Aéyov- tes, dia S€ THY EopTHY dvayKaios defdpevor TC 7AGos ovpmoAvopKnbjvat paAXov ‘Papatous 7 7] OVE: 74 Tohepfoa Tots dmoo7aow. mpovTnvTnkeroav b« at7@ “Idanmds [re]* 6 aveyuds “ApyeAdov ka avv Tpatw “Potdos, dyovtes dua TH Paowduké oTpaT@ Kat tovs LeBaotyvovs, ot te amo Toi ‘Pwpaikotd taypatos Tov ovviby tTpoTov KeKoopn pevor' LaPivos pev yap ovd” eis dw Drropetvar eMdetv Otddpw mpocEnAOev Tis moAews emt AdAac 75 cay. Ovapos dé [xara]? potpav THs orparids én Tvs aitious Tob KW] Laros emrepifpev meptt T?) xwpav, Kat moAAdv ayopévwv Tous jeev W770 GopuBwoes davévtas édpovper, Tos 8 aitwwrdtou dvecTavpwcev mept dicytAtous. 76 = (3) “HyyeAdn dS avt@ kata tiv “ldovupaiay et CULLEvEly puptous éndiras. 6 8¢ rods pev “ApaBa evpwv ov cuupdywv Mos Exovtas, GAN’ idiw mabe OTpaTevoplevous Kal Tépa THS EavTOD mpoaipecew, Tv ywpav kaxobvTas ex Bee T@ Tpos - ‘Hposdn) dnonéunetar, peta S€ tev Siwy taypdtwy én 1 P; évbev 6é AM: évOev the rest. 2 om. PAM. 7 om. LVRC. ‘ éri PAM. 350 ag 63. The Emmaus intended is doubtless the town S.E. at JEWISH WAR, II. 71-76 (=anrt. xvii. 291-297) Arabs. Emmaus, the inhabitants of which had fled, was burnt to the ground by the orders of Varus, in revenge for the slaughter of Arius and his men. (2) Proceeding thence to Jerusalem, he had only He quell: to show himself at the head of his troops to dis- nome perse the Jewish camps. Their occupants fled up Jerusaler country; but the Jews in the city received him and dis- claimed all responsibility for the revolt, asserting that they themselves had never stirred, that the festival had compelled them to admit the crowd, and that they had been rather besieged with the Romans than in league with the rebels. Prior to this, Varus had been met outside the city by Joseph, the cousin of Archelaus,? with Rufus and Gratus, at the head of the royal army and the Sebastenians, and by the Roman legionaries, in their customary equipment; for Sabinus, not venturing to face Varus, had previously left the city for the coast. Varus now detached part of his army to scour the country in search of the authors of the insurrection, many of whom were brought in. Those who appeared to be the less turbulent individuals he imprisoned; the most culpable, in number about two thousand, he crucified. (3) He was informed that in Idumaea ten thousand and in still held together in arms. Finding that the Arabs "™** were not properly conducting themselves as allies, but were rather making war to gratify their private resentment, and, from hatred of Herod, were doing more injury to the country than he had intended, he dismissed them, and with his own legions marched of Lydda at the foot of the Judaean hills, mod. Amwas, at one time Nicopolis, not the village much nearer to Jerusalem mentioned in Luke xxiv. 13. > Joseph, son of Herod’s brother Joseph, who was killed pat Jericho (A. xviii. 134, B. i. 323 f.). 351 JOSEPHUS 77 rods adeotMtas melyeto. KaKelvor mpw eis A > A > / / a xetpas €Abetv *AxtaBov ovpBovdetdcavtos odds > \ »” \ oo , \ . 47 avtovs mapédocav, Ovapos b€ TH mANnGer pev Hdier Tas aitias, tovs b€ wAWyepovas e€eracbnaopévous ” =i it / A \ ~ \ A 78 é€meutrev emt Kaicapa. Kaioap dé rots wev addots cuvéyyw, twas b€ Tv Tod Baottéews ovyyevav, Woav yap év avtots evioe TpoonKkovTeEs “Hpady Kata. yevos, koAdoau mpoceTatev, 6 ore Kar’ olKElov 79 BactAdws eotpatevcavTo. Ovapos pev obv Tobdrov TOV TpoTov KaTaoTynodpevos TA Ev “lepocoAvpots Kal dpovpav Katadim@v TO Kal TpoTEpov Tayp~a els “Avtidxyevav émdvesow. go (vi 1) "ApyeAaw 8 emt ‘Pans madw aaAdn ouviotatat dikyn mpos *lovdaious, ot mpo tis azo- / > / 27, / > oTdcews emitpeysavtos Ovddpov mpéoPers e&edn- Avbecav epi THs Tod EAvovs adbrovopias: Foav dé TEVTI}KOVTA [EV OL TapovTEs, GUpTapioTavTO dé abtois TOv emt “Pons “lovdaiwy trép dxtaxio- 81 xtAlous. abpotcavtos d€ Kaicapos ovvédpiov tov ev tTéAet “Pwyaiwy kat tav dilwy ev T@ Kata TO IlaAaruov *“AzoAAwvos tep@, xtiopa 8° Fv td.0v avTov Gavpacie 7ohutedeta KEKOOLTLEVOV, peta | prev TOV mpeoBevt av 76 lovdaixéy 7AAO0s €or7, ; 82 ovv d€ Tots thous GYTUKpUS. ‘Apxedaos, TOV a 83 bo Katoapos atdovpevor. ToUTOLs GuuTapHy® Kaiti) Pidiazos adehdos "ApxeAdou, mporreupbeis Kar |i evvotav U70 Ovdpov dvoiv evera, "ApyeAdw Tel owaywvicacbar, «av dvaveun Tov ‘Hpddov Katoag oikov maa Tois eyyovows, KAjpov Twos akwwOhjvar 352 & JEWISH WAR, II. 77-83 (=ant. xvii. 297-303) in haste to meet the rebels. They, before any action took place, on the advice of Achiab,? surrendered ; Varus discharged the rank and file and sent the leaders to Caesar for trial. Caesar pardoned all with the exception of certain individuals of royal blood, for their number included some relatives of Herod ; these he ordered to be punished for taking up arms against a sovereign who was of their own family. Having thus restored order in Jerusalem, Varus left as garrison the legion previously quartered there and returned to Antioch. (vi. 1) Meanwhile, Archelaus in Rome had to 4 Jewish defend himself in a new suit against certain Jewish ¢mbassy t deputies who, before the revolt, had set out with the asks for permission of Varus to plead for the autonomy of *™°?°™Y their nation. Fifty deputies appeared, but more than eight thousand of the Jews in Rome espoused their cause. Caesar assembled a council, composed Augustus of the Roman magistrates and his friends, in the ;Uy"0"* temple of the Palatine Apollo, a building erected by council. himself with astonishingly rich ornamentation. The Jewish crowd took up a position with the deputies ; opposite them was Archelaus with his friends ; the friends of his relatives appeared neither on the one side nor on the other, scorning through hatred and envy to join Archelaus, yet ashamed to let Caesar see them among his accusers. Another person present was Philip, brother of Archelaus, whom Varus, out of friendliness, had sent off under escort with two objects : primarily to support Archelaus, but also to come in for a share of Herod’s estate in case Caesar should distribute it among all his descendants. O58)55. 1M: rovros rapyv PA: émi rovrTas apy the rest. VOL. II N 353 JOSEPHUS gi (2) ’Empamév S€ A€yew tots Katnydpois Tas ‘Hpddouv mapavoplas mpG7ov SeEjecav, od Bacrréa A€yovres, GAAA 7THv mubzoTE TUpavvnodvTwY Wpo- TaTov evnvoxevar TUpavvov: TAclaTwy yodv avnpy- péevwv Um advtod Tovatdta memovOevat Tovs KaTa- AerdOevtas, WoTe pakapileabar Tods atoAwAoras: 85 BeBacavikéva yap ov- povoey 74 ocwuaTa THY broteraypevwv, GAAa Kai Tas wOAEWs* Tas ev yap dias AeAwBijcbar, tas b€ tHv addAodvAwv KeKo- Gunkevat Kai To THs “Jovdalas aia Keyapiobar 86 trois e€whev Sryois. avtt b€ THs madalas eEv- Saiovias Kal TMV TaTplwy vouwy Tevias TO EOVOS Kal Tapavoulas é€oxaTyns meTAnpwKevat, Kalodov d€ mAelous Urouenevnkevar tas e€ “‘Hpwodou oup- dopas ev oAlyous érecw “lovdaiovs wv ev Tavtt T® xpovw peta tHv ex BaBvAdvos avaywpnow emalov ot mpoyovor, ZépEov BactAevovtos azava- 87 oTavTes. els ToagotTovy pévTot pleTpLoTyTOsS' Kal tot dvotuyeiv eGovs mpoeAbetv, wate Umopetvat THs muKpas SdovdAeias Kat d.adoxnv adfaipetov 88 “ApyéAaov yotv tov tyAtKovTov tupavvov maida peTa THY TOD TaTpos TeAevTHV Bacirea TE Tpoa- eumely €TOlWws Kal auuTevOjoar tov ‘“Hpwdor Gavatov att® Kat ovvevEacbar rept tHs dvadoxns 89 rov 8° Womep aywrvidoavta, pi) vobos vids etvai dcerev “Hpcidov, mpooswdcacbar tiv BactAeiar TpicxtAiwv moditav dovw, Kat tooaita pev map- ecTaKevat Ovuata mept THs apyis TH Gew, Toaovrots 1 PAM Lat.: rarewdrnros the rest. ? ex Hudson, Bekker. 354 JEWISH WAR, II. 84-89 (=anT. xvii. 304-313) (2) The plaintiffs, being given permission to state their case, began by enumerating Herod’s enormities. “ Tt was not a king,”’ they said, ‘‘ whom they had had to tolerate, but the most cruel tyrant that ever existed. Numerous had been his victims, but the survivors had suffered so much that they envied the fate of the dead. For he had tortured not only the persons of his subjects, but also their cities; and while he crippled the towns in his own dominion, he embellished those of other nations, lavishing the life- blood of Judaea on foreign communities. In place of their ancient prosperity and ancestral laws, he had sunk the nation to poverty and the last degree of iniquity. In short, the miseries which Herod in the course of a few years had inflicted on the Jews surpassed all that their forefathers had suffered during all the time since they left Babylon to return to their country in the reign of Xerxes.* And yet so chast- ened and habituated to misfortune had they become, that they had consented to this bitter servitude being made hereditary and had actually chosen the heir themselves! This Archelaus, son of such a tyrant, they had, on his father’s decease, promptly acclaimed king ; they had joined in his mourning for Herod’s death, in his prayers for the prosperity of his own reign. But he, anxious apparently not to be taken for a bastard son of Herod, had ushered in his reign with the massacre of three thousand citizens ; that was the grand total of the victims which he had offered to God on behalf of his throne, that was the number of corpses with which he had filled the ¢ je. the return under Ezra, which Josephus (A. xi. 120) places in the reign of Xerxes, not as in the O.T. in that of Artaxerxes. 355 Speeche the Jew depnties JOSEPHUS 908° éumemAnkévat vexpois TO tepov ev E€opTH. Tovs [LevTOL meptderdbevras €K ToooUTWW KaK@V elkOTWs éexeotpagia moTe 10n' mpos Tas ovpdopas Kal moAg€uov vow Tas 7Anyas eGéXew Kata mpoowrrov Si yeobnt. deicbar b€ “Pwyaiwy eAefHoar ta Te tis “lovdatas Aetbava Kat pu) TO TEpLtocoV adTis 91 vropptfar Tois WuUa@s omapattovow, ovvaavtas be 7H Lupia THY Xwpav avr av OuotKely ém’ (dtous HyEeoow: eT Weitecbas yap, ws ot viv otaciwédets dvaBaddopevor Kal 7oAepKol pepe otdacw pe- 92 7 Tplous nyewovas. ‘lovdator pe ov €k Tis Kat nyoplas KateAn€av ets ToLaUT HY agiwow, avaortas de NixdAaos azeAvcato® pev tas els Tovs Baatreis aitlas, Katnyoper b€ Tod efvous Td TE SUcapKTOV Kal To dvom7eles ducer 7pos TOUS Baowrets. ovvb.eBalne dé Kal Tous "ApxeAdov ovyyeveis, Gao 7pos TOUS KaTHyOpous adevoTnKeoay. 93 (3) Tore pev otv Kaicoap axotvoas €xaTépwv dueAvoe TO auvédpiov, peta 8 uepas oAtyas TO fev TILLOVv 77s BaotAetas "Apxeddw didwow efvdpxyy TpogeTuv, UTOaXOMEVOS be Kal Baoiréa 94 TOLnGEW, El agvov €QUTOV Tapaaxot,* TO O€ Aoumov jptov dueAwy eis Svo teTpapxias dvaiv €ré€pots maa ‘Hpwdov didwow, 77v pev Dirinmw, THY de “Avtiza T®@ 7pos "A pxédaoy GpduoByrobvre 95 wept THS Pactrelas. eyévero b€ bro ToUTwW pEV 7 ze Ilepaia xat VadAaia, mpdcodos Staxooiwv taAavtwy, Batavéa 5€ Kat Tpdywv Adpaviris re 1 46 wore LVRC. 2 trs. ve 7a ed. pr. * Nieseand others from Lat.: ared’caro mss.3 cf. B. i. 452. ‘ Niese: wapacx7 MSS. 356 JEWISH WAR, II. 90-95 (=anrt. xvii. 313-319) Temple at a festival! It was, however, but natural that those who had survived such disasters should now at length turn and confront their calamities and desire to face their blows, in accordance with the laws of war. They implored the Romans to take pity on the relics of Judaea and not to fling what remained of it to those who were savagely rending it in pieces, but to unite their country to Syria and to entrust the administration to governors from among themselves. The Jews would then show that, calumniated though they now were as factious and always at war, they knew how to obey equitable rulers.” With this petition the Jews brought their accusation to a close. Nicolas then rose and, after refuting the charges 240" brought against the occupants of the throne, retorted by an accusation of the national character, impatient of all authority and insubordinate towards their sovereigns. The relatives of Archelaus who had gone over to his accusers also came in for a share of his strictures. (3) Caesar, after hearing both parties, dismissed Augusty the assembly. His decision was announced a few Herod's days later: he gave half the kingdom to Archelaus, pee with the title of ethnarch, promising, moreover, to three son Archelau make him king, should he prove his deserts ; the other (as eth- narch), half he divided into two tetrarchies, which he pre- Antipas ; sented to two other sons of Herod, one to Philip, the Poe other to Antipas, who had disputed the throne with Archelaus. Antipas had for his province Peraea and Galilee, with a revenue of two hundred talents. Batanaea, Trachonitis, Auranitis and certain portions OOM JOSEPHUS \ , \ a , ” \ \ , 1 Kal pépn Twa TOO Zivwvos olkov Ta wept Ilavaéda, / »” , e , = A , mpoaodov €xovta taAdvTwy éxatov, b70 DiAin7w 96 réraxTo. Tis “ApyeAdov 8 ebvapyias *Idovpata te kat ‘lovdaia maoa Kat Lapapeitis tv, keKov- diopevn TeTapTw pepe TOV dopwv Els TYyV TOU \ A ~ »” > ~ / > e 97 7) peTa TOV GAAwY amooTHvat. modes 8 tr- / / / / ‘ A nKoous TtapeAaPev Utpdtwvos mUpyov Kat LeBaoryv \ > / Ac,¢ / ‘ \ 4 / Kat “lomany Kat ‘lepoodAupa: tas yap “EAAnvidas Talav cat Tadapa Kat “Immov amotepopevos THs , , , U 238. 3 Baotrelas mpooebnxev Xvpia. mpoaodos [8° }* jv ~ 5 / / / / / THs “ApxeAdw dofeions xwpas TeTpaKooiwv Tadav- 9 Twv. Ladruwpyn S€ mpos ois 6 Bactreds ev Tais diabyjKais KatéAirev “lapvetas te Kat “Aldtov Kai MacanXidos amodetkvuTas Seamotis, yapilerar 8° b] ~ ~ \ A > > / / av77 Kaicap kat ta ev “AcxdAwv Baoideca: ouviyeto 8 €x mavtav €€jKkovtTa mpocddov TdAavTa* Tov 6€ oikov atts to tiv *“ApyeAdov tomapyiav 99 €ragev. tis 8° adAns “Hpedov yeveds Exaotos TO KataAeupbev ev tats SdiabyKais éxopilero. Svat 6° attod Ovyatpao. mapbévois Kaioap c&wlev xapilerat mevTyKovTa pupiddas apyupiov Kat 100 cvvwKicev attas tots Depwpa marolv. peta Ge Tov olkov emld.evetmev adTots THY €avT@ KaTa- Aedbcicay td’ ‘Hpwdov dwpedv, otoav yxAiwy 1 So Reinach after Graetz and Schiirer, cf. A. xvii. 189: the mss. have 'Ivvavw,”Ivay or "Iduvecav, the last a worthless conjecture, conflicting with § 98. 2 om. P. * Called in the parallel passage (A. xvii. 319) and else- where (e.g. B. i. 398) Zenodorus. 358 JEWISH WAR, II. 95-100 (=anr. xvii. 319-323) of the domain of Zeno? in the neighbourhood of Panias,? producing a revenue of a hundred talents, were allotted to Philip. The ethnarchy of Archelaus comprised the whole of Idumaea and Judaea, besides the district of Samaria, which had a quarter of its tribute remitted in consideration of its having taken no part in the insurrection. The cities subjected to Archelaus were Strato’s Tower,° Sebaste,? Joppa and Jerusalem; the Greek towns of Gaza, Gadara, and Hippos were, on the other hand, detached from his principality and annexed to Syria. The territory given to Archelaus produced a revenue of four hundred ®@ talents. Salome, besides the legacy which the king had left her in his will, was declared mistress of Jamnia, Azotus and Phasaelis ; Caesar also made her a present of the palace of Ascalon, her revenue from all sources amounting to sixty talents; her estates, however, were placed under the jurisdiction’ of Archelaus. Each of the other members of Herod’s family received the legacy named in the will. To the king’s two unmarried daughters % Caesar presented, in addition, 500,000 (drachms) of silver and gave them in marriage to the sons of Pheroras. After this division of the estate, he further distributed among the family Herod’s legacy to himself, amount- ’ The region to the south and east of Caesarea Philippi and referred to as “‘Ituraea in Luke iii. 1 (‘‘ Philip, tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis ’’). ¢ Caesarea-on-sea. @ Samaria. € 600 according to A. xvii. 320. f Greek “ toparchy.”’ 9 Roxane and Salome (i. 563). 359 JOSEPHUS , b] ~ ~ , > \ 4 TaAavrwy, evteAR Twa TOV KEyunAIwY Eis THY TOU KaTotxouevov TYyLny e€eAdpevos. 101. (vil. 1) Kay rovrvw veavias tis “lovdatos pe ‘ / \ > > ~ /, ~ TO yevos, tpadeis 8 ev Lidav mapa tw Tv ‘p , > d b€ 1 > CG , - wpalwy amedevbépw,' 80 opotyta popdijs / e \ > / \ > / wevdouevos eavtov *AXdceEavdpov tov avaipefevta td’ “Hpddov, Kar’ é€Amida tod Ajnoew HKev ets 102 ‘Pwpnv. avvepyos 8 Fv tis opodvdAos avT@ mavTa Ta Kata tHv Baowelav emiotdpevos, bP e \ »” e e / >= \ ov bidaxbeis EAeyev, ws of mepdbevtes emt THV > , b) ~ Ay , > > avaipeow attod te Kat “AptotoBovAov 6’ oikTov exkAéevav attov’s opolwy troBoAn owpaTwv. 103 tovTots yobv tovs ev Kp7j77 *lovdaious e&- x / A ~ > \ / > amzatnoas Kal Aapmpas édod.acbeis dremAcvoev Ets MijAov: évOa ovvayelpas moAA@ mAgov bu UreEp- \ > / > / \ \ 3 / BoAnv aévomotias avémewcev Kal Ttovds (dvo€Eevous 104 cis ‘Papnv att avvexmrcioa. Kataxbeis de eis Atxatdpyerav Spa te maprAnf7 mapa tov > ~ > / / A / \ éxet “Jovdaiwy AapBaver Kat xabamep BactAevs timo TeV maT pee mpoemen oon dirov. T™po- edn Avber o els TooovTov TLOTEWS TO THS popons Gpoiov, wore TOUS eEwpakoTas “Ahefavdpov Kal 105 cad@s éemictapévous Sidpvucbar Ttodrov eivar. TO \ > os ‘ > 7 e / ¢ ; /, ye pnv ‘lovdaikov ev 7H “Pawn amav e€exvOn mpos THv Beav attod, Kai mAnOos ameipov Hv Tept ToUs oTevwimovs 6 wv éxomileto: Kat yap [67]? mpo7nABov eis tooottov dpevoBAaBelas ot MyAron, 1 'Pwuaixdy aredevbépwv Many MSS. 2 om. P. * 1500 in A. xvii. 323. As Reinach points out, the figure 360 JEWISH WAR, II. 100-105 (=antT. xvii. 323-331) ing to a thousand? talents, reserving only some trifling works of art which he kept in honour of the deceased. (vii. 1) At this time a young man who, though by birth a Jew, had been brought up at Sidon at the house of a Roman freedman, on the strength of a certain physical resemblance passed himself off as the prince Alexander, whom Herod had put to death? and came to Rome in the hope of imposing upon others. He had as his assistant a compatriot, perfectly acquainted with the affairs of the realm, acting upon whose instructions he gave out that the executioners sent to kill him and Aristobulus had, out of compassion, stolen them away, substituting in their stead the corpses of individuals who resembled them. With this tale he completely deceived the Jews of Crete, and, being handsomely furnished with supplies, sailed across to Melos, where, through the extreme plausibility of his story, he collected a much larger sum and even induced his hosts to embark with nim for Rome. Landing at Dicaearchia,° he was oaded with presents by the Jewish colony there and was escorted on his way like a king by the friends of vis supposed father. The resemblance was so con- vincing that those who had seen Alexander and snown him well swore that this was he. At Rome ill Jewry poured forth to see him. and vast crowds -hronged the narrow streets through which he was jorne ; for the crazy Melians went so far as to carry riven in B. is probably right: we are told in B. i. 646 (as in he parallel passage in A.) that Herod left 1000 talents to Augustus and 500 to his wife, children, and friends. A lrachm was “the ordinary day wage of a labourer”: a alent was 6000 drachms. Oriol. ¢ The Greek name for Puteoli ( Vita 16). VOL., II N2 361 The pseud Alexander JOSEPHUS wate dopeiw te adtov Kopilew Kat Oepareiav BaowruKny idio.s mapacyetv avaA@paow. 106 (2) Kaitcap 6€ ywaokwv laxpiBas ]* robs ’AdeE- dvOpov XapaKTapas, KaTHYyOpyTO yap oP “Hpeidov map av7o, oUvEwpa jev Kal mpl idetv Tov avOpwmov tiv THs OpowornTos amaTnv, did0vs 6€ Te Kal [miorews |* Tats ‘Aapw7épats eAmiow KéAadev twa méurer TOv cadas emoTapevwv “AheEavopov, kehevoas dyayetv avre TOV veavi- 107 oKov. 6 d€ ws elder, ETEKUNPATO ev TAXLOTA Kal tas duadopas tod mpocuw7ov, To de dAov oGpa i akAnpotepov Te Kat SovAodaves Katapabew évonoev 108 wav. TO ovvTaypa. mavu dé attov mapwvvev 7 ToAua tTav map adbtod Aeyouevwv: tots yap muvbavopéevois mept "ApiotoBovAov owlecbar pev KaAKELVOV edeyer, amoreAeidbar 38° emitndes ev Kuizpw tas émBovras dvAaccopevov: Frrov yap 109 emxerpetobar deCevypevous. amoAaBopevos ovv avrov Kar idtav * prcbov,” eon, mapa Kaicapos Exes TO Civ tod pyvodoar Tov dvametoave a oe mAavaoba® zyAikatra.”’ KaKeivos atTt@ dndw- cew elmwv emeTtat pos Kaicapa kat tov *lovdaiov EvVOELKYUTAL KaTAaYpHnodpEevoy alToD TH OpoLloTyTL mpos epyaciav: tocatra yap «iAndévar d@pa Kal? exaoTyny ToAw ooa Cav “AAéEavdpos odK* €AaBev. 110 yeAdoas 5€ Kaicap emi tovrois Tov pev pevdadrc€- avdpov du eveEiav caatos éyKatératev Tois épé- Tals, TOV avameicavta Se exéAevoev avaipeOAvac: MyAtouws & apkecev emitijiov THS avolas Ta ava- ; Adpara. 1 om. PAM. 2 om. Lat., perhaps rightly ; cf. A. |}. 3 rracacba LVRC. “om. obx PAM. 362 JEWISH WAR, II. 105-110 (=anr. xvii. 331-338) him in a litter and to provide a royal retinue at their own expense. (2) Caesar, who had an exact recollection of The Alexander's features, as he had been arraigned by Hae Herod at his tribunal,? divined, even before he had Augustus seen the fellow, that the affair was an imposture, based on resemblance ; however, to give a chance to a more favourable hope, he sent Celadus, one of those who knew Alexander best, with orders to bring the young man to him. Celadus had no sooner set eyes on him than he detected the points of difference in the face, and noting that his whole person had a coarser and servile appearance, penetrated the whole plot. The audacity of the fellow’s statements quite exasperated him. For, when questioned about Aristobulus, he was in the habit of replying that he, too, was alive, but had been purposely left behind in Cyprus as a precaution against treachery, as they were less exposed to assault when separated. Celadus, therefore. took him aside and said, *‘ Caesar will reward you by sparing your life, if you will in- form him who induced you to play such a trick.” Promising Celadus to give the required information, he accompanied him to Caesar and denounced the Jew who had thus traded upon his resemblance to Alexander ; for, as he said, he had in every town received more presents than Alexander ever received in his lifetime. Caesar laughed at these words and en- rolled the pseudo-Alexander, as an able-bodied man, among the oarsmen of his galleys; his inspiring genius he ordered to execution. As for the Melians he considered them sufficiently punished for their folly by their lavish extravagance. @ i, 452. 363 111 112 113 1l4 JOSEPHUS (3) TlapaAaBav d€ tiv ebvapyiav *ApyéAaos Kal KATA pvynv Tav maAat dvadopav ov peovov *Tovdatous aAAa Kal Lapwapedor Xpnodpevos wuas, mpeoBevoapevey ExaTépwv Kat avtoo mpos Kai- capa ETEL THS apX7s evaTw puyadeverar peev avros ets Blevvay modAw tijs Tad\ias, 7 ovata 5° abvrod Tots Kaicapos Onoavpots €yKaTaTdooeTat. Tp KAnOjvat 8° adbrtov O70 TOU Kaicapos ovap ideiv dacw Tovvde* edokev Opav otdyus evvéa mArpets Kat preyddAous 70 Body xataBiBpwoKopevous. peTamepidpevos d€ TOUS pdvrets kal t@v XaA- daiwy twas eéemuvOavero, Ti onpaivew _doxoiev. dAAwy 8 ddAws éEnyoupéevwy Lipwy tis *Eooatos TO yevos Edy TOUS ev OTaXUs EviavTOUs vomileL, Boas de petaBodAnv mpayyatwy 61a TO THY YwWpav apotpi@vtas aAAdocew, wate Bacirevoew pev avTov Tov T@v ataxtvwv apiOudov, ev troKiAats d€ mpayyatwr petaBodais yevouevov teAeuTHOEW. TavTa akovoas Apxéhaos peTa TEVTE Huepas emt Ue ee peTteKAnOn. "Agvov dé pvruns nynoduny Kal 70 Tis ee avToo DPAadvpas ovap, T7TEp Tv Ouyarnp pev “ApyeAdov tod Kanmaddxwv Baorrews, yuvn 6 “AXceEdvipov yeyovvia 70 mp@tov, ds Hv adeAdos "ApxeAdou epi od dreEmev, vids 5° ‘Hpwédov Tob 1 €xAHOn i 4 *@ From this point until the outbreak of the war the nar- rative becomes much more condensed. Probably the work of Nicolas of Damascus, the source hitherto followed, ended here. > * The tenth” 4. xvii. 342; so Dio Cass. lv. 27, and cf. the fi allusion to the 10th year of Archelaus in Vita 5 (Reinach). 864 (i JEWISH WAR, II. 111-114 (=antT. xvii. 339-349) (3) Archelaus,? on taking possession of his eth- narchy, did not forget old feuds, but treated not only the Jews but even the Samaritans with great brutality. Both parties sent deputies to Caesar to denounce him, and in the ninth ® year of his rule he was banished to Vienna,® a town in Gaul, and his property confiscated to the imperial treasury. It is said that, before he received his summons from tall and full-grown ears of corn on which oxen were browsing. He sent for the soothsayers and some Chaldaeans and asked them their opinion of its meaning. Various interpretations being given, a certain Simon, of the sect? of the Essenes, said that in his view the ears of corn denoted years and the oxen a revolution, because in ploughing they turn over the soi] ; he would therefore reign for as many years as there were ears of corn and would die after a chequered experience of revolutionary changes.® Five days later Archelaus was summoned to his trial. (4) I think mention may also fitly be made of the dream of his wife Glaphyra. Daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, she had for her first husband Alexander,’ the brother of Archelaus, of whom we shave been speaking, and son of King Herod, who ¢ A city of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis, on the east bank of the Rhone, mod. Vienne. ea Greek “iraces\ * Reinach suggests that the dream of Archelaus, modelled on Pharaoh’s dream in Genesis, is a piece of Essene Haggadah which Josephus learnt during his stay with the hermit Bannus (Vita 11). The historian claims to be an interpreter of dreams himself (B. iii. 352). ‘ji, 446. After Alexander’s death Herod sent her back to her father with her dowry but without her children (i. 553). 365 Caesar, he had this dream: he thought he saw nine } Cruelty ar deposition Archelaus 6 A.D. His prophetic ream. History of his wife Glaphyra. 104 105 106 108 JOSEPHUS éx yap Tovatrns vAns KaTeokevace THY cnn. 7 8 ovdev HETapepopLevov Kal OUpELTEPWoOTOUYTOS Lee dedepe. TOUTWY ov Kava aTovonVy auy- Kop.abévtwy, exdorou Kal Tapa dvvapw didro- TLLNTAMLEVOV, ApXLTEKTOVAS TOIs Epyols edioTHaL KAT evroAnv Tod Beod ots Kai To TAROos av émedéEato THs e€ovalas ex” ab’T@ yevopevns. Ta dé dvopara av7T@v, Kal yap ev tais tepais BiBAows avayéypa- mat, 7adT Hv: Bacdndos [pev] Odpt wats THs "lovda dvAjs viwvos' dé Mapidupns Ths adeAdis tod oTparnyod, “EXBalos be *Toapaxov Adviéos dvAjs. to b€ 7ARGos ouTws t7o mpobvytias Tots eyxetpou- pevois em7mAGev, wate Mwmvofs aveipfev adtods UmoKnpvEapevos apKety Tovs OvTas: TodTO yap ot Onploupyol TpoeipyKkeaay’ exwpovv ovv emi THY Tis oKnVas KaTacKeunv, Kat Mwvojs atrods exaora TEpl TOV péTpwv KaTa THY bToOAKHY TOD Beod Kat Tod preyeHous Goa Te Set akev’n ywpeiv adrHy avedldacke zpos tas Bvaias danpeTicovTa. ediro- TYyLobVTO Oe Kal yuvaiKes TrEpl TE OTOAGS LepaTiKas Kat Tept Ta dAAa Gowv expnle TO Epyov Kdapov TE Kai Aevtoupyias ever. Tob feod. (2 ) Hdvrav om ev Erol YEVEVT LEV xpuatov te [Kal dpyvpov) ? Kat xaAKod Kal TOV vparTav, TpoEuTrey €opT7V Meavojjs Kal fuaias KaTa THY exdotov Suvayw torn THY oKNViY, T™p@Tov ev aifpvov SvapeTpnodpevos TO fev Evpos TEVTHKOVTA 1 Bernard : vids codd. 2 ins. Lat.: om. codd. ¢ Bibl. Bezalel. ’ mss. erroneously “son.” Exodus mentions his grand- father Hur, and Hur Pie ak to Josephus was the husband of Miriam (§ 54). © Bibl. Oholiab (txx ’E\:a8), son of Ahisamach. 366 JEWISH WAR, II. 114-118 (=anT. xvii. 349-xvii. 4) put him to death, as we have already related. After his death she married Juba, king of Libya,? on whose decease ® she returned home and lived in widowhood with her father. There Archelaus, the ethnarch, saw her and fell so passionately in love with her that he instantly divorced his wife Mariamme° and married her. So she came back to Judaea, where, not long after her arrival, she imagined that Alex- ander stood beside her and said: “ Your Libyan marriage might have sufficed you, but, not content with that, you now return to my hearth and home, having taken to yourself a third husband, and him, audacious woman, my own brother.? But I will not brook this outrage and shall reclaim you whether you will or no.’ After relating this dream she survived barely two days. (viii. 1) The territory of Archelaus was now re- duced to a province, and Coponius, a Roman of the equestrian order. was sent out as procurator, en- trusted by Augustus with full powers. including the infliction of capital punishment Under his adminis- tration, a Galilaean. named Judas,’ incited his countrymen to revolt, upbraiding them as cowards childless. when it was obligatory, Deut. xxv. 5 (Mark xii. 19). Glaphyra had two children by Alexander; A. xvii. 341 em- phasizes this fact. ¢ Judas of Galilee (as he is called here and in Gamaliel’s speech in Acts v. 37) or of Gamala in Gaulanitis (A. xviii. 4) was the founder of the Zealots. whose fanaticism and violence under Florus, the last of the procurators, hastened the war with Rome. Of the issue of the revolt we learn only from Acts loc. cit.: Judas was killed and his followers dispersed. There is no sufficient reason tor identifying this fanatic doctor. as Schiirer does, with the brigand Judas. son of E:zechias, who raised an insurrection in Galilee after the death of Herod (B. ii. 56). 3607 Judaea, | Romap province under th procurat Coponiu: c 6-¥ all Rising of Judas th Galilaean JOSEPHUS popov TE ‘Papators TeAciv dropevodow kal pera tov Pedv oicovar Bunzovs deomoTas. Hv 8° ovtos cod.atis tdias atpesews ovdev tois aAAois mpoo- EOLKWS. (2) Tpta, yap. Tapa “Tovdators e107 drocodgetrat, Kal TOU pev alpeT rear at Papioaior, Tod oe 2ad- Sovkaiot, Tpitov b€, 6 679 Kat doKxel ceuvornta aoxeiv, "Eoonvot Kadobvrat, “lovdator pev yévos 120 6vtes, hiAdAAnAot be Kat TOV arAAwY wA€ov. obroL A \ e ‘ e , > / ‘ ‘ Tas ev WOovas ws Kaklav azooTpedovTal, THv Be ‘ ‘ A ~ / €ykpaTetav Kal TO pn Tols mabeow tromintew , ‘ , v > apetynv wvmoAauPavovow. Kal ydapov pev zap , - c , = ‘ 5° LAA , a> , avtois vUmepoywia, TOUS aXAotpiovs maidas €x- \ ad ‘ ‘ , AapBavovtes azadovus ETL mpos Ta pabyata auy- a e ~ A - 4 ~ ~ yevets nyobv7at Kat Tols 7deow avuTa@v evruTovot, 121 tov jeev YAuov | Kat Ty e€ attov Siadoxny OUK avatpobvtes, tas de Tov yuvarkav dceAyelas dvrattomevor Kal pndeuiav trHpely meTELopmevot TH Tmpos Eva TotW. (3) Karadpovnrat de mAovrou, Kal Favpacvov imap: |’ avrois 70 KOWWVLKOY, ovoe éoTw evpeiv KTHOEL TWA Tap avtois UrEpexovTa’ vouos yap Tovs Els THY alpecw ElotovTas Synuevew TH TAayparte 1 om. P. ¢ An exaggerated statement, corrected in A. xviii. 23 (“‘ while they agree in all other respects with the Pharisees, they have an invincible passion for liberty and take God for their only leader and lord”’). > A shorter sketch of the three sects is given in A. xviii. 11-22, where the author refers to the fuller statement in the 368 JEWISH WAR; IT-?118=122 (cf. anv. xviii. 4, 9, 11) for consenting to pay tribute to the Romans and tolerating mortal masters, after having God for their lord. This man was a sophist who founded a sect of his own, having nothing in common with the others.% (2) Jewish philosophy, in fact, takes three forms. The thre The followers of the first school are called Pharisees, Jerse of the second Sadducees, of the third Essenes.® The Essenes have a reputation for cultivating (.) The peculiar sanctity.° Of Jewish birth, they show a /ysenes: greater attachment to each other than do the other asceticis sects. They shun pleasures as a vice and regard 3)yP°) temperance and the control of the passions as se special virtue. Marriage they disdain, but they ah adopt other men’s children, while yet pliable and docile, and regard them as their kin and mould them in accordance with their own principles. They do not, indeed, on principle, condemn wedlock and the propagation thereby of the race, but they wish to protect themselves against women’s wantonness, being persuaded that none of the sex keeps her plighted troth to one man. (3) Riches they despise, and their community of goods is truly admirable; you will not find one among them distinguished by greater opulence than another. They have a law that new members on admission to the sect shall confiscate their property present passage. He has first-hand knowledge, having ** passed through the three courses ”’ himself ( Vita 11). ¢ Or “solemnity.”” The name Essene probably means “pious” (Aram. /asa); Philo connected it with the Greek dc.os: “Eooaio. . . . wapwyupor oadtnTtos (Quod omnis probus liber, § 12); kaXodvrac wey "Eooato. mapa tiv davdTnTa mol dox® THs mpoonyopias adkwwbévtes (ap. Eus. Praep. Ev. viii. 11). Philo, Pliny (at. Hist. v. 17), and Josephus are our three authorities on the sect, 369 JOSEPHUS THV ovolav, wate eV dmacw pyre Tevias TaTEWo- TT0 gaivecBar pene _Dmepoxny 7hovrov, TOV 3 EKGOTOV KT TAT OV dvapepuypevev play woTrep 123 adeAdots aTacw ovatav eivat. Kida 5 t Tokay Bavovat tovAaov, Kav adcidO7A Tis dKkwv, oprjyeTat TO o@pa’ TO yap avypety ev Kade Tibevtat, Aevxeovety Te SuaTravtds. yewpotovynto. 8 ot TaV Kow@v emieAntal Kai alpetou' mpos amavTwy ets TAS Ypelas EKaoToL. 124 (4) Mia & otx« é€orw atdrav mods, adr eév ExdoTn peTowkobow moAAol. Kal tots érépwHev NKOVOW alpeTioTais mavT avanéntaTat Ta Tap abtTois Opolws womep tdia, Kal mpos ovs od Tpd- 125 repov eldov eiclagw ws auvyfectatous: S10 Kat TowobvTat Tas amoonulas ovdév pev GAws eEmt- Koutlopevot, d1a de tovs Anatas evoTrA. K7nDdE- pwv 8° év Exaotn moAer TOU Taypatos éEaipeTws tov Eévwy amodeikvuTat, Taievwv eobyATa Kal TA 126 emit Oe. KaTa aaroAn d€ Kal oyna TUILATOS opLovov Tols peTa poBov TaLoaywyov LEvols mavoty. ovTe O€ cobras oure drooTpara auetBovar Tpw duappayfvat TO mpotTepov amavtamasw 7 da7a- 127 vnOjvae TH yxpovw. ovdev 8 ev aAAyjAas ovT’ ayopalovow ovte mwdAotow, adda TH yxprylovte dvdovs ExaoTos Ta Tap atT@ To [map exeivov]? XpyoyLov avTiKkouiletar: Kal xwpis dé THS avTt- ddcews akwAvtos % petaAndus adtois map’ dv av béAwow. 128 (5) Ilpds ye pay to Oeiov edoePeis Sian: mpi 1 Bekker on Ms. authority: décaipero: the rest. 2 om. P. is om. Tap Bekker, Naber, “to take whatever they choose.” 370 JEWISH WAR, IT. 122-128 to the order, with the result that you will nowhere see either abject poverty or inordinate wealth ; the individual’s possessions join the common stock and all, like brothers, enjoy a single patrimony. Oil they consider defiling, and anyone who accidentally comes in contact with it scours his person; for they make a point of keeping a dry skin and of always being dressed in white. They elect officers to attend to the interests of the community, the special services of each officer being determined by the whole body. (4) They occupy no one city, but settle in large Their numbers in every town. On the arrival of any of the “°™® sect from elsewhere, all the resources of the com- munity are put at their disposal, just as if they were their own ; and they enter the houses of men whom they have never seen before as though they were their most intimate friends. Consequently, they carry nothing whatever with them on their journeys, except arms as a protection against brigands. In every city there is one of the order expressly ap- pointed to attend to strangers, who provides them with raiment and other necessaries. In their dress and deportment they resemble children under rigorous discipline. They do not change their garments or shoes until they are torn to shreds or worn thread- bare with age. There is no buying or selling among themselves, but each gives what he has to any in need and receives from him in exchange something useful to himself; they are, moreover, freely permitted to take anything from any of their brothers without making any return. (5) Their piety towards the Deity takes a peculiar 371 JOSEPHUS yap avacyelv Tov HAvov ovdev pbeyyovrat TOV Bei Awy, Tar ptous d€ Twas eis avrov edxds, 129 waomep | (KETEVOVTES avarethau. Kal peTa TavTO ‘ mpos as €KaaTOL Téxvas tcacw v70 7@v emt- peAnta@v dvadtevrat, Kal JEXpL TEUTTNS wpas €p- yaodpevor cuvTovws maAw ets Ev cvvabpotlovrat ywplov, Cwodpevot Te okevdopacw Awois ovTws azoAovovtat TO o@ua wuvypois vdacw, Kal peta TaUTHY THY ayvelay eis (dvovy olKNUa GuVriaow, évOa pndevi TOv étepoddEwv emitétpamTat map- eAGeciv, attol te Kabapot Kxalamep els ayiov Te 130 Té“evos Tapayivovtar To SeumvnTypiov. Kat Kab- todvtwy pel? yovxlas 6 pev aitoTOLOs ev Ta&eL mapatiinat Tods aptous, 0 d€ payetpos Ev ayyetov 131 €€ €vos édéapatos exdotw mapaTifyow. mpo- KaTEVXETAL 5° 6 lepeds THs Tpodis, Kat yevoaobai Twa mplv THs edyns abeptov: dploToTrolnaapLevors™ oe emevXETAL m7aAw- dpxopevot TE KOL TAVOMEVOL yepatpovar feov ws xopyyov THs Cwijs. ere ws ltepas Kkarabepevor tas ecbntas maAw én epya 132 expe SeiAns tpémovtar. Seimvotar 8 opoiws dzoaTpepartes ovykabelopeven TOV Eevev, et TUXOLEV avrois TapovTes. ovre be Kpavy moTE Tov oikov ouTe OopuBos piatver, Tas de AaAtas ev 133 ta€eu TapaxXxwpovow aAA7Aots. Kal Tots e€wlev ws pLvoTipiov Te dpiKtov 7 THv evdov ow KatTa- daivetat, TovTov 8 aiziov 1 Sunvexns vyyis Kat 1 Some mss. of Porphyry: dpicroroanoduevos mss. of Josephus. 2 Cf. § 148, “ the rays of the God.” How far the Essenes, with their affinities to Judaism, can be regarded as sun- worshippers is doubtful. But, un-Jewish as this custom 372 JEWISH WAR, II. 128-133 form. Before the sun is up they utter no word on Their mundane matters, but offer to him certain prayers, fi.’° which have been handed down from their forefathers, as though entreating him to rise.¢ They are then dismissed by their superiors to the various crafts in which they are severally proficient and are strenu- Their ously employed until the fifth hour, when they again "7" assemble in one place and, after girding their loins with linen cloths, bathe their bodies in cold water. After this purification, they assemble in a private apartment which none of the uninitiated is permitted____ to enter; pure now themselves, they repair to the ~, refectory, as to some sacred shrine. When they have cutie taken their seats in silence, the baker serves out the loaves to them in order, and the cook sets before each one plate with a single course. Before meat the priest says a grace, and none may partake until after the prayer. When breakfast is ended, he pro- nounces a further grace ; thus at the beginning and at the close they do homage to God as the bountiful giver of life. Then laying aside their raiment, as holy vestments, they again betake themselves to their labours until the evening. On their return they sup in like manner, and any guests who may have arrived sit down with them. No clamour or disturbance ever pollutes their dwelling ; they speak in turn, each making way for his neighbour. To persons outside the silence of those within appears like some awful mystery ; it is in fact due to their invariable sobriety and to the limitation of their seems, there was a time when even Jews at Jerusalem “turned their backs on the Temple and their faces towards the east and worshipped the sun towards the east ’’ (Mishnah, Sukkah, v. 2-4; Ezek. viii. 16). 373 JOSEPHUS TO petpetoba map avtois tpodyv Kat roTov péxpe Kopov. 134. (6) Tdév pev otv adAAwv ovK €oTw O TL [-7) TOV emureAn7 av mpootatavTwy evepyovoat, duo. dé tadTa Tap avrois avrefovoua, emuKoupia Kal EXcos: Bon Get Te yap Tots akiors, OT OT av déwvran, Kal Kal? éavtovs édierar Kat tpodas amopovpevous dpeyew. Tas d€ Els Tovs ovyyevets peTaddcets 135 ovK e€eaTt movetabar dixa TOV emITpoTTUY. opyis Tapiat Oika.or, Ovod KabeKTiKol, mioTews Tpo- oTdTal, elpyvys brovpyot. Kat 7av pev TO prev tm avTav loxupoTepov opkou, TO de opvvew [adrots |? TepuoTavT at yeipov Tis émvopKias vT0- Aap Bavovtes: 707 yap Kateyv@obat daow TOV 136 amiotovpevov diya Geod. omovdalovar 8 extdémws mepi Ta TOV Tadaav ovvtaypata, padiora Ta mpos wWwhédevav dvyjs Kal oupatos éKxAéyovtes: évbev avtois mpos Oeparetav mabdv pila te GAcEnrypio. Kai AiBwy idudtHTES avepevvavTat. 137. (7) Tots 5€ CydAotow thy aipeow attav ovk evOds 1) mapodos, add” emi evavtov e€w pévovtt TI avTiV bro7Hevrat dlaitav, awa piov TE Kal TO TpoEetpnpevov mepilwpa Kal Aevany eobijra 138 dovtes. emevoav be ToUT@ 7@ xpove Treipav éy- Kpatelas 8@, mpocerow pev eyytov TH diaitn Kat 1 om. Dindorf with one ms.: the incorrect reading mep:- lorarat has probably caused the insertion of the pronoun. @ Or “ when they ask an alms.” > Herod himself excused them from taking the oath of allegiance (4. xv. 371). The “ tremendous oaths ” sworn on admission to the order (§ 139) form a curious exception. ‘ i.e. probably charms or amulets. Lightfoot, Colossians 374 JEWISH WAR, IT. 133-138 allotted portions of meat and drink to the demands of nature. (6) In all other matters they do nothing without their orders from their superiors ; two things only are left @"Y to individual discretion, the rendering of assistance and compassion. Members may of their own motion help the deserving, when in need,* and supply food to the destitute ; but presents to relatives are pro- hibited, without leave from the managers. Holding righteous indignation in reserve, they are masters of their temper, champions of fidelity, very ministers of peace. Any word of theirs has more force than ana an oath ; swearing they avoid, regarding it as worse °)°.43" than perjury, for they say that one who is not believed without an appeal to God stands condemned already. They display an extraordinary interest in the writings Their of the ancients, singling out in particular those which *¢7'*s make for the welfare of soul and body; with the help of these, and with a view to the treatment of diseases, they make investigations into medicinal roots and the properties of stones.° (7) A candidate anxious to join their sect is not Admiss immediately admitted. For one year, during which (qn? he remains outside the fraternity, they prescribe for revises him their own rule of life, presenting him with a 4nd oat small hatchet,? the loin-cloth already mentioned,’ and white raiment. Having given proof of his temperance during this probationary period, he is brought into closer touch with the rule and is allowed (ed. 8), pp. 89 f. note, connecting this passage with Anf. viii. 44 ff. (on Solomon’s power over demons), regards the “‘ writ- ings *’ as Solomonian books and the Essenes as primarily dealers in charms, rather than physicians. 4 The object of this is explained below (§ 148). € § 129. 375 JOSEPHUS Kabapwrépwv Tv mpos ayvelav tdaTwv peta- AapBdver, wapadapPaverar d€ els Tas ovpBuedcers oveémw. peta yap TIHVv THS KapTepias émideew dvaw addAots Eteaw TO 780s doKiyudleTat Kal daveis 139 a€tos ovUTwWs Els TOV Optrdov eyKpiveTat. mpl de ths Kowns abacbar tpodis opKovs avtots opvuor dpwdets, TPaToV prev evocePycew TO Geiov, €meiTa TA Tos avlpustous dikava puddgew Kat pyre KaTa yapny Prarew Twa pyre e€ em- Taypatos, parce 5° aei Tous adixous KaL OUV- 140 aywvietabat Tois SuKalois: TO TLGTOV Gel Taw Tap- éfew, wadvora d€ Tois Kpatotow: od yap diya Oeod mepiyeveofar’ Twi TO apxew” Kav avTos apxn, pd€ém07€ efuBpicew eis TIP e€ovatay, pnd cob q Twe mAEtove KOGLM TOUS UTOTETAY|LEVOUS omep- 141 Aaprpuvetobav® tHv adnfevav ayamayv det Kal Tods yevdouevous mpoPaAdcobai*®- yetpas KAoTtAs Kat yvxnv avociov Kepdovs Kalapav dvdAdéew, Kal pare Kpuipew TL Tous aipetiaTas pnt €érépois av7 av Tl pavicew, KaV [expe favarou TLS Bralyrae. 142 mpos TovToLSs opvvow pndoevi prev petadodvar TaYv doypatwv ETEpuns 7 7] ws avTos petéAaBev, ade€eobar be Ajotetas Kal ovvTnpioew opotws Ta TE Tijs aipecews avTav BiBAca Kal TA TOV ayyehov ovo- pata. ToLovTOLS ev OpKoLs TOUS TpooLoVTas eEacdadXilovra. 143. (8) Tods 8 én’ a€voypéois apaptipacw adovtas exBaddAovat Tob Taypatos. 6 8 exKpileis olktioTw 1 repryivesbar LVR Porph. 2 Herwerden: vrep\aumpivecbar MSSe 8 Porph.: é\éyxew mpoPaddecGai MSS 376 JEWISH WAR, II. 138-143 to share the purer kind of holy water, but is not yet received into the meetings of the community. For after this exhibition of endurance, his character is tested for two years more, and only then, if found worthy, is he enrolled in the society. But, before he may touch the common food, he is made to swear tremendous oaths: first that he will practise piety towards the Deity, next that he will observe justice towards men: that he will wrong none whether of his own mind or under another’s orders ; that he will for ever hate the unjust and fight the battle of the just ; that he will for ever keep faith with all men, especially with the powers that be, since no ruler attains his office save by the will of God; that, should he himself bear rule, he will never abuse his authority nor, either in dress or by other outward marks of superiority, outshine his subjects; to be for ever a lover of truth and to expose liars ; to keep his hands from stealing and his soul pure from unholy gain; to conceal nothing from the members of the sect and to report none of their secrets to others, -even though tortured to death. He swears, more- over, to transmit their rules exactly as he himself received them; to abstain from robbery ; and in like manner carefully to preserve the books of the sect and the names of the angels.® Such are the oaths by which they secure their proselytes. (8) Those who are convicted of serious crimes they Expulsio1 expel from the order; and the ejected individual pene 2 Reinach compares A. xv. 374, where the Essene Mena- hem says to Herod: “ You will reign, for God has deemed you worthy.” Cf. also Rom. xiii. 1. ® Reinach conjectures that the developed angelology of Rabbinic Judaism was partly of Essene origin. Lightfoot finds in this esoteric doctrine a link with Zoroastrianism. 377 144 146 147 148 149 JOSEPHUS / / / ~ A a ‘ moAXdKis popw Siadbeiperar: Tots yap SpKots Kal ~ ” > / >] \ ~ % cal »” Tois eBeaw evdedeevos od€ THS Tapa Tots aAAoLs ~ "4 / ~ \ \ tpodjs SvvaTat petadapPavew, tondayav dé Kal AG TO oda tTHKoOpevos SiadGeiperar. 61d 87) moAXovs eAerjoavtes ev Tais eoyaTats avamvoats aveAaBov, tikaviy emt Tots apaptipacw avta@v THv expt Favatov Bacavov ryovpevor. \ \ \ / > / A (0) Ilept d5€ tas Kpicets axpiBeotaToe Kal dikator, Kat duKalovor pev ovKx édatTovs Tov e \ / ‘ > ¢ \ € > ’ ~ exatov ovuveMfovtes, TO 8 opicbev tn’ adrav U A aKivyTov. cePas b€ péya Tap avrots peTa TOV feov Tovvopa ToD vopobérov, Kav Bracdnunon Tis ELS TobTov, Koddlerau Bavatw. Tots be Tpe- oButépos traxovew Kal tots mAcloow ev KarA® / / ~ / b) xv / Tievtat d€xa yodv cvyKabelopévwv odk av Aady- GEeLlev TIS aKOVTWY THY evvéa. Kal TO mTUGaL bé > / a“ \ \ / 4 \ els pecous 7 TO SOe€vov prépos duAdacovtTat, Kat Tals éSdoudow epywv epanrecbat duagopuitara “Tovdatwy amavrwy od LOvov ‘yap Tpopas eautois m™po p.uas 7HEpas mapacKevalovow, ws pay mop evavoiev’ ekeivnv THY Tuepav, GAN ovde aKedds Tt petakwicat Oappodow ovde amomateiv. tais > ” e , Ul > / / 5° dAdAats 7Eepats Bobpov optacovtes Babos zo- diatov 77 oKaAlds, TowobToOv yap €oTw TO dLddpEVvoV tm avta@v a€wid.ov Tots veoovot drous, Kal TEpt- kadvibavres Gouwariov,” ws HT) Tas avyas bBpiCovev Tov Geov, Gaxevovow eis avrov. ETELTA THY GV- opuxGeicav yy edéAxovow eis tov Bobpov: Kai 1 évapbctev PA*: évapéy A (corrector): évam7aev correctors of LR. 2 iuariov PAM: @oiuariw Porph. @ Nloses. 378 JEWISH WAR, II. 143-149 often comes to a most miserable end. For, being bound by their oaths and usages, he is not at liberty to partake of other men’s food, and so falls to eating grass and wastes away and dies of starvation. This has led them in compassion to receive many back in the last stage of exhaustion, deeming that torments which have brought them to the verge of death are a sufficient penalty for their misdoings. (9) They are just and scrupulously careful in their Their trial of cases, never passing sentence in a court of Yc" less than a hundred members; the decision thus for Mos¢ reached is irrevocable. After God they hold most ee in awe the name of their lawgiver,* any blasphemer other of whom is punished with death. It is a point of honour with them to obey their elders, and a majority; for instance, if ten sit together, one will not speak if the nine desire silence. They are careful not to spit into the midst of the company or to the right, and are stricter than all Jews in abstaining from work on the seventh day ; for not only do they prepare their food on the day before, to avoid kindling a fire on that one, but they do not venture to remove any vessel or even to go to stool. On other days they dig a trench a foot deep with a mattock—such is the nature of the hatchet which they present to the neophytes ‘—and wrapping their mantle about them, that they may not offend the rays of the deity,? sit above it. They then replace the excavated soil in > Reinach refers to a similar prohibition, applying only to .| prayer-time, in the Jerusalem Talmud (Berachoth, iii. 5). p2§ 137. 4 The sun, cf. § 128. Schirer contrasts the Testaments of _| the XII Patriarchs, Benj. 8 (the sun is not defiled by the sight of ordure, but purifies it). 379 153 154 JOSEPHUS tobro movbat TOUS €pn|LoTepous TOTOUS exeyope- vou. Kaimep dé’ duoikijs ovons THs TOV? Avpatwv eEKKpLOEWs amoAovecbat pet’ abtiy Kabamep pepia- opevous €Ouyov. (10) Auipnyra d€ Kata Xpovov THs doK7joews eis plolpas Téeocapas, Kal TooOoUTOV ol peTa- yeveorepor Tv TpoyeveoTepuy éhattobvTat wor’, el avcerav atta, €xelvous amoAovecbat Kabdzep adropiry ouppupevras. Kal pak poptor peer, ws TOUS 7oAAovs UTmEp EKATOV _Taparetvew eT), dua Thv amAoTnTa THS Svaitys, Emouye SoKEtv, Kal THY evtagiav, Katadpovntat b€ Tov dSew@v, Kat Tas pev aAyndovas vik@vtes Tots dpovipacw, Tov de Odvarov, et pet evKXelas mpoaior,® vopilovtes afavactas auetvova. dujAeyEev 5€ abtav ev aza- cw tas wuyas 6 pos “Pupatous moAewos, ev @ atpeBAovpevot te Kai Avyilopevor, Kalopevot TE Kal KAcpevor Kal dua mavTwy OdevovTes TOV Baca- VLoTT plo opyavew, iv 7) Bracdynpjowow Tov vopoberny 7) daywow Ti TaV aovv7ibwr, ovd€ere pov tméuewav mabeiv, add’ obb€ KoAaKedaat moTE TOUS aixilopevous 7) Sakptoar. pevdi@vtes b€ ev Tals aAyndocow Kat KATELPWVEVOLEVOL TOV Tas Bacdvous 7 poopepovT wy evdupor tas yvxas Adiecay ws nmaAw KOPLOUILEVOL. (11) Kai yap €ppwrat map’ attois nde 7 d0€a, dfapTa pev civat TA owpata Kat THY VAnV ov 1 Most mss. 67: otv M: om. PA. 2 + gwuariav MLVRC. 3 rpdceot PAM. * As Reinach remarks, the whole procedure, except the final ablution, follows the directions given in Deut. xxiii. 12- 14. 380 es = & ee JEWISH WAR, II. 149-154 the trench. For this purpose they select the more retired spots. And though this discharge of the excrements is a natural function, they make it a rule to wash themselves after it, as if defiled.“ (10) They are divided, accor ame to the duration of their discipline, unite tour grades ;° and so far are the junior members inferior to the seniors, that a senior if but touched by a junior, must take a bath, as after contact with an alien. They live to a great age— most of them to upwards of a century—in conse- quence, I imagine, of the simplicity and regularity of their mode of life. They make light of danger, and triumph over pain by their resolute will ; death, if it come with honour, they consider better than im- mortality. The war with the Romans tried their souls through and through by every variety of test. Racked and twisted, burnt and broken, and made to pass through every instrument of torture, in order to induce them to blaspheme their lawgivcr or to eat some forbidden thing, they refused to yield to either demand, nor ever once did they cringe to their persecutors or shed a tear. Smiling in their agonies and mildly deriding their tormentors, they cheerfully resigned their souls, confident that they would receive them back again. (11) For it is a fixed belief of theirs that the body is corruptible and its constituent matter impermanent, > Lightfoot (Col. p. 363, note) remarks that the passage must be read in connexion with the account of the ad- mission to the order (§§ 137 f.). The three lowest grades are the novices in their first, second, and third years of pro- bation. “ After passing through these three stages in three successive years, [the Essene] “enters upon the fourth and highest grade, thus becoming a perfect member.” 381 The four grades of Essenes. Their end ance of persecuti Their bel in the immortal of the so’ JOSEPHUS , ’ 7 A A A > , - Se povysov att@v, tas de wuyas aBavdtous dei dia- \ /, ~ pevew, Kal ovptAeKeobar pev ex tod emToTATGV >] ~ ~ doitwaas aif€pos womep eipxtats Tots cwuacw / ~ 155 lvyyt Twe dvoikH KaTaoTwpéevas, emervdav b€ av- cidot TH KaTa oapKa dSeouav, ola 67) paKpas , > , , ’ dovAetas amnAAaypévas, TOTE yalpew Kal peTew- / A ~ \ 3 ~ € pous épecfar. Kat tats pev ayabats, dopo- ~ A ¢ , =) , \ do€obvtes mraraiv ‘EAAjvwv, arodaivovtae tH ~ ~ ” tmép wKeavov Siaitav amoKetcbar Kal y@pov oute wy ~ / , ouBpois ovTE videTois ovTe Kavpact Bapuvopevov, > > a ’ ’ ~ a > 4 , ’ , add’ ov €€ wKeavod mpats aet Cédupos emumvéwv > , i \ , , 7 Ce , avaibvyet: tais de davdAas Codudyn Kai yewweprov > / ~ / agopilovrat puyov, yewovTa Tiwpi@v ad.adeiz- 156 Twv. SoKkodo. d€ por KaTa THY adTHVY EVvoLaY a ~ ~ o \ EAAnves tots te avdpetous adT@v, ots Tpwas Kat e — qpléovs Kadotow, Tas paKapwv viyoovs ava- = ~ ~ ~ >] TeBeikevar, Tats b€ THv Tovnpav yvyais Kal” adov ~ ~ - ‘4 Tov’ aceBa@yv y@pov, evba Kat KoAalopévous Twas ~ / >] / , pvbodroyotow, Xuavdouvs Kxat Tavrddovs *létovas te Kat Titvots, mp@tov pev adlouvs vbdiotajevou ~ ‘ Tas wuxds, EmEeiTAa Els TMpoTpoTHVY apeTHs Kal , , 157 KaKLaS aTOTpoT Ty. Tous TE yap ayabovs yivecBat / : ~ A \ Kata Tov Piov apetvous éAmide TYLTS Kal peTA THY ~ ~ ¢ \ TehevTHV, TOV TE KaKaY euTodilecBat Tas Spyas , ~ ~ d€eu mpoodokwvtTwy, et Kat Adbouev ev tH Civ, \ \ / 5 /, / e / peta tTHv OiaAvow abavatov tiywpiav vdetew. 158 radta prev otv “Eoonvot rept puvxyijs Geodoyotow, ~ 7 , aguxtov déAeap tots ama€ yevoapevois THs codias avt@v Kabiévtes.” 1 trav PLV: rév trav M. 2 PAM (ef. i. 373): éyxa@cévres the rest. OR OSS SS SS eS, eee = 382 JEWISH WAR, II. 154-158 but that the soul is immortal and imperishable.* Emanating from the finest ether, these souls become entangled, as it were, in the prison-house of the body, to which they are dragged down by a sort of natural spell; but when once they are released from the bonds of the flesh, then, as though liberated from a long servitude, they rejoice and are borne aloft. Sharing the belief of the sons of Greece, they main- tain that for virtuous souls there is reserved an abode beyond the ocean, a place which is not oppressed by rain or snow or heat, but is refreshed by the ever gentle breath of the west wind coming in from ocean ; while they relegate base souls to a murky and tempestuous dungeon, big with never-ending punish- ments. The Greeks, I imagine, had the same con- ception when they set apart the isles of the blessed ? for their brave men, whom they call heroes and demi- gods, and the region of the impious for the souls of the wicked down in Hades, where, as their mytho- logists tell, persons such as’Sisyphus, Tantalus, Ixion, and Tityus are undergoing punishment. Their aim was first to establish the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, and secondly to promote virtue and to deter from vice; for the good are made better in their lifetime by the hope of a reward after death, and the passions of the wicked are restrained by the fear that, even though they escape detection while alive, they will undergo never-ending punishment after their decease. Such are the theological views of the Essenes concerning the soul, whereby they irresistibly attract all who have once tasted their philosophy. 2 Cf. A. xviii. 18. » First mentioned in Hesiod, Works and Days, 170 ff. “they dwell with care-free hearts in the isles of the blessed beside the deep-eddying ocean, those happy heroes,”’ etc. 383 JOSEPHUS 159 (12) Eioly 8 & adrois ot Kai ta pedAdovta mpoywwoKkew vmicyvodvtat, BiProw lepats Kat duaddpois ayvetais Kal mpodytav amodbéypacw euTrardoTpipovpevor’ omaviov 6 el mote ev Tats mpoayopevoecw aoToxovow. 160 (13) “Eorw 6€ Kal ETEpOV "Eoonvav Tay pa, diavtav prev Kal €On Kat vOpupLa Tots aAous 640- dpovodv, dveaTws b€ 7H Kata yapov d0&€n: wéyvoTov yap amoKomTTEW olovtrat Tod Blov pépos, TiV dia- dox7yv, Tos p71) yawodvTas, waAAov bé, et mavTes TO avto dpovincevav, exdimeiv av TO yévos TaxXLOTA. 161 doxyualovtes pLevToe TpleTia Tas yapeTas, €TTELOGY tpis Kafap§Gow eis meipay tod Svvacbar Tikrew, ovTws ayovTat. Tats 6 eyKvpoow otxy dputdodow, evdetkv¥pevot TO put) Se Tdovay adda TEeKVWY Xpelav yapelv. Aovtpa dé rais yuvarkiv apmexo- pevais evdvpata, Kabamep Tots avdpaow ev Trept- Capatt. tovatra pev €bn Tovde TOD TaypaTos. 162 (14) Avo 8€ t&v mpotépwv Dapicato. pev ot pet axpipelas Soxobvtes eEnyetcbar Ta vopya Kal THY TpwWTnY amayovTEs alpeow eluappevyn TE 163 Kal Hed TpoodmTovet TaVTA, Kal TO peev Tparrew Ta OiKala Kal pq) KaTa TO TAcicTov emi Tois avOpurois Keicbar, Bonfeiv b€ Els ExaoToV Kal T7V eiappevnv: wuynv te macav ev adbaprov, peta- Greer Ee == = i.e. with the other sects or generally with their com- patriots. - ¢ Which took place under the second of the procurators, M. Ambivius (c. 9-12 a.p.): A. xviii. 31. For her share in the division of Herod’s kingdom see § 98. Jamnia was in the lowlands of Philistia, Phasaelis in the Jordan valley, as also was Archelais which is added to the list of Julia’s legacies m A. loc. cit. 387 169 170 171 JOSEPHUS € ‘ ‘ pdtwv e€Teocw €mTA KAL TEVTH}KOVTA, TpOos b€ UNO ‘ > FF - e€ Kai Hpuepais dUo, Siapeivavtes ev Tails TeTpap- , a ¢ 77> ‘ e ’ ¢ ‘ s xtats o te ‘Hpwdns kai o Didimz7os, 0 pev mpos - ~ > Sv ~ tais tov ‘lopdavouv mnyais ev [lavedds moAw KTilet Katcaperav, kav tH KatTw Tavdavtixq > 4> ¢€ ~ we , ~ lovAcada, ‘Hpwdns 8 ev pev 7H TadAaia Ti- ‘> , “3B! -~ , 7 , Ul Bepiada, ev b€ TH Ilepaia depwvvpor ‘lovAtas. \ ‘Ni > > , (2) [leudBeis d€ els *lovdalav émitpomos tao , ~ , / > ¢ TiBeptov [iAdtos vik«twp Kexadvppeévas ets ‘lepo- / , 4 odAvpa mapetoxopiler tas Kaioapos etkovas, at ~ ~ ~ > € , , onuaiat KadobvTar. TovTo pel yépav peyioryy »” > U a ’ ‘ Tapay7v yyepev ‘lovdatois: of Te yap eyyvs mpos > b) 7 THv oyw e€erAaynoav ws mEeTAaTHUEVwWY aUTOtS ~ ie ‘ > ~ ~ T@V vouwy, ovdev yap a€todow ev TH OAL Set- > , = KynAov tiBecfar, Kat mpos THY ayavakTyOW TaYV € > = Kata Tv mOoAWw Gabpovs 6 ek THS xwpas Aaos € / A ~ auveppevoev. Opunoavtes S€ mpos I[liAdrov ets 7 e ] 7 ’ ¢ Katodperav ixétevov éefeveyxetv €€ ‘lepocoAvuwv Tas Onalas Kai THpEtv avTois Ta TaTpLa. IliAaTov / ’ - 5° apvovpévov epi THv olkiavy mpyveis Kata- ¢ This figure, repeated in A. xviii. 32, is about a month too long. From the death of Caesar (15 March 44 B.c.) to the death of Augustus (19 Aug. a.p. 14, Suet. Aug. 100) is 57 years 5 months and 4. days. The four days may be reduced to two by reckoning from the opening of Caesar’s will (17 March) as proposed by Gardthausen, quoted by Reinach: the latter accounts for the error in the number of months by a confusion of the figures for 5 (e’) and 6 (=). * By her former husband, Tiberius Claudius Nero. * Caesarea Philippi of the N.T., mod. Banias. ¢ Bethsaida Julias (et-Tell) east of the Jordan a little to 388 JEWISH WAR, II. 168-171 ( =4nT. xviii. 32-36, 55-57) and two days,? the empire of the Romans passed to Tiberius, son of Julia.2 On his accession, Herod Accessior (Antipas) and Philip continued to hold their tet- {44 5. rarchies and respectively founded cities: Philip built rounaati Caesarea® near the sources of the Jordan, in the eats district of Paneas, and Julias # in lower Gaulanitis ; Tiberias, Herod built Tiberias in Galilee and a city which also took the name of Julia, in Peraea.? (2) Pilate, being sent by Tiberius as procurator ritate to Judaea, introduced into Jerusalem by night and Oats y under cover the effigies of Caesar which are called aie. standards.£ This proceeding, when day broke, affair ort aroused immense excitement among the Jews ; those St#ndard on the spot were in consternation, considering their laws to have been trampled under foot, as those laws permit no image to be erected in the city ; while the indignation of the townspeople stirred the country- folk, who flocked together in crowds. Hastening after Pilate to Caesarea, the Jews implored him to remove the standards from Jerusalem and to uphold the laws of their ancestors. When Pilate refused, they fell prostrate around his house and for five the north of the head of the Sea of Galilee. It was called after Julia, daughter of Augustus, A. xviii. 28: as she was banished in 2 B.c., Schiirer infers that the refoundation of the town by Philip must have been earlier than that date. ¢ The Peraean Julias (formerly Betharamatha, B. ii. 59 note) opposite Jericho was called after the Empress Julia = Livia (A. xviii. 27); other writers call it Livias and that, rather than Julias, was probably the name given by the founder. ! More correctly described in A. xviii. 55, *‘ The busts (or “medallions’’) of Caesar which were attached to the standards.’ ‘Tacitus (Hist. iv. 62) records how these impera- torum imagines were torn down by Civilis and his victorious Gauls. 589 172 173 176 JOSEPHUS mecovTes emt mévte Tyuepas Kal vuiKtas loas akivyjTo. SveKapTepour. (3) TH 8 €€is 6 MAdros Kabicas emt Byuwatos év 7@ peydAw otadiw Kat mpooxadeadpevos TO mAjOG0s ws amoKxptvacBar dev adrots Gedwv, d(dwaw Tois oTpaTiitais onmetov EK OVVTAypATOS kuxAwoaobat TOUS ‘Tovdatous év tois o7Aots. TepioTdons de Tplavixel Tis dddrayyos *lovdator ev ayavels oav mpos TO adoxnTov Tis opews, Tliwdros 8€ Kataxowew eizwy attots, et py mpoaoecawto tas Kaicapos eikovas, yupvotv Ta Eidn tois otpatwitais evevoev. ot de “lovdator Kabanep ex avvOnpatos abpdot KatamecovTes Kat tovs avyévas mapakAivavtes €Tolsous avarpetv' adds éeBowv paddov 7 TOV vopuov mapaPhvat. tmeplavyacas 6€ 6 IlWdros 76 THs Sevodaipovias akpatov eéxKopicat pev avtika tas o7patas ‘TepocoAvpwv KeAever. (4) Mer a d€ TatTa Tapayny éTépav exivet TOV lepov Onoavpov, Kadcirar de kopBuvas,* els KaTa- ywynvy vddtwv e€avadicoxwv: .Katiyev Se azo TeTpakociwy® aTadiwy. mpos TodTo Tov mA7jfous ayavakTnas wv, Kat tod []iAdtov mapdvtos eis ‘JepoodAupa mepiotavtes TO Pipa KateBowv. 6 dé, mponder yap attav tHv Tapaxyynv, TO TAGE TOUS aTpatwwtas evdtAous [ev |* eobjow Wut uKats KekaAdvppevous eyKatapiéas Kal Eider pev xp7- cacha KwAvoas, EvAois Se Tatew Tous KeKpayo- Tas é€yKeAevodpevos, atvOnua didwaw amo 70d B7- 1 PA: eis dvaipecw the rest. 2 P and correctors of A and L: xopSavas the rest. 3 zpiaxociwy Lat. Eus.: dtaxociwy A. ||. 390 JEWISH WAR, II. 171-176 (=anT. xviii. 57-61) whole days and nights remained motionless in that position. (3) On the ensuing day Pilate took his seat on his tribunal in the great stadium and summoning the multitude, with the apparent intention of answering them, gave the arranged signal to his armed soldiers to surround the Jews. Finding themselves in a ring of troops, three deep, the Jews were struck dumb at this unexpected sight. Pilate, after threatening to cut them down, if they refused to admit Caesar’s images, signalled to the soldiers to draw their swords. Thereupon the Jews, as by concerted action, flung themselves in a body on the ground, extended their necks, and exclaimed that they were ready rather to die than to transgress the law. Overcome with astonishment at such intense religious zeal, Pilate gave orders for the immediate removal of the standards from Jerusalem. (4) On a later occasion he provoked a fresh uproar by expending upon the construction of an aqueduct the sacred treasure known as Corbonas®; the water was brought from a distance of 400 furlongs. In- dignant at this proceeding, the populace formed a ring round the tribunal of Pilate, then on a visit to Jerusalem, and besieged him with angry clamour. He, foreseeing the tumult, had interspersed among the crowd a troop of his soldiers, armed but disguised in civilian dress, with orders not to use their swords, but to beat any rioters with cudgels. He now from 2 Cf. Matt. xxvii. 6, Tdv KopBavav (v.l. KopBwvav) =“ the sacred treasury,”’ the only parallel for this use of the word. Corban = “* devoted,” “ taboo ” (cf. Ap. i. 167). ‘ PAM: om. the rest. 391 (ii.) the affair of aqueduc JOSEPHUS 177 patos. TumTopevot Se ot lovdator woAAot prev b70 ta@v TAnydv, toAAoi b€ b70 odav abtav ev TH vyh KatamaTnbevtes amwAoVvTO. mpos 5€ THY Gupdopav TOV dvnpnueve katamAayev 70 TANGos Eowi7yGEV. 178 (5) Kav tovrTw KaT7/yOpos “Hpwdov tod Te- TpapxovvTos ’Aypinmas vios “ApiatoBovAov, dv 6 matnp ‘Hpwdns améxtewev, mapayivetar mpos TiBépiov. tod b€ pn mpoodeEapevov THY KaT- nyopiay pevwy emt “Pawns tovs te addovs Tav yuwpiwv eOepamevev Kat uddvtota tov Vepuwavixod 179 maida Tauov, idwwirny ere ovta. Kal dx Tore éotuov avtov Ta Te GAXa TroikiAws éediAodpoveiro, Kat TéAevTaiov tas yelpas avateivas davep@s ntEato barrov abrov beacacbat tHv dAwv dea7r0- 180 rv amrofavovros TiBeptov. TOOTS TUs 7Ov olKxeT@v avrob duayyeMer t@ TiBepiw, Kat és dyavaKT Naas cipyvuow TOV °Aypimmay KaL [eT aiktas eixev avTov ez pias e€ ev deopwrnpio, beExpis avTos erehevrn oer TiyeHovevoas eH dvo mpos Tots elkoat Kal Tpets Tepas emt pnow e€. 181 (6) ’Amoderyfeis 5€ Tasos Kaicap avinow te TOV Sdeopav TOV “Aypinmay Kat THs DiAtmov TeTpapxias, Ounce’ yap ovTos, kablornat Baowréa. Tapayevopmevos O€ els TH apxjv “Aypinmas dbovw 1 P: re@vnxe the rest. +1. b5ks >’ The whole story is told in much greater detail in 4. xviii. (? from some Roman source), where, however, there is no mention of this object of his visit. The visit was made ** in the year before Tiberius died ” (A. xviii. 126). © Eutychus, his freedman and charioteer, A. xviii. 168 ; according to the account there given the words were spoken during a drive, not at dinner. 392 J. WAR, I]. 177-181 (cf. ANT. xviii. 62, 126, 166 ff , 237) his tribunal gave the agreed signal. Large numbers of the Jews perished, some from the blows which they received, others trodden to death by their companions in the ensuing flight. Cowed by the fate of the victims, the multitude was reduced to silence. (5) At this time Agrippa, son of the Aristobulus who was put to death by his father Herod,? came to Tiberius to accuse Herod the tetrarch.? The em- peror having declined to countenance the charge, Agrippa remained in Rome, paying court to various notabilities and in particular to Gaius, son of Germani- cus, who was still a private citizen. On one occasion when he was entertaining him at dinner, Agrippa, after paying him all kinds of compliments, finally raised his hands to heaven and openly prayed that he might soon see Gaius master of the world, through the decease of Tiberius. This was reported by one of Agrippa’s domestics ® to Tiberius; whereupon the emperor, in indignation, threw Agrippa into prison, where he kept him under rigorous treatment for six months until his own death, which closed a reign of twenty-two years, six months and three days.? (6) Gaius, on being proclaimed emperor, liberated Agrippa and gave him, with the title of king, the tetrarchy of Philip, now deceased. Agrippa’s arrival to take possession of his kingdom’ aroused @ 22 years 5 months and 3 days according to A. xviii. 224 (cf. § 168 for confusion of the numbers 5 and 6). But neither statement quite agrees with our secular authorities: the reign lasted from 19 Aug. 14 (death of Augustus) to 16 March (Tac. ; or 26 March, Dion), 7.e. 22 years 6 months and 28 days (or 22 years 7 months 7 days). ¢ He had died in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius (A. xviii. 106), z.e. in a.D. 33-4. f a.pd. 38-39. VOL. II 02 393 Herod Agrippa Rome 36 A.D. is im- prisoned Tiberius March 37 A.D. Accessic GAIUS (CALIGUI Agrippa liberatec and mad king. JOSEPHUS “Hpw&dov tod TET papxov Sujyetpev éemBupias. 182 eave dé pdhora TOUTOV EIS eArriba Baowretas “Hpwédias 7 yuvn, Katoverdilovaa tHv apyiav Kal / \ ‘ \ , ~ >] ‘ ’ dapevn mapa To p17) BovAecbar mActv ETL Katcopa oteptoxeobar peilovos apxijs* o7ov ‘yap “Aypin- mav €€ (OwiTov Bacuréa TETIOLNKEV, 170v y av 183 €xetvov d.oTacevev eK TETPApYoU; ToUTOLS ava- ‘ c 72> e ‘ , ey? = a mevabeis “Hpwdns FKev mpos Taiov, td’ ob Tis mAcoveéias émiT TET a evyn eis Lmaviav': _1KO- Aovbnoev yap avT@ KaT7yopos ’Aypinmas, @ Kat THVv TETpapxiav THY EeKelvov tpocéeOnKeV T'duos. “Hpwdns pev ev Lmavia ovpdvyovons atta Kal TIS yuvaiKos TeAeuTG. 184 (x. 1) Tasos 6€ Katcap ézi tocotrov e€vBpu- cev eis THv TUyNY, WoTe Heov EavTov Kai doxeiv® BovAecbar Kai Kadreiofar, t&v te edyeveotatwy > ~ ~ col avopa@v akpoToujoa THv maTpliba, exreivar b€ THV ~~ por Milis iA i , , \ > 185 aceBevay Kat emt “lovdatav. [letpuviov pev ov peTa oTpaTias ez ‘lepocodtpew evreppev oye Kabidptcovra Tm vad Tovs avdpiavTas avrod, mpootagas, et 7 Sexowro *lovdator, tovs Te KwAvovtas avedctvy Kat mav TO Aoizov €bvos > ~ »” ~ 186 e€avdpamodicachar. bed & dpa ta&v mpootay- patwyv éuerev. cat ITletpeivios prev odv Tprot Taypac. Kal moANois ex THS Lupias cupypraxous Ets ‘ > / »” > ~ > ‘ > 187 tv “lovdatav nAavvev ex THs “Avtioyxetas, ‘lov- daiwy d€ of pev AmloTovv él Tais Tod moAguou 1 So (or ‘Iowaviav) all mss.: TadXav Niese and TakXe below, to conform to A. xviii. 252. 2 xai doxety Niese: doxety kai PAM Exc.: xai doxew xai the rest. * According to A. xviii. 252 to Lyons in Gaul. 394 JEWISH WAR, II. 181-187 (cf. ant. xviii. 240-262) the envy and ambition of Herod the tetrarch. But it The ena was above all his wife Herodias who instigated the fy) 47.34 tetrarch to aspire to a throne ; she reproached him 4?upas. for his indolence and told him that it was only his reluctance to set sail and wait upon Caesar which kept him out of promotion. ‘“ Now that he has made a king of Agrippa, a mere commoner, ”’ she said, “surely he could not hesitate to confer the same title on a tetrarch.” Yielding “to these solicitations, Herod presented himself to Gaius, who punished him for his cupidity by banishing him to Spain.? For an accuser had followed him in the person of Agrippa? to whose kingdom Gaius annexed his rival’s tetrarchy. Herod died in Spain, whither his wife had accom- panied him into exile. (x. 1) The insolence with which the emperor Gains or Gaius defied fortune surpassed all bounds : he wished SOc to be considered a god and to be hailed as such, he Tee cut off the flower of the nobility of his country, and his impiety extended even to Judaea. In fact, he sent Petronius with an army to Jerusalem to instal in the sanctuary statues of himself; in the event of the Jews refusing to admit them, his orders were to put the recalcitrants to death and to reduce the whole nation to slavery. But these orders, as the sequel showed, were under God’s care. Petronius, accord- Sa ingly, with three legions ¢ and a large contingent of Ptolemai Syrian auxiliaries, left Antioch on the march for [) o*°c"l the ordet Judaea. Among the Jews, some put no belief in the 40 a.v. ® In A. xviii. 247 Agrippa sends his freedman Fortunatus to accuse Antipas. ¢ Two only, according to A. xviii. 262 (and so Philo, Leg. ad Caium 31, § 207 “ half his army ”’ ; there were four legions in Syria at this time). 395 JOSEPHUS = > > , ‘ Pyjuats, of 6€ MLaTEvOVTES HOaY EV aUNxYavw 7mpOS ‘ » >? \ THv aGuvvav: tayvd 5 é€xywper 61a TwavtTwv 70 déos 70n Tmapovons' ets []roAewaida tis otparias. , ~d a 7 , 188 (2) IloAts 8 €or atrn tHs TadtAaias zapa- Atos KaTa 70 péya mediov EKTIOMErn, TEpLexeTat ec 1 »” ] ~ > ’ > d€ Opecw ek ev TOD mpos avaToAnv KAipatos azo C7 € , ~ ~ , > ‘4 A aTadiwy <€€jKkovta 7am tHS TadtAatas, amo b€ 708 peonuBpwovd TO Kappyrjrw du€xovre oTadious a EKATOV €lKOOL, TH 3 vynAorary Kat apKTov, 6 kadobow KAipaKka Tuptwy ot emixupior- Kat TodTO oC 4 Ul > , ¢ A ~ > » 189 6€ otadtovs ab€éoTynKev €EKAaTOV. tov 8 aateos <4 > A , Q7 ¢€ , , 6aov amo do o7adiwy 6 Kadovpevos _BrAeos ~ ’ / , ec ‘ TOTAMLOS Tapappet TavTaTacw oALyos, Tap WwW TO -~ > ~ Mépuvovos pvypetov eotw exov eyyvs avTod ToToV \ 190 €xatovtamynyn Gavuatos aéiov KuKAoTepys pev yap eoTw Kal Kotdos, avadiéwow b€ tiv veAwny , \ - Yaypov, jv oTav exkevwon modAAa mAoia mpoo- oxovta,” maAw avtimAnpotdrat TO xwpiov, KaTa- 7 > cupovTwy pev WwomTep emitndes TOTE THY aveuwv > , ‘ 4 ” > ‘ , ~ ‘ , els avto THV E€wlev apynv paypov, Tod be pweTaA- 191 Aov macav edféws petaBadAovtos eis veAov. Gav- ~ € pacwtepov [de]* tovTov por SoKxet TO TH UmEp- ~ / xuletoav Sedov €k TOU TOTmOVv maAWw wWappmov yive- ofat eikaiav. TO pev otv ywplov TodTO ToLavTHY etAnyev duow. > So a > ~ A / 192 (3) “lovdatou b€ peta yuvark@v Kal TéKvwv > , , ‘ , ‘ ‘ A abpowobevtes eis TO medLov to zpos I[lroAepatdc Kabixerevov tov [letpwviov tmep tav matpiwv ~ ~ iz , VOuWwY Tp@Tov, emeita UTEp aiTw@v. Oo b€ mpdsS \ -~ 5] ‘ ‘ te 70 TANOPos Kat tas Serjaets evdovs Tovs peV 1 Dindorf: -ap ofons Mss. 2 Dindorf: tpocxévra mss. * om. most m3s. 396 JEWISH WAR, II 187-192 (cf. ant. xviii 262 f) rumours of war, others believed, but saw no means of defence ; alarm, however, soon became universal, the army having already reached Ptolemais. (2) Ptolemais is a maritime town in Galilee, built at the entrance to the Great Plain, and encompassed with mountains To the east, at a distance of 60 furlongs, is the Galilaean range ; to the south, 120 furlongs off, lies Carmel; to the north is the highest chain of all, called by the natives the “ Ladder of the Tyrians,”’ 100 furlongs away. At a distance of about two furlongs from the town runs the diminutive river Beleus?; on its bank stands the tomb of Memnon, and close to it is a very remarkable region, a hun- dred cubits in extent. It consists of a circular basin which produces vitreous sand. Numerous boats put in to this spot and empty the basin of its sand, where- upon it is filled up again by the action of the winds, which, as if by design, drift into it the common sand outside, the latter being all promptly converted by this mine into vitreous matter. But the phenomenon which, to my mind, is even more remarkable, is that the excess particles of glass which overflow from the cavity become ordinary sand as before. Such are the curious properties of this spot. (3) The Jews assembled with their wives and children in the plain of Ptolemais and implored Petronius to have regard first for the laws of their fathers, and next for themselves. Yielding so far to this vast multitude and their entreaties, he left the * Belus in Tac. Hist. vy. 7 and Pliny, N.A. xxxvi. 190, modern Nahr Na man. 397 Digres. on Prolem and its vitreot sand, Petren and hi Jewisn petitio 193 194 195 196 19 ~! 198 JOSEPHUS > 5 4 \ \ I: fe I] r to r , avdpiavtas Kat tas atpatias’ ev IIroAepaid: Aetzet, \ 2 \ > 1 A A ’ ‘\ / mpoeAfwv* de ets tHv VadiAatay Kat ovyKadécas , = \ \ / > 70 te mAnOos Kal TOUS yvwpiyLovs mayTas els / , e , , , \ TiPepiada tHv te “Pwpaiwy dieEjer Stvapw Kat 7 > ‘ »” 4 U tas Katoapos ametAas, ere 5€ tTHv akiwow a7- ‘ , ‘ ~ éfawev ayvwyova’ mavTwy yap T@v vmoTeTay- , > ~ ‘ / , ~ péevwv ebvav Kata moAWw cvuyxabidpuKoTtwy Tots »” _ ‘ 4 , > , ‘ dAdo. feois Kai tas Katicapos eikovas, TO povous , > / 7 > €xeivous avtTitdccecbat mpos tovTO ayedov ad- + \ > 2 LoTapévwy eivar Kat pel UBpews. ~ 4 ‘ / A ‘ / » (4) Tév 6€ tov vopxov Kat to matpiov €bas TpoTewopevwy Kal ws ovde Feod ze deixynAov, ody 4 > / > ‘ ‘ ‘ / > > > ‘ Omws avdpos, ov KaTa TOV vaov povov aAd’ odde \ / ~ 2 €v elKalw Twit TOmwW THS ywpas Oéobar Gepttov ” e ‘ \ c 5 / et 3 \ \ \ > ‘ ein, vmoAaBwv o Iletpavos ‘ adAa pny Kai epot ¢ ~ , dvdAaktéos 0 Tovpsod SdeamdTov vopmos,’ Edn: ae ‘ ‘ ‘ A ~ mapaBas yap avTov Kat dercdpevos tuav > = ’ , «il ~ c , am7oAoduat dixaiws. moAeujoe: 8 tyuds 6 Téuibas ‘ ‘ 4 ~ He KQL OUK €yw* Kal yap avTos, womep pets, ” ‘ ~ 7 / > emiTaGooaL. mpos tavta to TAnbos mavtT = / ec ” eBoa mpo Tov vopov macxew €ETolLws ExEW. ’ > > 7 € J \ / KkavaotetAas 8 avta@v o I[letpavos tHv Bony, ce , s* S$ oc s ”» yo moAcunoete, eizmev, ‘apa Kaioapi;’’ Kat ‘lov- = \ ‘ ~ ~ daiow mept prev Katoapos Kat tod Sripov tav c , >. = c , , » > \ Pwpyaiwy dis THs nyepas Bvew edacav, et Se ‘ > > > 3 ‘ BotAeTar Tas etkovas eyKabidpvew, mpoTepov avTov ~ ‘ ’ / deity dzav 76 ‘lovdaiwy €bvos mpobvcacbar- ~ 7 ‘ > ; mapexew de adds avtovs éTOl“ous els THY odayny ‘ ‘ , ‘ , -~ dua Tékvois Kal yuvacéiv. e€mt TovTois Padua Kat > a ius ‘ , - > , oiktos etoner Tov Iletpuviov tis Te avuTepBArTov 1 So PAM: ri uév orpariay Kai robs avépavras the rest. 2 C: mpoced Guy the rest. 398 JEWISH WAR, II. 192-198 (cf ant. xviii. 269-271) statues and his troops at Ptolemais and advanced into Galilee, where he summoned the people, with all persons of distinction, to Tiberias. There he dwelt upon the power of the Romans and the emperor's menaces, and, moreover, pointed out the recklessness of their request ; all the subject nations, he urged, had erected in each of their cities statues of Caesar, along with those of their other gods, and that they alone should oppose this practice amounted almost to rebellion, aggravated by insult. (4) When the Jews appealed to their law and the custom of their ancestors, and pleaded that they were forbidden to place an image of God, much more of a man, not only in their sanctuary but even in any un- consecrated spot throughout the country, Petronius replied, ‘ But I too must obey the law of my master ; if I transgress it and spare you, | shall be put to death, with justice. War will be made on you by him who sent me, not by me; for I too, like you, am under orders.’ At this the multitude cried out that they were ready to endure everything for the law. Petronius, having checked their clamour, said, * Will you then go to war with Caesar?”’ The Jews replied that they offered sacrifice twice daily for Caesar 7 and the Roman people, but that if he wished to set up these statues, he must first sacrifice the entire Jewish nation ; and that they presented them- selves, their wives and their children, ready for the slaughter. These words filled Petronius with aston- ishment and pity at the spectacle of the incomparable @¢ Cf. Ap. ii. 77 with note. From the present passage we may infer that the daily sacrifice for the Emperor was offered partly at the morning, partly at the evening service. 399 JOSEPHUS Opycketas THY avdp@v Kat tod mpos Oavarov ETOlLOU TapaoTymaTos. Kal TOTE pev GmpaKToL dceAv naar. 199 (5) Tais 6° €€ys abpoous te tovs duvatovs Kar’ idiav Kat 70 TAGs ev Kowm ovAAéywr' moTEe pev mapeKkdAer, mote O€ ouveBovdever, To rA€ov HEVTOL Sinmetier, TH TE “Pwpater eTAVATEWOLLEVOS toxov Kat TOUS Patou Oupovs thy TE idtav mpos ToUTOLS 200 advayknv. mpos b€ pndemiav meipav evddovTwr, Ws €wpa Kal THY xWpav KLWdvVEVOVCAY aoTOpoV peivat, KATA ‘yap Wpav oTOpov TEVTIKOVTA TULEepas Gpya mpocdietpipev att@ 7a A7Ofn, TeAevTaiov 201 dBpoicas atto’s Kal ‘‘mapakwdvvevtéov eyo padiov,” einwv, “7 yap tod Geod auvepyotvtos melas Kaicapa owbicouat we? Dpaov nd€éws, 7) mapofuvOevros imep TOGOUTWY eTOiMS eTmLOWaw THv euavtod wux7v,' diadyjKev to TAGs moAAa KaTevyopevov® at7@, kat mapaAaBwy THY oTpatiav éx THs IlroAcuaidos tméotpefev ets tHv Avtio- 202 yerav. evOev edlews eméateAAcv Kaioaps tH Te euBoAnv thy ets “lovdatav €avtod Kat tas ikeolas tov €Gvous, ote Te, €L pry BovdAeTar pos Tots avépdow Kal THY ywpav amoA€aat, déo. dvdatrew 7T€ aUvTols® TOV Vémov Kal Taplévat TO TpdaTaypma. 203 tavtais tais émicToAais ov aodddpa peTtpiws avT- éypawev 0 Tatos, ametAdv [letpwviw Gdvartov, ott T@v mpcotayyatwy atvtod Bpadvs wtanpetns eyi- veto. adda tovs pev TovTwY ypauuaTtoddpous ovveBy xemacbyjvar tTpels uyvas ev tH Gadaoon, 1 gud\eyévtwv PA, whence cvdA\exév Destinon. ? wate oeneN rar 3 Niese: avrovs M33. * PA: é€yévero lhe rest. 400 JEWISH WAR, II. 198-203 (cf. anv. xviii. 272-305) devotion of this people to their religion and their unflinching resignation to death. So for the time he dismissed them, nothing being decided. (5) During the ensuing days he held crowded private conferences ? with the aristocracy, and public meetings with the people ; at these he had recourse alternatively to entreaty, to advice, most often, how- ever, to threats, holding over their heads the might of the Romans, the fury of Gaius, and the necessity which circumstances imposed upon himself. As, however, none of these efforts would induce them to yield, and as he saw that the country was in danger of remaining unsown—for it was seed-time and the people had spent fifty ® days idly waiting upon him —he finally called them together and said: “ It is better that I should take the risk. Either, God aiding me, I shall prevail with Caesar and have the satisfaction of saving myself as well as you, or, if his indignation is roused, I am ready on behalf of the lives of so many to surrender my own.” With that he dismissed the multitude, who rained blessings on his head, and collecting his troops left Ptolemais and returned to Antioch. From that city he hastened to report to Caesar his expedition into Judaea and the entreaties of the nation, adding that, unless he wished to destroy the country as well as its inhabitants, he ought to respect their law and revoke the order. To this dispatch Gaius replied in no measured terms, threatening to put Petronius to death for his tardiness in executing his orders. However, it so happened that the bearers of this message were weather-bound for three months at sea, while others, who brought @ These later conferences were held at Tiberias, A. xviii. ff, > 40 according to A. xviii. 272. 401 JOSEPHUS tov 6€ Tatov @avatov addow KatayyéAdovtes ’ , »” ~ ‘ ‘ 7 7 evtAdouv. edn yotv tas mepi tovtTwv Iletpo- vios AaBwv éemiotoAds emTa Kai ElKooWw Tépats > ~ 7 Tas Kal? éauTod. = Se ‘ € , ” , ‘ 204 «xl. (1) Patou 6€ tyenovetoavtos ETH Tpia Kal ujnvas oxtTw Kat Sdododovnfévtos apmalerar pev .) ~ ¢ b70 Tav ev ‘Pun otpatevpdtwv [eis thy apx7v |" / e ‘ /, > , ~ 205 KAavéuos, 7 5é€ avyKAntos, eEnyoupévwy Tav vmatwy Levtiov Latopvivov Kat [lopmwviov Le- \ ~ , > KOUVOOU, TpLalW Tals GUpPpEevovGaLs OTELpats eETL- s , ‘ , > 4 / tpehaca dvdattew THv mOAW ets tO KamretwdArov > , ‘ 4 \ , / ‘ a 74poichn, Kat dia THY WydtnTa THY Vaiou KdAav- ’ - ? , , ‘ > diw modAcpeiv endilero: xataoticecbar yap 6. ap.toToKpatias, womep ovv mdAar dwuwKettTo, THY apx7v 7 Kpwetv dyjdw Tov a€vov Tis ryewovias. 206 (2) LuveBy [dé]? tHviKadta mpos emidnuodvTa ‘ > ~ > tov Aypizmav tiv te avyKAntov Kadotvoay ets , ‘ ‘ , ,. = acupBovAtay méuysac Kat KAavdsov é€x ths Tapep- Bodjs, O7ws mpos a déor ypyoy.os avTots yevolTo. [kakeivos |* cuvid@v tov 76n TH Suvayer Kaicapa ‘ 7> »” e > > ‘ ‘ 207 mpos KAavdiov azevow. 6 6 atdtov mpeaBeuTHv ‘ - m™pos THv avyKAnTov avaméuTer SyAobvTA THY e ~ ’ o ~ ~ EGUTOU TPOaLpEeow, OTL TPM@TOV EV AkKWY UTO TAV OTpaTiwT@v apmayelin, Kal oUTE THY EKELVwV 1 om. P. 2 om. PA. ? In the account of this affair of Petronius A. xviii. again enters much more into detail than B. ii.: outstanding addi- tions are the providential rainfall and the intercession of Agrippa with Gaius at Rome on behalf of the Jews. * So A. xix. 201; in reality just over 3 years and 10 months (16 March 37 to 24 January 41 a.n.) * The story of the assassination is told at .ength from some 402 J. WAR, IT. 203-207 (cf. anT. xviii. 308, xix. 201, 236 ff.) the news of the death of Gaius, had a fortunate The temp passage. So Petronius received this Jast information saat twenty-seven days earlier than the letter conveying 9! 61's his own death-warrant.4 Fis (xi. 1) When Gaius, after a reign of three years and Accession eight months,? was assassinated,° the troops in Rome4 | carried off Claudius by force to make him emperor. But the senate, on the motion of the consuls, Sentius Saturninus and Pomponius Secundus, after entrusting the protection of the city to the three ¢ cohorts that remained loyal to them, assembled in the Capitol and, on the ground of the savagery of Gaius, decreed war on Claudius ; they were determined either to revert to their former constitution as an aristocracy, or to elect by suffrage a leader worthy of the empire. (2) Agrippa was at the time in Rome, and, as Importan ehance would have it, he received a summons alike Be ern from the senate, calling him into consultation, and as mediat from Claudius in the camp’; both parties solicited eg his services in this pressing emergency. Agrippa, 20" the reflecting that Claudius was already virtually em- ~ peror with the power at his back, repaired to him. Claudius, thereupon, sent him off as his envoy to inform the senate of his sentiments. He was to state, in the first place, that it was against his will that he had been carried off by the soldiers ; at the same time he considered it both unjust to betray first-hand authority in A. xix., where it fills more than half the book. In the accession of Claudius, Agrippa plays a larger part in B. than in A. ¢ The praetorian guard. ¢ Four according to A. xix. 188. f The praetorian camp established by Sejanus in a.p. 23 on the N.E. of Rome, outside the ancient city, but afterwards included within the Aurelian walls; the site is used to-day tor barracks for the Italian army. 403 JOSEPHUS omoveny eyKatadimety Sikatov ovte aodadrés tTHv €autod tUynv Kplvot- Kal yap TO TvxEv THS 208 Hyyepovikns KAroews emiKkivduvov eivac: eet” ott dtoiknoer' THY apynv woTep dyabos mpooTarns, ovX ws TUpavvos: apxetobar yap TH Tun THs Tpoonyoptas, Thy 8 ed’ ExdoT ep T@v Tpayparwv ovAny 7dow dmoducew" Kal yap el py puoet peTptos Vv, tkavov broderyy~a owdpootvyns abT@ mpokxeiofa. tov Tatov @avarov. 209 (3) Tabr’ amnyyerev “Aypinmas. 1 5€ BovdAy ameKplvaTo Kal oTpaT@ Kai yvwuats ayabats memovOvia SovAeiav éExovotov ody v7opevetv. Kal KAavdtos ws HKovoev Ta Tapa THs BovAns, maAw ezeupev tov “Aypinmav anayyeAodvta attois OTe mpodobvat ev TOUS Els aUTOV OfovojaavTAas® OvX Umouevor, ToAeunocew 6 akwv mpos ovs HKLOTA 210 BovAoro. detv pévtot mpoamoderyOyvat T@ T0- Aeuw xwplov e€w tis moAews: od} yap Sovov dia Thv ab’Tt@v KaxoBovAlav opodtaAw dovw praivecbai Ta TE“Eevn THS TaTpidos. oO pev Ovv aKovaas TavTa Tots BovAeurats annyyetev. 211 (4) Meza&év de Tév jweTa Tis ouykAnTov oTpa- TlwT@v Tis omacduevos tO Eidos “* avdpes, eBonoev, © ovotpati@tat, ti mabdvtes adeAdo- KToveiv BovAdueba Kai Kata tv peta KaAavdcior auyyev@v opuav, exovtes pev avToKpaTopa pede peu dOivae Ouvdjtevov, tooatra d€ Ta dSikaa 7 pos 212 os peta TOV OTAWY ywpeiv péAAopev;'’ trade 1 dcoxnoo LVR. 2 gudcavtras LVRC. * There is no verb in the Greek: Reinach suspects the text. > Or, with the other reading, “* had sworn fidelity to him,’ 404 JEWISH WAR, II]. 207-212 (cf. ant. xix. 246-254 ff.) such devoted supporters and unsafe (to abandon) 4 the fortune which had befallen him, for the mere fact of having received the imperial title entailed risks. Agrippa was further to state that he would govern the empire as a virtuous ruler and not as a tyrant ; he would be content with the honour of the title, and on all public affairs would consult the whole people ; indeed, were he not by nature inclined to moderation, the fate of Gaius would serve as a sufficient warning to him to act with discretion. (3) To this message, delivered by Agrippa, the senate replied that, relying on the army and the wisdom of their own resolutions, they would not submit to voluntary servitude. When Claudius heard this answer of the senate, he again sent Agrippa to tell them that he would not consent to betray those who had unanimously elected him,? and must therefore reluctantly fight those who were the last persons in the world he wished to have as his enemies. It would, however, he said, be necessary to select for the conflict some spot outside the city, as it would be monstrous that their obstinate per- versity should cause the sacred precincts of their country to be polluted with her children’s blood. Agrippa noted and delivered this message to the senators. (4) In the midst of these negotiations one of the soldiers who had adhered to the senate, drawing his sword, cried out: ‘‘ Comrades in arms, what has possessed us that we should wish to murder our brothers and to rush upon our kinsmen in the ranks of Claudius, when we have an emperor with whom no fault can be found and are united by such close ties with those against whom we propose to take the 405 JOSEPHUS > \ A / ¢ ~ ~ / elmo dia peons wpunoev THs Povdfns mavTas \ / > , ¢ > b / Tovs avaTpaTiwtas edeAkopevos. of 6 edrarpidar ~ \ ‘ ‘ > , ~ Tapayphpya pev mpos tHv amodeupw mepideds ” > > > \ €cxyov, atlis 8 ws azootpod7 awtnpios ov ~ ~ e KaTedalveTo, TV TOV OTPAaTLWT@V OdoY TTElyoVTO > ~ ~ 213 mpos KAavédvov. trjvtwy 8 adtois mpd Tod ~ ~ , e Telxous ‘yupvois Tois Eidecw of adodporepov / \ / ~ KoAaKevovTes THY TUXNV’ Kav ovveBn KWOvVEDoaL A ~ ~ TOUS TpoadyovTas Tmpw yv@vat THY Opynvy Tov A ‘> 5) \ . viS> ’ otpatiw7a@v KAavduov, et 7) mpocdpaywv *Aypiz- ~ \ / ~ / c mwas avT@ TO Kwdvvevpa THS mpa~ews edijAwaev, > A / A ¢ ‘ ~ OTl TE EL pq] KATAGXOL THV Opunv TaV emt TOvS > / / > / a > a A evzatpioas AeAvoonKkoTwyv, amoAécas 8 obs TO ~ 5] / ’ ’ KpaTelv eoTl TEplomToV Eprtas EaotTo Bacireus. Wy a 3 > , , r ‘ 214 (5) Tair’ axovaas KdAavdwos Kartécyev tas opas TOU oTpaTiwwTiKov, mpoadéxeTal TE THY , > ‘ , ‘ , ovyKkAnTov eis 70 oTpatomTedov Kat diAodpovyca- pevos e€jer avy advtois avtixa Bvcuwv 7d Oe ~ e , , Q157a EPL THS yE“ovias yapioTnpia. Kat TOV > s ; / >] ~ -~ 4 ’ Aypizzav eviews edwpeito 7H TmaTpwa Baotreta , ‘ ” \ ‘ e . ’ , maon, mpooTbes eEwhev Kat tas Um Avyovorou i.) 7 ‘ -~ dofeicas ‘Hpuwidn Tpaxywvitw Kat Adpaviry, ‘ A “4 eed , \ , ywpis 5€ tovTwy etépay PactAclav thy Avoaviov ~ ‘ / 4 216 KaAovpevynv. Kal TH pev Onuw diaTaypate TH = > \ /, dwpeav edyAov, Tois dapxovow de mpoceTakev > , , - \ , > \ eyyapaéavtas dé€ATois xaAKais tHv doaw eis TO ~ > - > > ~ ‘ 217 KamerwAvov avabeivat. Sdwpeitas 8 avtov Kat 406 se KTS te Kem Sf. Ss —_— oc. =O —- JEWISH WAR, II. 212-217 (cf. ant. xix. 263-277) field? ’’ With those words he rushed through the midst of the senate, with all his fellow-soldiers at his heels. At this desertion the patricians were moment- arily struck with dismay ; then, perceiving no other refuge to which to turn, they followed the soldiers and hastened to Claudius. Outside the walls they found themselves faced by the more hot-headed courtiers of fortune, with bared swords, and the lives of the leaders of the party would have been imperilled before Claudius even knew of the fury of the soldiers, had not Agrippa run to him and told him of the perilous situation and that unless he checked the impetuosity of the troops, who were mad against the patricians, he would lose the very men who lent lustre to his sovereignty and be left monarch of a wilderness. (5) On receiving this message, Claudius repressed the fury of the soldiers, admitted the senators to his camp, and, after warmly greeting them, went off with them without delay to sacrifice thank-offerings to God on his accession to the empire. Upon Agrippa he forthwith conferred the whole of his grandfather's kingdom, annexing to it from over the border not only the districts of Trachonitis and Auranitis of which Augustus had made a present to Herod,* but a further principality known as the king- dom of Lysanias.2. This donation he announced to the people by an edict, and ordered the magistrates to have it engraved on brazen tablets to be deposited in the Capitol. He, moreover, presented Herod, a B. i. 398. > i.e. Abila (north-west of Damascus) and parts of Lebanon (A. xix. 275). Caligula had already given Agrippa ‘‘ the tetrarchy of Lysanias”’ (4. xvili. 237); Claudius merely con- firms this gift. 407 Agrippa made kin of Judaas 218 219 220 22] JOSEPHUS Tov _adeAdov ‘Hpwdnv, 6 8 atros Kal yapPpos Hv Bepvikn cvvorkar, Baovreta TH Xadrt6r. (6) Tayéws 8, ws av €k TooaurTns apxiis, 7Aobr0s ’Aypinna ovveppet, Kal Tois Xprpaow avros ovK €is paKpav' KaTEeypTjcaTo: 77 AtkodTov yap tots ‘lepocoAvpous mepiBadreiv np€ato teiyxos, nAtkov av teAcobev avyvuTov ‘Payatois emotnoev Thv moAvopKiav. aAXd edfy mpw tYaoar To Epyov zeAeuTnoas ev Kaoapeta, BeBacirtevKws pev ETH Tpla, mpotepov d€ Tay TETpapxi@y TpLow ETEpoLS eTeow adnynoduevos. KataXeimer Se Tpeis pev Ouyatépas ex Kuzpov YEVEVYTLEVAS , Bepvixny | Kal Mapiappnv Kal ApovoiMiay, viov dé €k Tis avTis ‘Aypinmay. ov TavTaTaow évTos vnmtov maAw tas PBaatrelas KAavéwos ezapylav moijoas éni- tpotov mépumer Kovomiov Dadov, exerta TiBépiov ’AdeEavdpov, of pndev Tapaxwodvtes TMV em- , > ~ , > / A »” /, A xwpiwy eav ev eipyvn 70 €bvos duedvAakav. peta ~ ‘ e / ~ / ¢€ 7 > Tatra Kat 6 Paotdevwv tis Xadxkidos ‘Hpwdns teAeuTa, KaTadimav ek pev THs adeApidys Bep- vikyns dvo maidas Bepyixiavov te Kat “Ypxavov, ex dé THs mpotépas Mapiappns *ApiotoBovAov. Te- 1 wixpa Hudson from Lat. **in rebus exiguis.” * Bernice was Herod's second wife: he had previously married Mariamme, grand-daughter of Herod the Great (A. xVill. 134). * On the north of the city, to enclose the suburb Bezetha or “‘ new city ” (B. v. 151 ff., A. xix. 326). ¢ The work was stopped, before Agrippa’s death, by “gage one governor of Syria, under orders from Claudius (B. v. . A. xix. 326 f.) . more precise statement is given in A. xix. 351. He reigned four years in all under Gaius (37-41) and three under Claudius (41-44); for the first three years under Gaius he 408 J.WAR, IT. 217-221 (cf. 4. xix. 277,326,343 ff., xx. 100ff.) who was at once the <1 er and, by his marriage with and his Bernice, the son-in-law of Agrippa,¢ with the kingdom Eien k of Chalcis. of Chalei (6) From so extensive a realm wealth soon flowed Reign an in to Agrippa, nor was he long in expending his eee riches. For he began to surround Jerusalem with a wall® on such a scale as, had it been completed, would have rendered ineffectual all the efforts of the Romans in the subsequent siege. But before the work had reached the projected height, he died® at a.v. 44. Caesarea, after a reign of three years, to which must be added his previous three years’ tenure of his tetrarchies.4 He left issue by his wife Cypros,? three daughters—Bernice, Mariamme, and Drusilla —and one son, Agrippa. As the last was a minor,f Judaea Claudius again reduced the kingdoms to a province #84)" P™t and sent as procurators, first Cuspius Fadus,% and procurat then Tiberius Alexander,” who by abstaining from all interference with the customs of the country kept the nation at peace. Subsequently Herod, king of Death of - : : : : : i Herod ki Chalcis, died ; he left by his marriage with his niece of Chatei Bernice, two sons, Bernicianus and Hyrcanus, and 4: 4 by his previous wife, Mariamme, a third, Aristobulus. held the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, for the fourth he held that of Herod Antipas as well. His “ reign”? in the present passage is limited to his tenure of the whole kingdom of Herod the Great. ¢ Daughter of Phasael, the nephew, and of Salampsio, the daughter of Herod the Great (A. xviii. 130 f.) * He was seventeen years old (A. xix. 354). 9 ¢. A.D. 44-45. te, a.v. 46-48. Of a distinguished Jewish family of Alexandria, son of the Alabarch Alexander and nephew of Philo; renounced Judaism to take service under the Romans, as procurator of Judaea, as prefect of Egypt (ii. 309), and as chief of the general staff of Titus at the siege of Jerusalem (vi. 237). 409 JOSEPHUS buinxer 8 att®@ Kat €erepos akeAdos *AptordBovdos 222 (ouwTns Katadimwv “lwranny Obvyatépa. obdtot pev ovv hoav, ws mpoetzov, “AprotoBovAov tot “Hpwdov maides, “ApitotdoBovros 6é€ Kat *AdXeE- avdpos ek Mapidupns “Hpoidn yeyoveroav viets, a e A > ~ ¢ \ > / 4 ~ ovs 0 maT1p avetAev: 7 de “AdeEdvdpov yevea Tis / > / ’ , peyadns “Appevias €BaotXevcer. 923 (xil. 1) Mera d€ tv “Hpwédou tedeuTHVv, ds npxe THS Xadkidos, Kabiornaow KaAavéduos eis 77Hv PBaoreiav tod Gelov tov “Aypinmay viov > , = > ” 3 / / \ Aypizma: tis 8° aAAns ezapyias diadexeTa THY > A > A >] / / 279 emitpomv amo “AdcEavdpov Kovpavos, ed OopuBot re 7pEavto Kai dopa madw “lovdaiwy 224 eyevero. cuvedAnAvboros yap TOU mAj fous emt THY EopTnv TaV alvjov els ‘TepoooAvpa KaL Tis ‘Pwpaikis omelpas bmp TI 700 iepod oToav edeatwons, evoTAc 8 det tas é€optas mapadvdAdr- TovolW, Ws py TL vewTepiCo. to mAOos 7Opou- opevov, eis TIS TMV OTPATLWT@V avacupdjLevos THV €o0jra Kal Kkataxvibas aoxnjLovws Tpooam €or pe- ev Tots “Tovdatous THV €dpav Kal TO OXI pate 225 dovay opotayv evehbeyEaro. mpos TovUTO amav pev TO mANOos Ny aaKrnoev, Kal KkateBowy TOD Kovpavod KoAdlew TOV oTpaTwT Hy, ot de WTTOv vypovres TOV vewv kat 70 hvGEL oracuddes éx TOD efvous €Xeopouv el bax, Aifovs Te apmd- 226 cavtes él TOUS OTpaTwTas ePaddov. Kat Kou- 2 i.e. of Agrippa. > Called after her mother, a princess of Emesa (A. xviii. 135). ¢ Agrippa, Herod of Chalcis, Aristobulus. @ Alexander II and Tigranes. ‘Tigranes was made king of Armenia by Augustus, but was soon deposed; another 410 JEWISH WAR, IT. 221-226 (=anT. xx. 104-109) Another brother,? Aristobulus, died in private station, leaving a daughter Jotape.2. These three,° as I have previously stated, were the children of Aristobulus, son of Herod; Aristobulus and Alexander were the issue of Herod’s marriage with Mariamme and were putto death by their father. The posterity of Alexander became kings of Greater Armenia.? (xii. 1) After the death of Herod, sovereign of Chalcis, Claudius presented his kingdom to _ his nephew Agrippa, son of Agrippa. As procurator of the rest of the province (Tiberius) Alexander was succeeded by Cumanus’; under his administration disturbances broke out, resulting in another’ large loss of Jewish lives. The usual crowd had assembled at Jerusalem for the feast of unleavened bread, and the Roman cohort had taken up its position on the roof of the portico of the temple ; for a body of men in arms invariably mounts guard” at the feasts, to prevent disorders arising from such a concourse of people. Thereupon one of the soldiers, raising his robe, stooped in an indecent attitude, so as to turn his backside to the Jews, and made a noise in keeping with his posture.” Enraged at this insult, the whole multitude with loud cries called upon Cumanus to punish the soldier; some of the more hot-headed young men and seditious persons in the crowd started a fight, and, picking up stones, hurled them at the Tigranes, son of Alexander II, was given the same kingdom by Nero (A. xviii. 139 f., cf. Tae. Ann. ii. 3). ¢ Ventidius Cumanus (Tac. Ann. xii. 54). OP Bois ST. ® We cannot infer from the present tense, as Reinach does, the use of a source anterior to a.p. 70; cf. the similar use of this tense in Ap. ii. 193 (note). * Reinach appositely quotes Horace, Sat. i. 9. 69 “ hodie ricesima sabbata: vin tu | curtis ludaeis oppedere ?’ 411 Agrippa | king of , Chalcis. Cnmanus procuratc A.D. 48-5 Sedition ¢ Jerusalen at Passov caused by} lewdness ofa Rom soldier. JOSEPHUS A , ‘ ~ ~ A 2,12 + ea peavos detoas, uA tod aod mavtds en’ avror oppy) yevolTo, mAetous omAiras peTaTeuTeT aL. Ta@v € Tas oToats ETLXEOHLEVEWY poBos euminret tois “lovdatois aKkatdoyeTos, Kal TpamévTes €K 227 rod fepod duedevyov els tHvy moAW. TooatTy be mept tas e€€ddovs Bia avvwhovpévwy eyeveTo, <4 / e > > /, ‘ / wote tatifevtas tm adAjAwy Kai ovvtpiBévtas / ~ wan! ‘ tmép tpiopuptous' amobavetv, yeveobar d€ tH e ‘ / ‘ o ~ ” ~ ‘ > €optiv mevbos wev OAw TH COver, Oprvov S€ Kal ExaOTHV oOlKiav. 228 (2) MereAapBavev 5€ tavtHv THY aouudopar ” 12 ‘ , A A A [adAos|* Anotpikos OopuBos. Kara yap thy Bat- \ = ’ Wd es y , \ » ray fwpa MHootav dvodov tehavov twos dovAou Kaicapos amooKeuny Kop.lomevnv dinpracav An- 229 oral TpoomeaovTes. Koupaves d€ mepirépipas TOUS ex Ta@v mAnoiov Kwudv Seopwras éxéAevoev avayeobat mpos atbrov, emixadd@y ote wn diwavTes tous Anoras avAAdfoev. evba tav otpatiwTav / Tis evpwv Ev TWL KwWELN TOV Lepov vojLov SiéppyEEev 230 Te 70 BiBAtov Kat els 7p katéBanev. *Jovdator d€ ws odAns avrois THs Xwpas katareyetons ovvexvOnoay, Kal kabarep opyavep TW TH Sevot- auovia ouveAKopevor mpos €v KTIpuy La. mavTEs els Kavodpevav € emi Koupavov ovvedpapoy, t tKETEVOV- TES TOV OUTWS els tov Oeov Kal TOV VOMLOV AUTO? 231 e€vBpioavra py mepudeiv aT LUpnToV . o 6€é od yap npewer TO TAOS, Ef pr TUYOL Tapa: 1 PAM Lat. (Eus.): 7ods uupiovs the rest: dv0 uupiddes A. |}. 2 om. M Lat. 3 PA Lat.: oddv the rest. * 20,000 according to A. xx. 112. » The two Bethhorons (Upper and Lower), some ten anc twelve miles respectively north-west of Jerusalem, on the 412 JEWISH WAR, IT. 226-231 (=ant. xx. 110-117) troops. Cumanus, fearing a general attack upon himself, sent for reinforcements. These troops pouring into the porticoes, the Jews were seized with irresistible panic and turned to fly from the temple and make their escape into the town. But such violence was used as they pressed round the exits that they were trodden under foot and crushed to death by one another ; upwards of thirty thousand 4 perished, and the feast was turned into mourning for the whole nation and for every household into lamentation. (2) This calamity was followed by other disorders, originating with brigands On the public road lead- ing up to Bethhoron? some brigands attacked one Stephen, a slave of Caesar, and robbed him of his baggage. Cumanus, thereupon, sent troops round the neighbouring villages, with orders to bring up the inhabitants* to him in chains, reprimanding them for not having pursued and arrested the robbers. On this occasion a soldier, finding in one village a copy of the sacred law, tore the book in pieces and flung it into the fire. At that the Jews were roused as though it were their whole country which had been consumed in the flames; and, their religion acting like some instrument? to draw them together, all on the first announcement of the news hurried in a body to Cumanus at Caesarea, and implored him not to leave unpunished the author of such an outrage on God and on their law. The procurator, seeing that the multitude would not be pacified unless they obtained main road to Joppa, famous in history: the defile was the scene of the defeat of Cestius described below (B. ii. 546 ff.). ° A. xx. 114, *‘ the notables.” 4 The burning of the book is not mentioned in 4. e Or, as we should say, a magnet. 413 The affair of the profanati of Seriptu 232 233 234 JOSEPHUS pvbias, néiov Te mpoayew Tov oTpaTuiTHVY Kal dia peowy TOV aitwpyevwv anaxOyvar thy emt favatw Kedever. Kai “lovdator pev aveyespovv. (3) Ad&is d€ TadrtAaiwy kat Lapapéwv yiverac cupPodAyn. kata yap Typav Kadovpévny Kedpny, WTls ev T@ peyadAw mediw Keita: THS Laprapetrioos, ToAA@v avaBawovtwv “lovdatwy emt tHv €opTry avaipetrat tis LTadtAatos.’ mpos sotto mAetorot pev ex THS PadAatas cuvédpapyov ws moAeijcovtes Tois Lapapedow, ot yrupysor 6 adtay €Abovtes 7™pos Kovpavov nv7PoAovv, mpiv avyKéaTov mabous es tHhv TadAAatav diaBavra TYyLwpycacbar TOUS aiztous ToD dovov: LLovws yap av ovTwWS dvadvfjvan m™po moAduov 70 TAAMos. Kovpavos pev ovdv ev Sevtépw Tas eKelvwy iKkealas TaV ev yepal® mpay- patwy Géuevos ampaKxtous amemepev TOvs iKETAas. (4) "AyyeAbev 5€ eis ‘lepoodAva 76 mabos Tod TePovevjevov Ta. ee ouverapatev Kal THIS eopTijs adépevor 7pos THY Dapdpevav eEappov GOT patn- ynTot Kal pydevi TOV apXovTaw KaTEXOVTL mrevbo- pevot. Tod Anozpikod 6 abtav Kai otacwsdous Aewatov tts vios ‘EAeaLapos Kai *AX€Eavdpos e€npxov, ot Tots opopors Tis ‘AxpaBarqvijs TOT - apxtas mpoomecovtes avTous Te av7jpow pe depeds nAtkias Perda) TOLovpevoe KaL TAS KUpaS EvETTip- mpacav. 1 For wo\\aGv ... avap. tis TadtAatos PAM have rodXo TOV... avapoovrac (accommodation to A. xx. 118%). 2 xepi PAM:Y @ Tacitus, Ann. xii. 54, gives a different account of the events recorded in (3)-(7) (Reinach). According to hin Cumanus was governor of Galilee and Felix of Samaria. ® Ginae( A. xx. 118), Ginaea (B. iii. 48), where it is namec 414 JEWISH WAR, IIs'231-235-(= ant. xx. 117-121) satisfaction, thought fit to call out the soldier and ordered him to be led to execution through the ranks of his accusers. On this the Jews withdrew. (3) Next came a conflict between the Galilaeans Battle and the Samaritans. At a village called Gema,? betwoen, situate in the great plain of Samaria, a Galilaean, one Samaritan of a large company of Jews on their way up to the @isins ot festival, was murdered.© Thereupon, a considerable of a crowd assembled in haste from Galilee with the in- °°" tention of making war on the Samaritans ; mean- while, the notables of the country went off to Cuma- nus, and entreated him, ere any irreparable mischief was done, to repair to Galilee and punish the per- petrators of the murder, as that was the only means of dispersing the crowd before they came to blows. Cumanus, however, treating their request as less important than other affairs on his hands,¢ dismissed the petitioners without any satisfaction. (4) When the news of the murder reached Jeru- salem, the masses were profoundly stirred, and, abandoning the festival, they dashed off to Samaria, without generals and without listening to any of the magistrates who sought to hold them back. The origands and rioters among the party had as their eaders Eleazar, son of Deinaeus, and Alexander,@ who, falling upon the borderers of the toparchy of Acrabatene,f massacred the inhabitants without listinction of age and burnt the villages. jus the northern frontier of Samaria, En-gannim of the Old Testament (Jos. xix. 21), mod. Jenin; at the head of the jsreat Plainof Esdraelon. With theincident cf. Luke ix. 52 f. ¢ According to A. xx. 118 several pilgrims were murdered. @ A.says “ bribed by the Samaritans.” ¢ Alexander is not mentioned in A. ’ South-east of Shechem. 415 JOSEPHUS 236 = (5) Kovpaves 5¢ avadaBay azo tHs Katoapeias pilav ‘Any imméwv kahovpevay Y A 238 Aatouv mapamoAéecbar. tovtois Tevabévtes “lovdator / > / \ \ A / dteAvOjoay. eTpaTOVTO d¢€ mooi 7pos Anotetay dua THY ddevay, Kal KaTa Tacav TI xwpav apmayat 239 TE Tjoav Kal TOV Opacutepww evavacTdacels. Kab Tt&v Lapapéwv ot duvatoi zpos Otppidscov Kova- dpatov, os Hv hyepav tis Lupias, ets Tvpov mapa- yevouevor Siknvy Twa Tapa TOV TopbycavTwy THY - 4 , , ~ / \ ‘ 4 / 240 ywpav 7Elovv AaBeiv. mapovtes b€ Kal OL yvw- ~ > pyso. Tav “lovdatwy Kat 6 apxepeds “lwvabys vios “Avdvov katap€ar pev eAeyov THs Tapax7s b / 8 \ ‘ / w” de ~ > Lapapéas ba Tov dovov, altiov d€ tHv amoPePy KoTwyv Kovpavov yeyovevar, 1) GeAjcavta Tov: avlevtas Tod odayevtos emeEcAOeiv. (6) Kovadpatos 5€ tote pev ExaTepous wep: Tiferar dioas, émeidav eis TOUS TOTOUSs Tapa yevynrat, Suepevvijcew exaota, adlis d€ mapeAGay 24 — ¢ Lat. ala. > See ii. 52 (note): A. adds “ and four companies (74) pata, ? cohorts) of infantry.” ¢ Later the first victim of the sicarii, § 256. 410 JEWISH WAR, II. 236-241 (=anrT. xx. 122-129) (5) Cumanus, taking with him from Caesarea a troop? of cavalry known as “ Sebastenians,” ? now set off to the assistance of the victims of these ravages; he made prisoners of many of Eleazar’s companions and killed a yet larger number. As for the rest of the party who had rushed to war with the Samaritans, the magistrates of Jerusalem hastened after them, clad in sackcloth and with ashes strewn upon their heads, and implored them to return home and not, by their desire for reprisals on the Samaritans, to bring down the wrath of the Romans on Jerusalem, but totake pity on their country and sanctuary, on their own wives and children; all these were threatened with destruction merely for the object of avenging the blood of a single Galilaean. Yielding to these remonstrances the Jews dispersed. Many of them, however, emboldened by impunity, had recourse to robbery, and raids and insurrections, fostered by the more reckless, broke out all over the country. The leading Samaritans, accordingly, went off to Tyre to see Ummidius Quadratus, the governor of Syria, and urged him to punish the authors of these depredations. The Jewish notables, including the high-priest Jonathan,’ son of Ananus, also presented themselves, and maintained that it was the Samari- tans, by the murder in question, who had originated the disturbance, but that the responsibility for all that ensued lay with Cumanus for refusing to take proceedings against the assassins. (6) Quadratus, at the moment, deferred giving a Interven reply to either party, telling them that when he Gaadeate visited the district he would investigate the parti- governor of Syria. culars ; subsequently he proceeded to Caesarea, ™ @ Vo Samaria.” (A. xx. 129); VOL, I P 417 JOSEPHUS b] / \ e ‘ ~ / ets Kaiodaperav tods tro Kovpavod Cwypybévras 242 aveatavpwoev mavtas. exeibev eis Avdda mapa- ~ A yevouevos maAw SijKkovoev Tav Lapapéwv, Kat > ~ > / petamreuiapevos oKTwKaldeka THv “lovdatwy, ovs €meTUGTO PETETXNKEVaL THS payns, meAcKEL St- 243 exe_picato. duo 5° é€répous Tay duvatwTdtTwv Kat Tous apxtepets “lwvabnv Kai “Avaviav, tov Te 7, - » ‘ »” > / Tovtov maida “Avavov Kat twas adAdAovs *lovdaiwyv / > / > A ‘ e ‘ A yuwpimous averepiev emt Katoapa, opoiws de 244 Kal Lapapéwy Tovs emiupaveotatovs. mapryyetAev dé kat Kovpava cat Kédepe 7@ xtArdpyw mAciv , ‘\ e / / Ul / e ‘\ ~ emt ‘Pwyuns dwaovtas KAavéiw Adyov trep tav yeyevrnuevwv. tatta diatpaéduevos amo Avddwv > / > c / \ ‘ \ avéBawev eis ‘lepoodAvpa, Kat KatadaBwv to ~ ” A =~ > / ¢ \ > 4 TAnbos ayov thy Tov alvpwv eoptynv afloptBws ets “Avtidyerav eav7yet. 245 (7) Kata de tHv ‘Popnv Kaicap dkovoas Kovpavot cai Lapapéwv, mapyv de Kai “Aypinmas exOupws t7epaywrilopuevos “lovdatwy, eerd7) Kat Kovpav@ modAo tv duvat@v maptotav7o, Lapya- péwy ev KaTayvous Tpeis aveAciv mpocétakev Tods 246 dbuvatwrtatous, Kovpavov de eduyadevoev. KéAepa 6€ deouwTny avatéuyas ets ‘lepoodAvpa mapa- Sofjvar “lovdatois mpos aikiavy éxédevoev Kat meptoupevta THY TOAW ovTwW THY KedadjY azo- KOT7VaL. 247. (8) Mera taira “lovdaias uwev ezitpotov DrjAiKa tov IladAAavtos adeAdov exméeurer THs Te Lapa- ‘ ‘ , ‘A / , \ -~ petas xat TadtAatas Kat [lepatas, ex d€ Tis 415 JEWISH WAR, II. 241-247 (=antT. xx. 129-137) where he crucified all the prisoners taken by Cumanus. From there he went on to Lydda, where he gave another hearing to the Samaritans. He then sent for eighteen? Jews, who, as he was informed, had taken part in the combat, and had them beheaded. He sent up to Caesar, along with two other persons of the highest eminence, the high-priests Jonathan and Ananias, Ananus,® the son of the latter, and some other Jewish notables, together with the most distinguished of the Samaritans. He also directed Cumanus and Celer, the tribune, to take ship for Rome and to render an account of their conduct to Claudius. Having taken these measures, he left Lydda and went up to Jerusalem ; and, finding the seople peaceably celebrating the feast of unleavened oread,° he returned to Antioch. (7) At Rome Caesar gave his hearing to Cumanus Claudius und the Samaritans in the presence of Agrippa, who Sve) i's ment for nade a spirited defence on behalf of the Jews, while Jews and Sumanus on his side was supported by many eminent Cumauus. yersons. The emperor condemned the Samaritans, wdered three of their most prominent men to be »xecuted, and banished Cumanus. Celer he sent yack in chains to Jerusalem, with orders that he was o be delivered over to Jewish outrage: after being lragged round the city, he was then to be beheaded. (8) After this Claudius sent out Felix, the brother Felix, f Pallas, as procurator of Judaea, Samaria, Galilee, en eag @ A certain Doetus with four others (4. xx. 130). > ** Ananus the captain’ (? of the temple) in 4. xx. 131, vyhere Jonathan’s name is omitted. ¢ ** A national feast’ (unspecified), A. xx. 133. According o B. the disturbances described in this chapter must have xtended over a whole year from one Passover (§ 224) to the iext. 419 JOSEPHUS Xadrkidos "Aypizmav eis peilova Baorreiav peta- TiOnow, dovs atta tiv re Dirimmov yevoyevnv erapyiav, avtn 8 jv Tpaxywvitis kat Batavéa Kat TavAaviris, mpoo€ébnkev S€ tiv Te Avoaviou Baoe- | Actav Kal T1V Ovdpou yevopevny TeTpapxiav | 248 avTos de duoikTjoas THY 1NyEpLoviav ereat Tpla- KaLOEKG, TpOs SE NGL OKTA) Kal ElKOOW HULEpaLs teAevTa KaTtaduTwv Népwva THS apxis duddoxov 249 Ov Tats “Aypurmivns THs yuvarKos dmdras én | KAnpovopia THS apx7s elgeroujaaro, Kaimrep viol eXoV yvioLov Bperravicov ex Meacadrivns 7H! TMpoTepas _yevaucos Kat “Oxtaoviav Ouyarépa 77) tn avrob CevxGetoav Népwr: yeyover 8 adré Kal €K Ilezivns “Avrwvia. 250 (xiii. 1) “Ooa pe ovtv Népwy &° tzepBodr evdayovias Te Kal mAovrov Tapappov7jcas e€ UBpicev ets THY TUXNY, 7 Twa. Tporrov Tov TE aded gov Kat THY yuvatka KaL TV pnrépa dueEH Der ad’ av emt Tous edyeveoTaTous peTaveyKev TH 251 wuoTnTa, Kal ws TeAevTaiov bro dpevoBAaBela e€usetAev els oxnvnvy Kat Oéatpov, ézre.d7 oxAou 7aow cor, apareibe, Tpepowar de €7 ta *lovdatots Kar’ avrov YEVOpEVa.. 252 (2) Try pev otv pixpav “Appeviay didwai Baothevew “AptoroBovhyy 7™@ ‘Hpodov, tH % ‘Aypinma Baovrcta Téooapas mroneus mpooriOna: ovv tats tomapyias, “ABeda pev Kat “lovAdd @ Antonius Felix (Tac. Hist. v.93; the reading KAavéc @j\uxa in A. xx. 137 is doubtful) was probably, like h influential brother Pallas, a freedman of Antonia, mother « Claudius. According to Tacitus (here probably untrus worthy) he had already been procurator of Samaria (§ 2¢ note). 420 JEWISH WAR, II. 247-252 (cf. anr. xx. 138, 148-159) and Peraea.? Agrippa he transferred from Chalcis Agrippa 11 to a larger kingdom, assigning to him Philip’s former pee enit province, namely Trachonitis, Batanaea, and Gaul- ¢te., 4p. 4 anitis; to this he added the kingdom of Lysanias and the old tetrarchy of Varus.? After governing the empire for thirteen years eight months and twenty days,° Claudius died, leaving Nero as his Death of successor. Yielding to the artifices of his wife Caudus Agrippina, he had adopted this prince as heir to the throne, although he had by his former wife, Messalina, a legitimate son, Britannicus, besides a daughter, Octavia, whom he had given in marriage to Nero ; ae had also, by Petina, another daughter, Antonia. (xiii. 1) All the outrageous acts in defiance of Accession fortune of which Nero was guilty, when excess of 374. 4... wrosperity and riches drove him mad; _ how he vero. successively made away with his brother, wife, and nother ; how his cruelty then found fresh victims in he highest of the nobility ; how his infatuation inally landed him on the stage and the boards of the heatre—all these subjects, being so hackneyed, I ropose to pass over and to turn to the events of ‘ewish history under his reign. (2) He presented the kingdom of the Jesser Agrippy's \rmenia to Aristobulus, son of Herod ? ; he annexed See o Agrippa’s kingdom four cities with their districts,’ > Varus is identified by Schiirer with the minister of igrippa II, mentioned in Vita 48 ff., where he is described s a descendant of Soemus who had been a tetrarch in the .ebanon district (2b. 52); it is assumed that he inherited wa timea part of this tetrarchy. © The calculation, repeated in A. xx. 148, is here correct: Jaudius reigned from 24th January 41 to 13th October 54. 4 Of Chalcis, grandson of Herod the Great. * Greek “ toparchies.” 4,21 JOSEPHUS kata tv Ilepatav, Tapiyaias 8€ Kai TiPepidda tis TadtAatas, eis b€ tHV Aowrjv *lovdaiav O7AuKa 253 KaTéaTHOEV EemiTpoToVv. ovTos Tov TE apxiAnoTHY "EXedlapov eteow elkoow tHv ywpav Anodpevov Kat 7oAAovs THY adv atta Cwypyoas avereprev eis “Pwpnv: tOv 8 avactavpwhévtwy tm’ adbrod AnoTa@yv Kat TOv emt Kowwvia dwpabévtwy Snpo- T@V, ovs EkoAacev, aTrerpov TL TAROOS Tv. 254 (3) KafapBeions S€ tis xwpas eEtepov eldos Anora&v ev ‘lepocoAdvpous éeedveto, ot KkadAovpevor ouxapiot, pel uepay Kat ev peon TH TOA 255 dovevovtes avOpurtovs. pddAvota [de]' ev tats €opTais puoyouevor TH TAHOE Kat tats ecbjow UToKpUTTOVTES pupa Evpidua, Tovrols evuTTov TOUS dvagopous, evelTa TEGOVTE pL€pos eylvovt TOV émayavaKTovvTwy ot medovevKotes, 510 Ka TavTamacw vm0 a€iomiotias joav avevpeTor. 256 mp@tos pev otv br’ adtav “lwvabys 6 apyieped amoodarteTat, peta 8 avtov Kal? ryépay av- ~ / \ ~ ~ ¢ / $F npodvto moAAot- Kat Ta&v ovpdopav o doBos 7 xaremutepos, exdotov Kabamep ev modkeuw Ka 257 wpav Tov Oavarov Tpoadexop.evov. TpoeakoToovT d€ mopputev Tous Ovadopous, Kal ovde Tots giro mpoc.ovow* TlOTIS 7 ev péoats de Tats drrovotat Kal Tats gvdakais dvnpobvro: TOGOUTOV T@v €7TL- BovAevovtwy TO TaxXOS my Kat Tob Aabeiv 7 TEXVN 258 (4) Luvéeorn S€ mpos tovtois otipos €ETEpO Tovnpa@v, xeupt pev Kablapwrepov, tats yrwpat 1 om. PALV: yap Eus. 2 +427 LVRC. ¢ Abila is not mentioned in A. xx. 159; there were seve places of the name and the exact position of this one is doubt ful. For Julias=Livias see § 168 (note). 422 JEWISH WAR, II. 252-258 (cf. ant. xx. 159-167) namely, Abila and Julias in Peraea,? and Tarichaeae and Tiberias in Galilee; he appointed ® Felix to be procurator of the rest of Judaea. Felix took prisoner Felix quel Eleazar,° the brigand chief, who for twenty years Beiaande had ravaged the country, with many of his associates, and sent them for trial to Rome. Of the brigands whom he crucified, and of the common people who were convicted of complicity with them and punished by him, the number was incalculable. (3) But while the country was thus cleared of these Rise of th pests, a new species of banditti was springing up in 7" Jerusalem, the so-called sizcarzi,4¢ who committed murders in broad daylight in the heart of the city. The festivals were their special seasons, when they would mingle with the crowd, carrying short daggers soncealed under their clothing, with which they stabbed their enemies. Then, when they fell, the nurderers joined in the cries of indignation and, through this plausible behaviour, were never dis- xovered. The first to be assassinated by them was fonathan the high-priest ; after his death there were jumerous daily murders. The panic created was nore alarming than the calamity itself; every one, is on the battlefield, hourly expecting death. Men cept watch at a distance on their enemies and would 1ot trust even their friends when they approached. fet, even while their suspicions were aroused and hey were on their guard, they fell; so swift were he conspirators and so crafty in eluding detection. (4) Besides these there arose another body of and of false illains, with purer hands but more impious intentions, ?'°?"*™ > i.e. confirmed his previous appointment (§ 247). © Son of Deinaeus, § 235. @ ** Assassins,” from Lat. sica,a curved dagger. 423 JOSEPHUS d€ daocBéorepov, Omep ovdev FrTov TV odayewv 259 T7v evdayoviay THs mdAEws EAvprVaTo. TAdvoL yap avOpwro. Kat amate@ves, [tro] mpooxyjpare fevacpod VEWTEPLO[LOUS Kal petaBoAas mpay~ arevopevot, Sapovay TO ajbos €evfov? Kat mporyov eis THY Epyulav, ws exe? TOD Heod SeiEovtos > ~ ca > , >. 2 , ~ 260 auTols 9 ONnpELA eAevbepias. €7l TOUTOLS O7AE, eddxer yap amootdcews eivat KataBoAn, zepbas e = \ \ ¢ / \ ~ / inmeis Kal meLlovs omAitas moAd TAnOos SiepGerpev. 261 (5) Meilou dé [rovrov|® aAnyqR ‘lovdatous eKdKWOEV 6 Atyvrrws pevdorpodpyrys. Tapa- yevopevos yap els THV xepav dvOpwrros yons Kal mpogyrov miotw émieis éavT@ mrept Tpuopoplous 262 pev abpotler Tov yrarnevenv Tepiayaywr de avrous eK THS epmyiias ets To €Aai@v Kadovpevov Opos, exeilev olds Te Tv ets ‘lepoodAvpa mapeAbetv BialecOa. Kat Kpatjoas ths [re]* ‘Pwpaixis dpouvpds [Kat]® tod Sov tupavveiv, ypwpevos ~ ~ / , ) , ~ 263 Tots ouvetovecovow Sopupopors. Pave 5° avrov THY Opny DANE v Urav7|oas® peta TOV ‘Papaikay onhiray, Kal Tas 0 OAos ovvedraro THS apvvys Bi COTE oupBorjs yevopevns TOV pev Atytrriov dvyeiv pet oAlywv, dradfapyvar d€ Kai Cwypn- O7jvat mAciotous Tav atv at’t@, To Se Aouwzor AAA 8 Ae > \ \ e ~ a ral mAjfos cxedacbev emi tTHv éavT@v ExaoTov sa- Aafetv. 1 om. VRC. 2 dgvérevbov VRC, 3 om. Lat.: rodrwy Eus.: tatrns VRC. * om. PAM. ® om. Lat. 6 PA Eus.: travridcas the rest. * Cf. Matt. xxiv. 24 ff. “ There shall arise ... false 424 JEWISH WAR, Il: 258-263 (=antT. xx. 167-172) who no less than the assassins ruined the peace of the city. Deceivers and impostors, under the pretence of divine inspiration fostering revolutionary changes, they persuaded the multitude to act like madmen, and led them out into the desert under the belief that God would there give them tokens of deliver- ance.* Against them Felix, regarding this as but the preliminary to insurrection, sent a body of cavalry and heavy-armed infantry, and put a large number to the sword. (5) A still worse blow was dealt at the Jews by the Egyptian false prophet. A charlatan, who had gained for himself the reputation of a prophet, this man appeared in the country, collected a following of about thirty thousand ® dupes, and led them by a circuitous route from the desert to the mount called the mount of Olives. From there he proposed to force an entrance into Jerusalem and, after overpowering the Roman garrison, to set himself up as tyrant of the people, employing those who poured in with him as his bodyguard. His attack was anticipated by Felix, who went to meet him with the Roman heavy infantry, the whole population joining him in the defence. The out- come of the ensuing engagement was that the Egyptian escaped with a few of his followers; most of his force were killed or taken prisoners; the remainder dispersed and stealthily escaped to their several homes. prophets and shall show great signs . . . they shall say unto you, Behold he is in the wilderness.’’ ‘Theudas was an zarlier impostor of this type, and met with a similar fate, .. Xx 97. » 4000 according to Acts xxi. 38; S. Paul was mistaken for this impostor. VOL. II Pp 2 425 The Egyptian impostor. JOSEPHUS 264 (6 ) KareoraApevew be Kal ToUTw @omep ev vooobv7t oupare mddw € ETepov pepos edhAcypauvev. ol yap yonres Kal Ajotpuxol ovvaxGevres troAXovs eis amdaracw eviayyov Kal 7pos edevbepiav Tap- eKpOoTOUy, Oavarov eTTUTYL@VTES Tots mre Papxovow 7H Pwpatwv Hyepovia kal mpos Biav adaipy- cecbat Aéyovtes Tovs Exovalws dovAcvew Tpoatpov- 265 wevous. preptCopevor O° eis THY ywWpav Kata Adxous Siunpralov te Tas TOV dSuvaTa@y olkias Kal avdTovs Gv7jpovv Kal Tas Kwpas éveTipTpacav, waoTE TIS a7rovolas avr av 7aoav TH *lovdaiav dvarrip.- mAacba. Kat ovTos pev 6 70AEuOos Kal’ TLE pav dveppiTilero. 266 (7) ‘Erépa de Tapax?) GUVLOTATAL mepl Kaoa- petay TOV dv ape pLey Levey ‘lovdatiwr ™pos Tous eV avTh Lvpovs oTaciacdyTw. ol pev yap ngtowv odetépay civar THY 7oAw “lovdaiov yeyovevat TOV KTloT ny avris Aéyovres: hv de ‘Hpoidns 0 6 BaatAevs: ot de ETEPOL Tov olKeoTay pev T™poowLoAcyouy *Tovdaitor, avray pevrou ye TH moAw “EAAjveov edacav’ od yap av avdpiavTas Kal vaovs eyKab- 267 \opdaar “Tovdatous avTHy dvar evra. dua Tav’Ta SinudioByrovv" EKATEpOL, Tporjer 3 avrois TO pido- VELKOV ets o7Aa Kat Kal? Tpeepav ot Opacvrepor Tap" dppotv TpoeT Ou emi pLaxny: ovre? yap ‘Tovdaiewy ot yepaol Tous idlous oTaouaaTas Kat- exew olol Te Hoav Kal ToOIS “EMjow aloxos ed0KEL 268 “lovdaiwy €Aattoicba. apoetxov & ot wev mAovTw Kal owpatwy aAky, To dé “EAAnviKoy tH Tapa 1 Destinon: 6¢ judicB8nrovuy Mss. 2 ofdé PAML. * Where S. Paul then probably lay a prisoner. 426 JEWISH WAR, II. 264-268 (cf. ant. xx. 172-176) (6) No sooner were these disorders reduced than Further the inflammation, as in a sick man’s body, broke '™sn78s out again in another quarter. The impostors and brigands, banding together, incited numbers to re- volt, exhorting them to assert their independence, and threatening to kill any who submitted to Roman domination and forcibly to suppress those who voluntarily accepted servitude. Distributing them- selves in companies throughout the country, they looted the houses of the wealthy, murdered their owners, and set the villages on fire. The effects of their frenzy were thus felt throughout all Judaea, and every day saw this war being fanned into fiercer fame. (7) Another disturbance occurred at Caesarea,® Disorders where the Jewish portion of the population rose *!Caesve against the Syrian inhabitants. They claimed that Syrians, _ she city was theirs on the ground that its founder, ““” °°" King Herod, was a Jew. Their opponents admitted che Jewish origin of its second founder, but main- sained that the city itself belonged to the Greeks, since Herod would never have erected the statues ind temples which he placed there had he destined t for Jews.2 Such were the points at issue between she two parties, and the quarrel eventually led to an yppeal to arms. Every day the more venturesome n either camp would rush into combat ; for the older nembers of the Jewish community were incapable of restraining their turbulent partisans, and the areeks considered it humiliating to give way to the Jews. The latter had the advantage of superior vealth and physical strength, the Greeks that of the >In A. xx. 173 their argument is that the older city, jtrato’s Tower, had not a single Jewish inhabitant. 427 JOSEPHUS TOV oTpatiwT@v apvvyn to yap mAéov ‘Payatous THs exet dSuvduews ex Lupias Hv Katereypevov Kat Kalamep ovyyevets qoav m™pos Tas Bon Betas 269 ETOLWOL. Tots YE pay emdpxous dpovtis mV dva.- oteAAew Tv TapaxTv Kal Tovs HaxtwwTéepovs del ovAAapPavovtes éexdAalov pdotiés Kal deapots. ov pnv ta 7a0n Tv ovdAdAapBavoyevwy evemroler Tots KaTaAeTopevois avakom7y 7) dé€os, GAN’ Ete waAAovy, 270 TapwEvvovTo m™pos THY ordow. vik@vras b€ Tore} Tos ‘lovdaious mpoeAPay* els THY ayopay 6 DIjdE pet ametAns éxéAevoev dvaxwpely. Tov be pi) mrevBopevev emimeuwas ToUvs oTpatiiras dvaupet avxvous, av Svaprrayhvar auveBn Kal Tas ovaias. Hevovons be THS aTacews emdd~as exatepuber TOUS ‘yvwpijmous emrepipev mpéoBets emi Népwva diadcEouevous Tmepi TaV Sixaiwv. 271 (xiv. 1) AvadeEduevos 8€ mapa tovtov Tih emitpomv 6 Dijotos TO pddvoTa Avpawopevoy THy xwpav emeEner’ TOv yotv AnoTav auvédaBev Te 272 mAetatous Kat diéPbeipey odK odAlyous. aAX’ ody 0 peta Dijatov *AABivos tov adrov tpdmov é€- nynoato TOv mpaypatwv, ovK éoTw b€ HvTWa Ka- 273 Koupylas (d€av mapéAeitev. od pLovov yobv ev Tois moAutiKois mpaypaow exAentTev Kai dijpmalev Tas EKaOTWY ovdaLas, ovde TO may €bvos €Paper Tais etopopais, aAAa Kal Tovs emt Ajoteta dedepevous b70 THS Tap €KdoToLs BovArjs 7) TOV TpoTepiv enitpomwy ameAUtpouv Tois avyyeveaw, Kal povo 1 PM: mape\ Ody (-eiv C) the rest. ® Porecius Festus died in office (A. xx. 200). A mor favourable estimate of his successor (Lucceius) Albinus i given in 4.xx,.thaninthe War. ‘There he begins by puttin 42% J. WAR, II. 268-273 (cf. ant. xx. 176-188, 197, 215) support of the military ; for the troops stationed here were mainly levied by the Romans from Syria, and were consequently always ready to lend aid to their compatriots. The magistrates, indeed, were at pains to repress these disorders, and constantly arrested the more pugnacious offenders and punished them with the scourge and imprisonment ; but the suffer- ings of those arrested, so far from checking or in- timidating the remainder, only served as a stimulus to sedition. On one occasion when the Jews had geen victorious, Felix came forward into the market- dlace and ordered them in menacing tones to retire ; »n their refusing to obey, he set his troops upon them, when many were killed, their property being subse- yuently plundered. The quarrel, nevertheless, con- inuing, Felix selected the notables of the two parties ind sent them to Nero as deputies to discuss before 1im their respective rights. (xiv 1) Festus, who succeeded Felix as procurator, yroceeded to attack the principal plague of the ‘country : he captured large numbers of the brigands ind put not a few to death. The administration of Albinus,* who followed *estus, was of another order ; there was no form of ‘illainy which he omitted to practise. Not only did ie, in his official capacity, steal and plunder private wroperty and burden the whole nation with extra- ordinary taxes, but he accepted ransoms from their elatives on behalf of those who had been imprisoned or robbery by the local councils or by former rocurators ; and the only persons left in gaol as own the sicarii, though he ends, on hearing of his super- ession, by opening the prisons and thus filling the country vith brigands. 4.29 The last three procurator Festus, A.D. 60-62. Albinus, A.D. 62-64. 274 eAcimeTO. THVIKADTAa Kal TOV vewTepilew BovdAo- 276 peeTplow KATEXPH}TO. ovveBawev d€ ToUs pev ag- ~I ie ¢) JOSEPHUS 6 417) Bods Tots SeopuwTyplots ws TovNnpos eyKaT- peeve ev ‘TepocoAvpors efdponoav at ToAwa, Kal Xpjpacw pev ot duvarot TOV “AABivov mpooeAdy- Bavov WOTE TOD oracvalew avrots Tapexew aevav, Too OnpotiKod b€ TO p71) xXatpov ovxia T™pos TOUS 5 AABiwou KoWwwvovs améKAwev. €KaGTOS be TOV movnp@v td.ov otidos trelwopevos altos pev Wonmep apxtAnoris 7 TUpavvos mpoavetyev ex TOU Aoxou, Tots Sopupopotor d€ mpos apmayas TOV TIpHEvous tUmep wy adyavant Tet EXPT ow7av, Tous anAjyas b€, d€er TOD pn Ta atta mabeiv, Kal KoAakevew tov aéiov KoAdcews. KablddAov Se 7) MEV Tappnoia mavTwWY TEpLKeKOTITO, TUpavvis 5° jv dia mAewovwr, Kal Ta OTe€ppata THs peAAovons aAwaews EexToTe TH TOAEL KateBaAXeTO. (2) Tovottov 8 évta tov *AABivov amédeckev 6 pet adtov €ABav Téacvos PAGpos ayabditatov Kata ovyKpiow. oO pev ye Adbpa ta moAAa kai pe? dtrooroAjs exaxotvpynoev, Téaawos 8€ Tas els TO €Ovos Tapavoyias emOpTEVOEV, KaL WoTeEp emt Tipwpia KataKpitwyv Teudbeis Siytos ovTE apTayys Twa TpoTOV oOUTE alkias mapéAuTev. HV dé €v prev tots éAcewois wudotatos, ev S€ Tois alaxpois avaidéoTatos: oute dé mAciw Tis amoTiav THs aAdnfeias Katéxeev ovTe ev 7TH Travoupyetv doAwtépas ddods émevonoev. @ TO pev KaT avopa Kepdaivew puukpov €d0Ket, TroAcis 8° oAas e€edidvoKke Kat Sipous Beer oes éAujaiveto, Kal ® Literally ‘“‘unbelief’’; ‘“‘ was more successful smothering the truth” (reall). 450 JEWISH WAR, IT.273-278 (cf. ant. xx. 214 f., 252-255) malefactors were those who failed to pay the price. Now, too, the audacity of the revolutionary party in Jerusalem was stimulated; the influential men among their number secured from Albinus, by means of bribes, immunity for their seditious practices ; while of the populace all who were dissatisfied with peace joined hands with the governor’s accomplices. Each ruffian, with his own band of followers grouped around him, towered above his company like a brigand chief or tyrant, employing his bodyguard to plunder peaceable citizens. The result was that the victims of robbery kept their grievances, of which they had every reason to complain, to themselves, while those who escaped injury cringed to wretches deserving of punishment, through fear of suffering the same fate. In short, none could now speak his mind, with tyrants on every side ; and from this date were sown in the city the seeds of its impending fall. (2) Such was the character of Albinus, but his 274). successor, Gessius Florus, made him appear by com- his excess parison a paragon of virtue. The crimes of Albinus “°° were, for the most part, perpetrated in secret and with dissimulation ; Gessius, on the contrary, ostenta- tiously paraded his outrages upon the nation, and, as though he had been sent as hangman of con- demned criminals, abstained from no form of robbery or violence. Was there a call for compassion, he was the most cruel of men; for shame, none more shameless than he. No man ever poured greater contempt? on truth; none invented more crafty methods of crime. To make gain out of individuals seemed beneath him: he stripped whole cities, ruined entire populations, and almost went the 43.1 JOSEPHUS pLovov ovK exnpvcev ava TV xwpav maow e€eivar Anotevew, Ep @ [€pos avtos Anerar TOv Aagu- 279 pwv. dia yodv THY eKelvouv Teoveftav macas epnpwihvar aouveBy tas moAets' Kai modAovs TOV matpiwv iOadv* eEavacravtas duyetv ets tas aAdo- dvAovus emapXtas. 280. = (3) ~ Méypu pe ovv ev Xupia Keorios Taddos 7 Overy TV eTapxiav, ovde mpeoBevoaobat TUS mpos avtov éeToAuncev Kata Tod DAwpov: mapa- yevopevov d€ els ‘lepocdAupa tis Tav aldpwv EopTis eveaotwans TEptoTas 6 Sihwos, ovK €AaTTOUS Tplakociwy pupiadwy, tKérevoy é€Aejoat Tas Tod efvovs cupdopas Kat Tov Avpedva Tis xopas 281 DADpov exexpayecav: 6 5€ mapa Kat TH Keoriw mapectws duexAcvaleyv tas dwvds. 6 ye pnp Kéotwos TH Oppuay Too 7AnBous Kkataarethas Kal dovs eudacw ws mpos TO peAAov avtots Tov DAG@pov KaTaoKevdoetev JLeTpLesTepov, dm€aTpepev 282 eis “Avrioyevav. TPO€TTE|LTTE 8° avrov pex pt Kat- capelas DADpos eEavatav Kat moAeov dn TH eOvet OKOTOU[LEVOS, @ Loven ovyKpuipew Tas eavTod 283 7 Tapavop.ias dreAdpBavev: etprv7s fev yap ovons KaTnyopous e€euw emt Katoapos lovdatous mpoo- An impossible figure. ¢ See § 270. 433 JOSEPHUS THs Kpioews eKomioay ypdppata, Kal 7poo- ehapBavev THVv apxnv 6 mdAemos SwdeKdTw peVv ere. THS Neépwvos Tyewovias, énraxadexdre b€ 285 THs “Aypimma Baowreias, “Aptepciov pnvos. mpos be To peyebos Ta ef avTob cupdopa@v ovK afiav EaXeEV Tmpopaow. ol yap ev Kavcapeta ‘lovdator, SRO EXOVTES Tapa xwplov, ob SeaTOTHS HV "EAAnv Kaucapets, zoAAdkis pev Ktjoacbat mA ToTov €aTovdacav TYynv moAAamAaciova THs 286 agias dors: ws 5’ drepopa@v Tas denaoers 7 pos em npeLav ETL KAL TapwKoddmeEL’ TO xwplov exeivos Epyaornpla KaTackevalomevos, oTevyy TE Kal TavTaTacw Bratav m™apodov dm€)euTev avtots, TO pLev T7p@Tov ot Gepuotepor TAY vewv mpomndavres olkodopeiv exerAvov. ws d€ tovTous elpyev Tips Bias WAdpos, apnxavodvTes: ot duvatol Tov *lovdaiwy, adv ols *lwavyns 6 teAwvys, metGovar TOV PAdpov dpyuptov Taavrous OKTG diaxwldoat 288 TO Epyov. 6 be Tpos [LOvov TO AaBetv UToaxopevos mavra oupmpagery, AaBuv efevow THs Kavoapetas eis LeBaotyyv Kat KataXeimer THY OTAoW avT- e€ovaiov, wamep ddevav mempaxws “lovdators Tov payecbar. 239 (5) Tis & émotons épas éBdouddos ovons, tov “lovdaiwy els THY avvaywynv cauvabpo.cbev- Twv, otaciaoTys tis Kaioapeds yaotpay Kata- otpéwas*? Kal mapa tHv elcodov atta@v Gepnevos 1 rpocwKxodove VRC. . 2 Niese ingeniously conjectures xatacréyas ‘* wreathed like an altar”; cf. B. i. 378 where the words are confused, but here no correction seems necessary. 287 ~ 2 Nero’s decision must have been given some years 434 JEWISH WAR, IT. 284-289 with them the text of the decision, and it was now that the war opened, in the twelfth year of the principate of Nero, and the seventeenth of the reign of Agrippa, in the month of Artemisius.*. The ostensible pretext for war was out of proportion to the magnitude of the disasters to which it led. The Jews in Caesarea had a synagogue adjoining a plot of ground owned by a Greek of that city ; this site they had frequently endeavoured to purchase, offer- ing a price far exceeding its true value. The pro- prietor, disdaining their solicitations, by way of insult further proceeded to build upon the site and erect workshops, leaving the Jews only a narrow and extremely awkward passage. Thereupon, some of the hot-headed youths proceeded to set upon the builders and attempted to interrupt operations. Florus having put a stop to their violence, the Jewish notables, with John the tax-collector, having no other expedient, offered Florus eight talents of silver to procure the cessation of the work. Florus, with his eye only on the money, promised them every assistance, but, having secured his pay, at once quitted Caesarea for Sebaste,® leaving a free field to sedition, as though he had sold the Jews a licence to fight the matter out. (5) On the following day, which was a sabbath, when the Jews assembled at the synagogue, they found that one of the Caesarean mischief-makers had placed beside the entrance a pot, turned bottom earlier, since the decisive part in the matter was played by Pallas (A. xx. 182), who died in 62 (Tac. Ann. xiv. 65). But the decision led to increased trouble at Caesarea and ulti- mately to war (A.xx. 184). Artemisius is a month in spring or early summer in the Macedonian calendar which is followed throughout the War. ® Samaria. 435 c. May A.D. 66. The affa of the Synagos at Caess JOSEPHUS exéfvev opvets. Todto Todvs “lovdalous avnKéotws mapwévvev ws vPpicpéevav [pev]' adrots trav 290 vouwy, peutacpevov b€ TOO ywplov. TO pev obdv evoTabes Kat mpaov emt Tovs tyeudvas avadedyew WETO xXprvar, TO oTaci@mdes bE Kat ev? VEOTHTL prcypatvoy eexaleTo 7pos maxnv. Tapeckevacpe- vo. 0 eloTiKkecav of Tay Katoapéwy oraciactat, Tov yap enilvcovta mpoTeTopdecav eK avvTay- 291 patos, Kal Taxéws eyévero cupBory. mpocedBav de “lovKovvdos 6 diakwAvew teTaypévos immapyns THY TE YaoTpay alper Kal KaTaTaveWw errELpAGTO THY aTaow. 7TTwyEvov 8 adbtod THs THv Katoapéwv Bias *lovdaior tods vopous apmacavtes avexwpynaav ets NapBara: xwpa tis abt@v ovtw Kadetra 242 atadious €Ejkovta déyovoa tHs Katoapelas: of de mepi Tov “lwavyny dvvatot duidexa pos DADpov eAfovres cis LeBaotnv anwdvpovto mepi TAY TeE- mpaypevwv Kat Bonbetv tkérevov, aidnudovws v70- pLywnoKovTes TOV OKTa TaAavTwy. Oo be Kal avA- AaBow ednoev tovs avdpas, aitispevos v7Ep TOO Tovs vopous e€eveyKeiv THs Katoapetas. 293. (6) Ilpos toito ztaév év ‘lepocoAvpos ayava- KTNOLS > ETL evTou TOVS Bupovs Karetxov. 6 be DAGpos worep npyoAapnkas expimilew tov moAe- pov, meéubas emt Tov tepov Oynoavpov e€aupet Sexaenta TdAavta, oxnidpevos eis tas Kaicapos 1 C: om. the rest. 2 om. év Niese. 2 An insinuation as acutely suggested by Reland, that the Jews were lepers, for whom, under the Law, birds were to 436 JEWISH WAR, II. 289-293 upwards, upon which he was sacrificing birds. This spectacle of what they considered an outrage upon their laws and a desecration of the spot enraged the Jews beyond endurance. The steady-going and peaceable members of the congregation were in favour of immediate recourse to the authorities ; but the factious folk and the passionate youth were burning for a fight. The Caesarean party, on their side, stood prepared for action, for they had, by a concerted plan, sent the man on to the mock sacrifice ; and so they soon came to blows. Jucundus, the cavalry commander commissioned to intervene, came up, removed the pot and endeavoured to quell the riot, but was unable to cope with the violence of the Caesareans. The Jews, thereupon, snatched up their The Jew copy of the Law and withdrew to Narbata, a Jewish 2." Caesare: district sixty furlongs distant from Caesarea.? Their and vai leading men, twelve in number, with John at their supes* head, waited upon Florus at Sebaste, bitterly com- plained of these proceedings and besought his assist- ance, delicately reminding him of the matter of the eight talents. Florus actually had them arrested and put in irons on the charge of having carried off the copy of the Law from Caesarea. (6) This news roused indignation at Jerusalem, Fiorus though the citizens still restrained their feelings. Peale But Florus, as if he had contracted to fan the flames ferment of war, sent to the temple treasury and extracted sais seventeen talents, making the requirements of the be killed in an earthen vessel (Lev. xiv. 4 f.). The charge that Moses and the Israelites whom he led out of Egypt were lepers occurs constantly in the Contra Apionem (e.g. i. 279 ff.) » The “ toparchy ” of Narbata is mentioned later, § 509. © § 287. 437 JOSEPHUS U / > b) , = ‘ ~ A 294 Xpelas. avyyvois 6 etbews eixev Tov dSjpov, Kat auvdpapovtes eis TO tepov Boais Siampvaiois TO Kaicapos avexdAovy dvoya Kat THs DAwpov tupav- 295 vidos éAevfepoty odds ikétevov. evior b€ TAY otaciacta@v Ao.dopias aiayiatous ets tov DAB@pov exexpayeoav Kal Kavodv mepipepovtes emnjtouv" aura Keppara kabamep axdnpy Kal Tahaurepy. ToUTOLs ovK avetpamn THY diAapyupiav, GAA’ ézi 296 TO paAAov xXpynpatioacGar mapwpytobn. déov youv els Kavodpevav eMovra oBéoa TO TOU TroA€u“ov mop exeilev apyopevoy Kal THs Tapayns avedreiv Tas aitias, ed wd Kat puobov edafev, o be peta oTpatids immxKys te Kal TeLixys emt ‘lepoooAvpwv wpunoev, wa tots “Pwpaiwy dmAos épyaonrac® Kal T@ d€eu Kal Tais amewAais mepidvon THY TOAW. 997 (7) ‘O b€ SdHyos mpodvowmjcar thy opyny avtod BovAduevos travTa Tois oTpatTwiTais peT evdrnutas Kat tov DAdpov OepatevtiK@s exd€ye- 298 ofa mapecKevdcato. KaKeivos mpoTméuas avy ir- medow mevtijKovTa Kamitwva €xatovtapxyny ava- xwpetv avtovs éxéXevoev, Kal 7) Tpos Ov OvTWS eAovddpnoav alayp@s eipwvevecbar tas viv dido- 299 Ppovijcers: deity yap avTous, €lmEp yevvatol etow Kal Tappyo.oTal, oKkwimTew pev avTov Kal mapovta, datveofar d€ pur) povov ev Tois Aoyots, 300 aAAa =Kav tots OmAous diAeAevPépous. tovTas KkatamAayev to mAnbos, Gua Kai tav Tept Ka- Titwva imméwv els pecov depopevwv, dvecxedacbn mpw aondoacba tov DAdpov 7 Tois oTpatwwTas 1 aanrow PAM. 2 +76 Bovdduevov C: ef. **ad quod uolebat uteretur” Lat. and for 7d 8, A. xvi. 396. 438 JEWISH WAR, II. 294-300 imperial service his pretext.* Instantly fired by this outrage, the people rushed in a body to the temple and with piercing cries invoked the name of Caesar, imploring him to liberate them from the tyranny of Florus. Some of the malcontents railed on the pro- curator in the most opprobrious terms and carrying round a basket begged coppers for him as for an unfortunate destitute. These proceedings, however, far from checking his avarice, only provoked him to further peculation. Accordingly, instead of betaking himself, as he should have done, to Caesarea, to extin- guish the flames of war, there already breaking out, and to root out the cause of these disorders—a task for which he had been paid—he marched withan army? of cavalry and infantry upon Jerusalem, in order to at- tain his object with the aid of the Roman arms, and by means of intimidation and menaces to fleece the city. (7) The citizens, anxious to forestall and make him ashamed of his intention, went to meet the troops with acclamations, and prepared to give Florus an obsequious reception. He, however, sent on ahead a centurion, Capito, with fifty horsemen, and ordered the Jews to retire and not to mock with this show of cordiality one whom they had so grossly abused ; if they were courageous and outspoken persons (so ran his words) they ought to jeer at him in his very presence and to show their love of liberty not only in words but with arms in hand. Dismayed by this message and by Capito’s cavalrymen charging into their ranks, the crowd dispersed, before they had a chance of saluting Florus or giving the soldiers proof ¢ Perhaps because their payment of tribute was in arrear, § 403 (Reinach). > Apparently he had only a single cohort (§ 332). 439 Florus a Jerusale JOSEPHUS davepov moijoar to meOyviov. avaxwpyoavTes dé els tds olkias peta S€ovs Kal TameWwoTHTOS evukTepevoav.* 301 (8) MAdpos S€ tore pev ev Tots Pacrretous avXrilerar, 7H 8 dtotepaia Piya mpo adtrayv Oguevos KabéleTar, Kat mpooedOovtes of Te apyxt- epets Kal duvatol TO TE yuwpiywtatov THs T7OAEws” 302 Tapéotncavy TH Pyyate. tovtois 6 DA@pos éxé- Aevoev tovs AowWopycavtas atrov éexdobvar, ddye- vos avtovs amoAdavcew THs apvvys, €l p17) TpO- dyouev Tovs aitious. ot d¢ Tov pev SHpov arédyvav® eipnvika povodvta, tots be mapadbeyEapevois 303 NTobyTO ovyyvapyy: ev yap TocotTw TAFE Bav- peaoTov pev ovdev elvat Twas Opacutépous Kat bu TAuciav agpovas, dunxavoy de TaV TPapTyKoT oy THY Oud puow EKGOTOU peTavoodvTos Kat deus a 304 Sédpakev apvovpevov. delv pévtor ye €xeivov, Et Tpovoel THS KaTAa TO EOvos elprjvyns Kai BovAeTat ‘Pwyatos meptowlew tiv moAWw, paAdov bia Tods moAAods akataitidtous cuyyv@vat Kat Tots dAtyots TAnppeAjoacw 7 d¢ oAlyous trovnpods tapaéat Sjpuov ayalov toaodtov. 305 (9) Ilpos Tadta paddov mapofuvbeis euBoa Tois OTpaTiwTais Suapma lew THVv ave in a Gyopav Kal KTelvey TOUS evTUyydvovTas. ot 8 emfupia Képdovs mpoodafortes ayenoviKnY mapa- KéAevow od povov ed dv eéenéudfnoav tézov jptalov, add’ eis madcas eumnda@vtes Tas oikias 1 dvevuxtépevcavy VRC (the usual word in Josephus). 2 +7av VRC. 3 arégawov VRC. * Destinon: &’ mas. 440 SS” —— JEWISH WAR, II. 300-305 of their obedience. They retired to their homes and passed the night in terror and dejection. (8) Florus lodged at the palace, and on the follow- ing day had a tribunal placed in front of the building and took his seat; the chief priests, the nobles, and the most eminent citizens then presented themselves before the tribunal. Florus ordered them to hand over the men who had insulted him, declaring that they themselves would feel his vengeance if they failed to produce the culprits. The leaders, in reply, declared that the people were peaceably disposed and implored pardon for the individuals who had spoken disrespectfully. It was not surprising, they said, that in so great a crowd there should be some reckless spirits and foolish youths ; but to pick out the delinquents was impossible, as everyone was now penitent and would, from fear of the consequences, deny what he had done. If, then, Florus cared for the peace of the nation and wished to preserve the city for the Romans, he ought to pardon the few offenders for the sake of the many innocent, rather than, because of a few rascals, to bring trouble upon such a host of good citizens. (9) This speech merely increased the exasperation He deliv. of Florus, who now shouted to the soldiers to sack {he city! the agora known as the “ upper market,’ ? and to for plunc kill any whom they encountered. The troops, whose massacre lust for booty was thus backed by their general’s order, not only plundered the quarter which they were sent to attack, but plunged into every house and ¢The upper city or upper agora, viz. the south-west quarter of the town. See B. v. 137 f. for the city hills: (1) upper city [S.W.], (2) lower city or Akra [S.E.], (3) a third which had disappeared in the time of Josephus [probably N.E.]; with G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, ii. 448 note. 44] JOSEPHUS 306 eogalov Tovs olkynTopas. duyn 8 Ww ex Tov orev av Kal govos tTav KatadAapPavopevwy, TpoTmos Te apmayns ovdels TapeAeimeTO, Kal TOA- Aovs THv petpiwv avddAaBovtes emt tov DABpov aviyyov' ovs paoTiéw mpoatkiodpevos aveorav- 307 pwoev. 6 6e' ovpmas TOV exeivn)s dmroAopevenv Tijs TLE pas dprBjos ovv yuvarély Kal TEKVOLS, ovoe yap vyTiwy amtéayovtTo, TEpt TpLaxtAtous? kal e€a- 308 KoGLOUS avv7x9n. apuTépav TE emoler THY CUp- gdopav To Kawov Tips Pwpyaiwy wpotnTos* 6 yap pndets 7 pOoTEpov tote DAGpos eToAunoev, avopas inmucod Tay LaTos paorry@cat TE ™po Tod Bryatos Kal oTAUP@ mpoonAdoan, Gv ei Kal TO yevos *Tou- datov® aAAa yobv To afiopa ‘Papaikov 7 7 309. (xv. 1) Kara TOUTOV TOV K@LpoV Oo jev Ba- owvevs "Aypirmas ervyev eis tHv ’AAcEavdperav TETFOPEVILEVOS, omTws “ArdeEavdpe ouvnabein memt- OTevLEvW) TH Atyurrov b770 Népwvos Kal TEpL- 310 dbevt. Siewew. tHv adeAdnv 5€ atrod Bepvixny mapodoav ev ‘lepocoAvpous Kal THY Tapavopiav TOV oTpatiwTav Oewpevnv Sewov eiojer mabos, Kai moAAdKis tovs Te immapxovs é€auTHs Kal cwpatodvAakas méumovca mpos DADpov €deito 311 mavoac$a tod dovov. Kal Oo pev ovTe eis TO m7AnG0s THY avatpovpéevwy ovTE els THY Evyeveray, Tis mapakadovons, add’ eis povov to Avouredes 31270 ek TOV apray@v amoPAémwy mapjKovoev. 7 5 op TOv otpatwwrav eAvconoey Kat Kata Tis BaatAidos: od povov yotv ev dupaow atris 7KI- Covto tovs aducKopyevovs Kat diedbeipov, adda 1 6 yotv VRC. 2 VRC: zpiaxov7ra PAM. 3 ML: ‘Iovéaiwy or Iovdatx the rest. 442 aS Fs PrP Se oe Ss ee Oe Se JEWISH WAR, II. 306-312 slaughtered the inmates. There ensued a stampede through the narrow alleys, massacre of all who were caught, every variety of pillage ; many of the peace- able citizens were arrested and brought before Florus, who had them first scourged and then crucified. The total number of that day’s victims, including women and children, for even infancy received no quarter, amounted to about three thousand six hundred. The calamity was aggravated by the unprecedented character of the Romans’ cruelty. For Florus ventured that day to do what none had ever done before, namely, to scourge before his tribunal and nail to the cross men of equestrian rank, men who, if Jews by birth, were at least invested with that Roman dignity. (xv. 1) King Agrippa, at this moment, was absent, tneftectu: having gone to Alexandria to offer his congratulations (phi) °' to Alexander,” recently sent to take over the govern- Bernice t ment of Egypt, with which he had been entrusted sia by Nero. Agrippa’s sister Bernice, however, who was at Jerusalem, witnessed with the liveliest emotion the outrages of the soldiers, and constantly sent her cavalry-commanders and life-guards to Florus to implore him to put a stop to the carnage. But he, regarding neither the number of the slain nor the exalted rank of his suppliant, but only the profit accruing from the plunder, turned a deaf ear to her prayers. The mad rage of the soldiers even vented itself upon the queen. Not only did they torture and put their captives to death under her eyes, but ¢ Tiberius Alexander, previously procurator of Judaea (§ 220 note), and brother-in-law of Bernice (4. xix. 276 f.). 4.43 JOSEPHUS Kav avtny aveidov, et pe) Kataguyeiv eis THY Baortixnv adAnv epOn, Kaxet OuevuKTépevoev peta dvAakijs dedorkvia TY TOV oTpaTiwT ay epodov. 313 ereO TLE 5 €v Tots ‘TepocoAvjous EvYTV extehotoa TO fea: TOUS yap 7 voow KaTaTOVvOU_LEVOUS 7" , tiaw GAAas dvdyKais 20s evyecbar mpo Tpia- KOVTAa HEp@v As aTodwoew pédAorev Pvaias olvov 314 7e adéEecbar Kai Evpyjcecfar' tas Kopas. a by Kal Tote TeAotoa Bepvixyn yupvorous te mpo Tod Brnuatos ixéreve tov DADpov, Kai mpos TH pH TuXev aidods adri* tov mepi tod Civ Kivduvov evrelpacev. 315 (2) Tatra pev ov exadendry pnvos Apte- ptotov ovvnvexOn, TH 5 emLovo7 TO jev 7iBos dreptabjoav ets THY dvw ovvéppevoev ayopayv Kal Boats é€aucious wept T@v atoAwAdTwv avwdupeTo' 70 TAéov 5€ Faav eis TOV DADpov éidBovor duwvat. 316 Tos 6 deicavtes ot SuvaTtol adv Tois dpxvepedow Tas eabitas mepieppy€avto, Kal mpoomimTovres éxaoTos® ed€ovT0 wavoacbae Kal 7) Tpos ols meTovOaow eis avijkeotov Te TOV DADpov epebilew. 317 émeiafn b€ To TAROos Taxé€ws aidot Te THY Tapa- Kadovvtwy Kal Kat éAmida tod prdev ETL Tov MABDpov eis adbrovs Tapavopncer. 318 (3) ‘O de aBeobeions tis Tapaxs 71x9er0 Kal madw avrny avayyar TpaypLaTevopevos TOUS Te apxlepeis adv Tols yrwpipois peTaTéumeTaL Kal povov é€dn teKpunpiov e€ceofar Tod pydev Ett TOV 1 Dindorf: tvpjcacAa (-lcacGac) Mss. 2 Destinon: at’riy mss. 3 VRC (Lat. ?): &xacz7os the rest. 2 A Nazirite vow, cf. Acts xxi. 23-26. Thirty days was 444 JEWISH WAR, II. 312-318 they would have killed her also, had she not hastened to seek refuge in the palace, where she passed the night surrounded by guards, dreading an attack of the troops. She was visiting Jerusalem to discharge a vow to God; for it is customary for those suffering from illness or other affliction to make a vow to ab- stain from wine and to shave their heads during the thirty days preceding that on which they must offer sacrifices. These rites Bernice was then undergoing, and she would come barefoot before the tribunal and make supplication to Florus, without any respect being shown to her, and even at the peril of her life. (2) These events took place on the sixteenth of the month Artemisius. On the following day the multitude, overcome with distress, flocked to the upper agora, uttering terrific lamentations for the dead, but the shouts of imprecation upon Florus pre- ponderated. Alarmed at this outburst, the leading men and the chief priests rent their clothes and, falling at the feet of one after another of the mob, implored them to desist, and not to provoke Florus, after all they had endured, to some new and irre- parable outrage. The multitude promptly complied, alike out of respect for their petitioners, and in the hope that Florus would spare them further enormities. (3) The procurator was vexed at the extinction of the tumult, and, with the object of relighting the flames, sent for the chief priests and leading citizens and told them that the people had but one way of proving that they intended to refrain from any the period of purification prescribed by the school of Shammai for Nazirites completing a vow in Palestine; the school of Hille] was apparently more severe (Mishna, Nasir, iii. 6, quoted by Schiirer). ®’ According to Niese’s calculation. 445 3 June 66 a.D.® Mournin the Jews Florus brings t\ cohorts from Caesarea JOSEPHUS Sjov vewTepicew, et mpoeABovtes travTicovow tois amo Katoapeias aviotow otpatiwitais’ Tapeyi- 319 vovto d€ dvo ometpar. tav 8 Ett ovyKadovvTwv to TAnGos mporrepipas dued7jAov Tois THY oTeipav EKOTOVTApyoOls, OTwWs TapayyeiAwow Tois td €auTovs p7TE avracrdcacbat TOUS Tovdaious, Kav TL Kar’ avrob PbeyEwvrar xpycacbar Tots 320 ozAats. ot 5° apxvepets els TO tepov THY 7Anfov auvayayovtes UravTav tots “Pwyalous mapexadovv Kal mpo avynKéatouv mafous Tas omeipas de€vodobar. TOUTOLS TO oTaca@des _ ameter, Kal dua TOUS dmoAwAoras TO mAnUos EppeTev mpos Tovs Bpacv- TEpous. 321 (4) “Evéa o7 Tas pev lepevs mas 8° danpeTns Tob Geod Ta ayia oKevy TpoKopiaavTes Kal TOV KOopov, ev a) Aettoupyeiv eGos TV avrois, ava- AaBdvres, KiBaporal te Kai duvwdol peta TOV Opyavwv mpocémimtov Kal KkarTqv7Bodouv puddga TOV lepov KOopoV avTois Kal p71) TpOosS dpmayny 322 trav Getwv KeynAtay | ‘Pawpatous épeBicar. TOUS 5° dpyxepets adtovs Hv idelv KaTapwpyevous pev THs Kedadjs Koviv,’ yupvovs b€ Ta aTépva TOV eobntwy dueppyypéevwv.? dvoyacri 6 ExaoTov TaV yrwpiuwv Kal Kown To mAnOos ix€revov py ov edaxtorys TAnppeAetas mpododva TI mar pida 323 tots em Bupobow mopUjca. Tiva yap. 7) «Tots otpatuntais dépew wdéAccav tov amo ‘lovdaiwyv aoracpov 7 di0pbwow adtois THv cupPePyKoTwv 32470 pur) vov mpoeAOetv; et dé 87 Se€usoawto Tovs 1 LVRC (ef. § G01): ri Keparny xdvee PAM. 2 repeppnyuérwy LVRC. 446 JEWISH WAR, II. 318-324 further revolutionary proceedings, namely to go out and meet the troops coming up from Caesarea—two cohorts being at the time on their way. Then, while and sends the leaders were still convening the people for the Lacan purpose, Florus sent word to the centurions of the instruc- cohorts to instruct their men not to return the salute “°"~ of the Jews, and if they uttered a word in disparage- ment of himself, to make use of their arms. The chief priests, meanw hile, having assembled the multitude in the temple, exhorted them to meet the The priest advancing Romans and to prevent any irremediable 478°. th° disaster by giving a courteous reception to the submit. cohorts. To this advice the factious party refused to listen, and the crowd, influenced by their memory of the fallen, inclined to the bolder policy. (4) Then it was that every priest and every minister of God, bearing in procession the holy vessels and wearing the robes in which they were wont to per- form their priestly offices, the harpers also and the choristers with their instruments, fell on their knees and earnestly implored the people to preserve for them these sacred ornaments, and not to provoke the Romans to pillage the treasures of the house of God. Even the chief priests might then have been seen heaping dust upon their heads, their breasts bared, their vestments rent. They appealed by name to each of the notables individually and to the people as a whole not, by offending in so trifling a matter, to deliver up their country to those who were eager to sack it. “ After all,” they asked, “ what would the troops profit by receiving a salute from the Jews? What reparation for past events would they themselves obtain by now refusing to go out? If, on the contrary, they welcomed these new-comers 44,7 JOSEPHUS Tpoovovras ws €fos, DAdpw peév dmoxomjcecbat Thv adoppnv Tob moA€pov, Kepdjoew 8 avrovs THY TaTpioa Kat TO pndev mrableitv mA€ov. GaAAws Te Kat TO meifecfar oracialovaw dXLyous, Sdéov avTovs Sjmov ovTas ToooUTov avvavayKalew Ka- Kelvous ouvevyvwpoveiy,’ Sewhs aKpacias elvar. 395 (5) Tovrois petdtcoduevor TO AABos aya Kal TGV oTacvaoTéy oUs pev ametAais, ovs be aidot Karéorethav. ETTELTA. eEnyoupevor pel? jouxtas Te Kal Kogpov Tots OTpaTisTaus baiyrev Kal mAnoiov yevouevous otacavTo’ Tav bé pnodev amTokpwapevwy of otaciactal DAdpov KateBowr. 396 TOOT «Hv ovvOnua Kat abt@v dedopevov- adtixa yoov ot oT para au TEPLOXOVTES avTovs €7aLoVv Eviows, Kal pevyovras ot innets KaTaOusKovTEs ouvemdrovv. eximtov dé moMot pev b70 ‘Pw- paiwy tumTopevor, mAelous 8 tm’ aAAjAwy Pra- 327 Coevor. Sewods Sé€ Tepl Tas mUAas WHopos jy, Kal pbdvew ExdoTou amevoovtos Bpadutépa pev 7; guy) 7aow eyiveTo, tav b€ adadévtwy amwdeva Sewn mvuyopevor yap Kal KAdrevor 7A Gee TOV em BawwovT ww npavilorto, Kal ovde Tpos TadyL 328 TUS yveipipos ois idlous katedetmeTo. ouveElo: émimtov? d€ Kal oTpaTiaTau matovres avedyv Tove. xatadapBavopevous kat dua tis Beleba xadov}). pevnjs avewbouvv To mAiGos, Bralopevor TapeNBeti by Kal Kparfjoa Tod Te tepod Kal tis ’Avtwvias}y, 1 cuvevdamuovety PAL. 2 Bekker: ouvérimroy mss. ¢ Or ‘‘ New city,’’ the northernmost suburb, includes within the unfinished wall of Agrippa I (B. y. 151 ff.). 448 JEWISH WAR, II. 324-328 with their customary courtesy, they would cut away from Florus all ground for hostilities and gain for themselves their country and freedom from further molestation. And then, above all, what utter feeble- ness it showed to be guided by a handful of rebels, when they ought instead with their numerous body to coerce even these malcontents to join in their own rational policy ! ”’ (5) By these remonstrances they succeeded in soothing the multitude, while they quelled the rebels partly by menaces, partly by appealing to their feel- ings of respect. Then, taking the lead, they ad- vanced in quiet and orderly fashion to meet the troops, and on the approach of the latter saluted them. The cohorts making no response, the rebels started clamouring against Florus. This was the given signal for falling upon the Jews. In an instant the troops were round them, striking out with their clubs, and on their taking flight the cavalry pursued and trampled them under their horses’ feet. Many fell beneath the blows of the Romans, a still larger number under the pressure of their own companions. Around the gates the crush was terrible; as each strove to pass in first, the flight of all was retarded, and dreadful was the fate of any who stumbled ; suffocated and mangled by the crowds that trod them down, they were obliterated and their bodies so dis- figured that their relatives could not recognize them to give them burial. The troops pushed in with the fugitives, mercilessly striking anyone who fell into their hands, and so thrust the crowd back through the quarter called Bezetha,* trying to force their way through and occupy the temple and the castle of VOL. II Q 449 Receptiot of the cohorts: a fresh collision, JOSEPHUS Ov Kat DAdpos epuepevos efijye THs BaodtKis avAjs Tovs adv atlT@ Kal Tpos TO Ppovpiov edbeiv 329 nywvileto. Sujpaprev ye pny tis emBoArjjs 6 yap O7pLos GVTLK pus ematpagels elpyev TH opuyv, Kai dvactavtes emt TOV Tey@v Tovs ‘Pw- pLatous éBaMov. KATaTOvoU}LEvoU dé tots Urrepbev BéXcow Kat diaxdysar TO Tovs oT EvwTrovs euppatar mAnG0s acbevicavtes, avexuwpovv els TO TpOs Tots Bao.relots otpatomedov. 330 (6) Ot 8€ oracworat Sdelcavtes pr madw ezeAbwv 6 DABpos Kpatyen Tod tepod dia THs "Avtwwvias, dvaBdvres evléws Tas auvexets aTods 331 TOD ‘epob mpos thy *Avtwriav biéxoway. TOOT egvéev tHv DAwpov mAcoveEiavy THY yap Tob feod Onoavpav éediepevos Kai 1a Todto mapeAbeiv emBupav ets THY “Avtwviay, Ws ameppaynoav at oToal, THY opp dvetpamn, Kal petarrepipdpevos ToUs TE apyxlepets Kai THY Bovdrjy atros pev efvevau Tijs To\ews edy, ppovpav 8 éyxaradeipery 332 avTots Gon dy afiiowow. Tav d€ TavTa TeEpl aodaXelas Kal Tod pydev vewTepicew troaxope- vw, et play avrots kaTaneizou ometpay, pt) pev- TOL TH paxecaperny, mpos yap tavTny dmexOas du a = mémovbev Exew TO 7AjBos, adAaéas tiv o7eipav, ws ngtovr, peta tHS Aown7As Suvdpews breotpepev eis Karodpecav. 333 (xvi. 1) ‘Erépay 6€ émBodAjv® tO modduw mopilouevos eméoteAAey Keotiw “lovdaiwy azo- 1 L Lat.: éiSovd7s the rest. 2 rhs opuns P: om. Lat. 3 ér:Bovkiv PAM and second hand of L. * i.e. the cohort which Florus himself had brought into the city (§ 296) and which had sacked the Upper Market. 450 a2 Fa => FS SS st SS Ss lS lee lh SOS Se ee ee i Ma JEWISH WAR, II. 328-333 Antonia. Florus, with the same object in view, led his men out from the court of the palace and struggled to reach the fortress. But he was foiled in this purpose ; for he found himself faced by the people, who turned upon him and checked his advance, while others, posting themselves along the roofs, kept the Romans under continuous fire. Overwhelmed by the missiles from above and incapable of cutting their way through the crowds that blocked the narrow alleys, the soldiers beat a retreat to their camp adjoining the palace. (6) Fearing, however, that Florus might return to The Jews the attack and capture the temple by way of the Sorieses fortress Antonia, the Jewish revolutionaries instantly aes mounted the porticoes which connect the two build- ings and cut the communication. This manceuvre cooled the cupidity of Florus; for it was God’s treasures that he coveted and that had made him so eager to reach Antonia, and now that the porticoes were broken down, his ardour was checked ; he sent for the chief priests and the council, and told them that he intended to quit the city, but would leave Florus them whatever garrison they desired. In reply, they Sernsalew undertook to maintain perfect order and to prevent any revolution, provided that he left them a single cohort, but not the one which had fought,” as the people bore it a grudge on account of what they had suffered from it. He, accordingly, changed the cohort, as they requested, and with the remainder of his forces returned to Caesarea. (xvi. 1) With a view to providing further ground Cestius for hostilities, Florus now sent a report to Cestius, 3433" ’ p 0 Les 2 emissary investigat Florus leaves one of the two cohorts which had just arrived the positi from Caesarea. 451 JOSEPHUS / > \ 7 , oTaow Katawevdopmevos, THv TE apynY THS paxns ~ ~ 5 , e mepifeis avtois, Kai Spadcar A€ywv eExelwous 4 , b) \ 399 ¢ ~ € , meTovbecav. ov pry ovd ot tav ‘lepocoAvpwv »” 2 ¥~ > > ? , \ , apxovtes eatynoav, add’ avto. te Kat Beprixn ba , as. A > A , , t@ Keotiw rept wv DAdpos els THY TOAW Tapyvo- ” e ‘ ‘ > > - > \ 334 unoev eypadov. o d€ Ta map apdow avayvods a 5 a > peTa TOV Tye“ovwy eBovdeveTo. Tois pev ovv > ‘ ~ > ‘ avtov' edoxer Kéotiov peta otpatias avaBatvew > “ 7] TyLwpNoCMEVvov THY amOGTAGW, EL yeyovev, 7 > A BeBarotépovs Kataotycovta “lovdatovs Kat ovp- , ~ ~ e / pevovtas, att@ b€ mpomeua®? Tov eTaipwv Tov \ , , KaTackepouevov Ta TpayywaTa Kat Ta dpovypata 335 TOv “lovéaiwy muot@s avayyeAodvta. méutrer 87° my y , a > \ ~ Twa Tov xtAiapywv NeazoXitavov,* os amo Tis ’"AreEavdpelas tbroatpedovte Tepitvxav “Aypinzahy t@ Baowret cata “Idpveray tov te meppavta Kai Tas aitias ed7jAwoev. 336 (2) "EvOa Kat “lovdaiwy of te apytepets ayo tois dvvatois Kai 7 BovdAn mapyv deEvovupervyn Tor Bactkéa. peta S€ THY Els Exeivov BDepametay az- wdvpovTo Tas €avT@v auudopas Kat tHv DAdpor 337 SueEjecavy wuoTnTa. mpos Hv nyavaKter pel "Aypinmas, otpatnyika@s be tHv opynv ets ov: nage “lovdaious petédepev, tamewodv attadv Bov Adpevos Ta Ppovipwata Kal TH py SoKeiv adikw: 338 Te mabeiv THs auvyns aToTpeTWY. OL pEV OU, uw 1 LC: avréy the rest: om. Lat. 2 P: +7.a the rest. 3 Cardwell: 6é or ofv 6% mss. * Neowo\cravov here and below VRC (as in Vita 121), 452 JEWISH WAR, II. 333-338 falsely accusing the Jews of revolt, representing them as the aggressors in the recent fighting, and charging them with crimes of which in fact they were the sufferers. However, the magistrates of Jerusalem, on their side, did not remain silent : they, too, wrote to Cestius, as did also Bernice, on the subject of the iniquities perpetrated upon the city by Florus. Cestius, having read the dispatches from both parties, took counsel with his officers. They were of opinion that Cestius should go up in person to Jerusalem with an army, either to punish the authors of the revolt, if it was a fact, or to confirm the Jews in their allegiance, if they still remained loyal to Rome. The governor, however, decided first to send one of his colleagues to investigate the position of affairs and to present a faithful report to him of the temper of the Jews. He accordingly dispatched the tribune Neapolitanus, who fell in at Jamnia® with king Agrippa Agrippa as he was returning from Alexandria, and yturns nformed him who it was that had sent him on this nission and what was its object. (2) To Jamnia also came the chief priests of the Inquiry of Jews, the leading citizens and the council, to welcome jh"; the king. After paying homage to him, they pro- Jerusalem seeded to deplore the calamities which had befallen them and to recount the brutalities of Florus. Agrippa was indignant at their narrative, but diplo- natically turned his resentment upon the Jews whom at heart he pitied, wishing to humiliate their pride and, by appearing to disbelieve that they had deen at all ill-treated, to divert them from revenge. @ Jamnia (Yebnah) in Philistia not being on the direct -oute to Jerusalem from Caesarea (or Antioch), it is supposed chat Neapolitanus went out of his way to meet Agrippa. 453 339 340 341 JOSEPHUS n“” »” ” ‘ A ‘ ¢ ~ , dv ovtes exxpitor. Kat bia Tas €avT@v KTHoEIs erBupobdvtes elpyvyns, avviecav edvoikny tiv émt- ~ / e A ~ b ~ ¢ mAn—w Tod BactAéws: o be SHpuos ex THY ‘lepogo- / > A e / \ / 5] ~ Avpwv emi €EjKovta mpoeAGav otadiovs edeEvodro tov *“Aypimmav xat tov NeamoXitavov. éxudKvov d€ Kal 7 Ov dameapaypevov at yuvaikes mpoek- Géovoa, Kal 7pos THY TOUT UW olen ny 0 Simos els ododuppovs Tpamopevos e7LKOUpELY TOV ’Aypi- mav ikétevev, Tov te NeamoXitavod KateBowv ooa / ¢ A / ‘ ~ > A mabouev v70 Drdpov, Kal mapehFobaw ets THY moAw THY TE d-yopav Tpnpcopevay émedelKVUCGY Kal memopOnuevas Tas oikias. emeira bu ’Aypinza meiGovot tov NeamoXvtavov adv évi Oepdzovre mepieAfety expt TOD LiAwa THY TOAW, Wa wa > / 7 A »” ¢ ’ A Iovdaious tots pev adAdAos “Pwpyatos azacw ” / > > / / > eikovtas, povw 8 amexbavouevovs Prvipw 6. od > ¢ > bmepBoAny THs els atbrovs wudTnTos. oO 8 ws ~ € »” ~ / diodevoas meipav ikavyv eAaBev tis mpadrntos avt@v, els TO lepov avaBaiver. evOa ovyKadéoas To TAAOos, Kat moAAa pev els TioTW avTovs THV ‘ ¢ / > / ‘ \ > \ ~ mpos “Payalous émawéoas, moAAa de els TO THpEtv THV elpyvnv mpoTpedyevos Kat Tov Geod mpoc- ~ > Kuvnoas lev eEnv 7a ayia, mpos Keéoriov eravyet. 4 \ ~ ~ > / b] / A (3) 0 be 7A7Gos TOV lovdatew emi Te TOV Baowréea KaL TOUS apyxLepets TpamrojLevov Te pTTeWV Kara DAcwpov mpéapers 7g tov mpos Népwva Kat 1) owwi@vtas émi tooottw dovw Katadrretiv - \ €autois tmdvoiav amootacews: dSo0kfew yap avroi * The pool of Siloam at the south-east extremity of the city. > i.e. without passing the stone balustrade or parapet (Spigaxros, soreg), which separated the outer from the inner 454 JEWISH WAR, II. 338-342 They indeed, being men of position, and as owners: of property desirous of peace, understood the benevolent intention of the king’s reprimand. But the people of Jerusalem also came out to a distance of sixty furlongs from the city to weleome Agrippa and Neapolitanus ; the widows of the slain ran on in advance uttering piercing cries, and to their shrieks the people responded with lamentations, entreating Agrippa to succour them, and loudly declaiming to Neapolitanus all that they had suffered from Florus. When they entered the city the Jews showed them the agora a scene of desolation, and the houses ‘plundered. Then, through the agency of Agrippa, they induced Neapolitanus to make the tour of the city as far as Siloam,? with a single attendant, in order to assure himself that the Jews were duly subordinate to all the Roman officials, Florus alone excepted, whom they hated for the excessive cruelty with which he had treated them. Having traversed the city and satisfied himself as to the amenable temper of the inhabitants, Neapolitanus went up to the Temple. Here he called the multitude together, highly commended them for their loyalty to the Romans and earnestly exhorted them to keep the peace; then, after paying his devotions to the sanctuary of God from the permitted area,’ he returned to Cestius. (3) The Jewish populace now turning to the king and the chief priests pressed them to send an embassy to Nero to denounce Florus, and not to remain silent after so frightful a massacre, thereby leaving the Jews under the suspicion of revolt ; as they would be court, entry to the latter being forbidden to Gentiles under pain of death (B. v. 193 f.). 455 The citiz press for embassy Nero. 343 546 JOSEPHUS Katapéar T@v omAwy, Et 7) pbdcavres evdeiEawTo TOV kardp£avra. davepot 8 Hoav ovK TPERNOOVTES, ei Tv mpecBelav Tis dmoKwhvot." ’Aypimma de TO ev Xetporovety DAuwdpov KaTnyopous emipBovov, TO Trepudety Oe *Tovdatous eis mdAEuov expuTtt- ofevras odd? att AvaiteAes KatedatveTo. mpoa- kaheodpevos de els TOV Svorov To mAnBos Kat TapacTnadevos ev meplomt@ THv ad The Xystus, perhaps the gymnasium originally built by Jason (2 Mace. iv. 9), was a place of exercise, apparently mainly open to the air, with ‘* polished ’’ filag-stones from which it took its name. Its exact position is uncertain; it seems to have lain on the lower slopes of the western hill (the upper city) above the Tyropoeon valley, which separated the west and the east hills, or (G. A. Smith) in the valley itself. The palace of the Hasmonaeans was to the west of it, higher up the western hill; in this palace Agrippa I had 456 — |=. we os = On ~ \ / ar 8. KakoBovAlas ot ayaboi mapamoAatvcwow, wHOnv A - dae, | \ ~ > A deity emt TO alto mavTas buds cuvayayuyv eimeiv / / 347 a vouilw ovudepew. OopvByjon 5é€ por poets, >A \ \ \ ¢ A > A 4 > Eav [47) TA TPOs 7OOVIV akOUy* Tols pEeV yap aVvy- K€OTWS ETL THY ATOCTACW wp_NLEevols EveoTL Kal \ \ > \ / b) \ A > A A peTa THY e€ury Tapaiveow tatta dpovetv, euot de / \ A \ > / > / -¢ / duatinre: Kal mpos Tovs axovew eUéAovras 6 Adyos, >\ 4 \ / e / / > \ 348 €ay 47) Tapa TavTWY Tovxla yévyTat. olda pev > a \ \ > ~ ] / o \ otv ott moAAol Tas ex THY emiTpoOTWY UBpets Kal A ~ ,’ Ul > / ~ >? 4A Ta THS EAevfepias eyKuwpia Tpaywootaw, eyw \ \ > / / » / > ~ de mpw e€eralew tives ovtes Tiow émuyepetre ~ ~ / \ \ ~ ToAewetv, mp@tov dialevEw tHv ovpytAoKny TaV / > \ \ > /, \ > ~ 349 mpodacewy. et ev yap aptveabe Tous adukobvTas, / f \ > / > \ \ , Tt ceuvtvete THv eAcvbepiav; «i 5€ TO dovAcvew > / e ~ \ ‘ \ ¢ / ¢ adopytov ayelabe, mEpiaar mpos Tovs TyELovas 7) pews’ Kal yap ekelvwy peTtpialovTwy aicypov 350 ouolws To SovAcvew. oKomeite 5€ Kal Kal” Exa- / ” ~ ~ OTOv TOUTWY Ws EOTW puLKpa TOD TOAc~EY 7) U7TO- feos, Kal TpOTa ye TA THY EmiTpOTIWY eyKATpaTa. 4 / > > , A A > / Gepavevew yap, ovK epeBilew ypn Tas e€ovotas: ¢ \ ~ ~ ¢ / \ > 351 orav d€ THY puKkp@v apaprnudtwy tovs e€ovet- A ~ / > e ~ \ digpovs mowmobe preyddAovs, Kal’ éavta@v ods 458 JEWISH WAR, II. 346-351 perhaps avarice and the prospect of enriching them- selves at the expense of the weak in the event of a general convulsion, I, in order to bring these mis- guided persons to reason and a better frame of mind, and to prevent virtuous citizens from reaping the consequences of the errors of a few, have thought it my duty to call you all together and to tell you what I conceive to be to your interest. If my remarks are not to the liking of any of my audience, pray let him not create a disturbance. For those who have irre- vocably determined to rebel will still be at liberty, after my exhortation, to retain their sentiments ; but my words will be lost even upon those who are anxious to hear them, unless you all give me a quiet hearing. ‘Now, I know that there are many who wax Your — eloquent on the insolence of the procurators and DO ; pronounce pompous panegyrics on liberty ; but, for mixed. my part, before examining who you are and who are this people whom you are undertaking to fight, I would first consider apart two distinct pretexts for hostilities which have been confused. For, if your object is to have your revenge for injustice, what good is it to extol liberty? If, on the other hand, it is servitude which you find intolerable, to complain of your rulers is superfluous; were they the most considerate of men, servitude would be equally disgraceful. “Consider then these arguments apart and how (i) Your weak, on either ground, are your reasons for going to See war ; and first the charges against the procurators. individua The powers that be should be conciliated by flattery, aie not irritated; when you indulge in exaggerated »otJustit es re war with | “eproaches for minor errors, you only Injure your- Rome. 459 JOSEPHUS , , b) / A , ‘ / overoiCopevous ameAeyxete, Kal mapévtes TO Adbpa Kal eT aldods tas BAamtew ropfoiar davepdas. ovoev b€ ovTws Tas mAnyas ws TO dépew ava- atéANeL, Kal TO THY adiKovpévwv avytov Tots 352 adikodor yiverar Siatpomn. dépe 8 eivar Tods ¢ »” Pwpatwy tanpétas avynKéotws yxadeTovs: ovmw ‘Pwyatot mavtes adixotow studs ovde Kaicap, ‘ a o” 1 ‘ , 291 \ > m™pos ous altpeofe’ tov modAepov: otdé yap e€€ > ~ evToAjs KEL TIS TOVNnpos am éeKelvwv, ovde \ e ‘ A > \ e > > e / > , Tovs vU7o Tv avaToAny ot ad éamépas emBre- > > 393 5 / / \ >’ ~ > A movow: aAd’ ovd’ axovew Taxéws Ta evTeddev Exel ~ ts »” A 4 > a 7 ‘ ‘ 353 paduov. atomov dé Kal dv eva moAdois Kai da puukpas aitias TtHAtKoUTo.s Kal pndé ywaocKovow 3544 peudopucba Tohepety. Kat TOV ev TLETEpWV eyKAnudrov Taxeta yevour” av lal d.dpwors: ovre yap 0 avtos emizpoTos prevet® dua TavTos, Kal Tous dvadeEopevous eikds eAetceabar weTpiwTtépous: / > a ‘\ /, *” 9 > / kw7bevta 8 anak tov moAepov ovr’ amobéabar es / ~ »” / > ‘ \ pdd.ov diya ovudopady otre Baoralew. aAAa piv TO _ve vov eAevfepias em Bupuety awpov, d€ov b7rEp TOD pide amoBadeiv avTny aywvrilecbar TporeEpov. e 7 yap Tetpa THs dovietas xaher, Kal Tepl TOU 356 7d” apacbar TavTys 6 ayav dikatos: 6 8 anak xeipwbets, ETTELTO. apvoTapevos, avdadys BobAds €oTu, ov diredevbepos. TOTE TOLyapouv ExpH Trav" bmep Too p71) beEacbar ‘Pwyatovs mrovely, 357 or <* evreBawev THs xwpas Tlopa7vos. aAN’ ot per nuetepow® mpdoyovo. Kai ot Baoireis atta, Kai 1 Cobet (cf. e.g. B. ii. 638): aipetce mss. 2 om. PAL. 3 uéve PAL. 4 tt7hv apxny MVRC. 5 iuérepox AL Lat. [ow] or fai] * Or “turns the wrongdoer aside.” 400 JEWISH WAR, IT. 351-357 selves by your denunciation of those whom you incriminate ; instead of maltreating you, as before, in secret and with a sense of shame, they will now despoil you openly. There is nothing to check blows like submission, and the resignation of the wronged victim puts the wrongdoer to confusion.* Granted that the Roman ministers are intolerably harsh, it does not follow that all the Romans are unjust to you any more than Caesar ; yet it is against them, against him, that you are going to war. It is not by their orders that an oppressive governor comes from them to us, and they cannot see in the west their officers in the east; it is not easy even promptly to hear yonder the news from these parts. How absurd it were, because of one man to make war on a whole people, for trifling grievances to take arms against so mighty a power, which does not even know the nature of our complaints! The wrongs which we lay to their charge may be speedily rectified ; for the same procurator will not remain for ever, and it is probable that the successors of this one will show _ greater moderation on taking office. But war once set on foot cannot be lightly either broken off or carried through without risk of disaster. “ Passing to your present passion for liberty, I say (i) Your that it comes too late. The time is past when you Paneer ought to have striven never to lose it. For servitude ence is is a painful experience and a struggle to avoid it once °°“ for all is just ; but the man who having once accepted the yoke then tries to cast it off is a contumacious slave, not a lover of liberty. There was, to be sure, a time when you should have strained every nerve to keep out the Romans; that was when Pompey invaded this country. But our forefathers and their 461 358 JOSEPHUS Xpjuaow Kal oopacw Kal poxais dyuewvov bya TOMG dvaKelpwevot, mos Hotpav oXrtynv Tips “Pw- patev Suvdpews ovK avTéayov' vets S€ Of TO pev imaKkovew €k dvadoxijs mapetAngpotes, Tots m™pdy- pacw b€ TeV T puta draKovodvTwy TOGOUTOV eAatrovpevot, mpos oAnv avOicracbe 7H “Pewpaton Hyewoviav; Kat “AOnvator pev ot mept Tis TOV “EA ijvew eAevbepias TapadovTes TmoTe Kal Tupt 7Hv TOAW, ot Tov vmepydavoyv Bépénv bia vis 7evoavra Kal O.a Gadrdoans odcVoavTa Kal 17) XwpoupLevov jev Tots meAdyeow, mharurepay dé Tijs Evpwans THY OTpaTLaV adyovra, ota Oparerny €ml judas vEews Oustavres, mept d€ TH opiKpa Ladapiv. tiv tToca’tnv “Aciav KAdoavtes viv SovAevovaw ‘Pawpatow, Kat THY Hyewovida Tis ‘EAAddos zoAw d1oixet Ta amo THs *ItaXias mpoc- jj s mp 359 Taypata. Aaxedaynovioe be peta OeppomvAas / 4 \ \ A > \ > , kai IlAatatas Kat tov epevyyoavta zHv “Aciav >] / > ~ ‘ ~] \ , ‘ 360 Aynotdaov ayam@ow tovs abtovs deamdrTas, Kal Maxedoves ete davtalopevor Didiwmov Kat rH ovv “AreEdvdpw Tapac7etpovaay" avTots T7V Tis oikoupevns TyEpoviay opavres, dépovow tiv Tooav- THY petaBodny Kal 7pos ous peTaBeByKev 7 TUXN mpookuvovaw dAAa te €Ov7 pupta 7Actovos ye- jovTa mpos é€Aevlepiav Tappnotas ELKEL. povot 5 tycts ado€eire SovAcvew ois broTéTaKTAL Ta TAVTA; 1 Dindorf’s conjecture zapacraipovcay is unnecessary ; the noun 7réxyv must be understood, but need not be inserted, as it is by Destinon. Alluding to the canal of Athos and the bridge across the Héiicipont. > His campaigns in Asia against Tissaphernes and Phar- 462 JEWISH WAR, II. 357-361 kings, though in wealth and in vigour of body and soul far your superiors, yet failed to withstand a small fraction of the Roman army ; and will you, to whom thraldom is hereditary, you who in resources fall so far short of those who first tendered their submission, will you, I say, defy the whole Roman empire ? ‘“ Look at the Athenians, the men who, to maintain Many er the liberty of Greece, once consigned their city to S{tes he the flames; the men before whose pursuit the Rome: haughty Xerxes, who navigated the land and trod “ 4‘ the sea,* Xerxes for whom the deep was too narrow and whose army overflowed Europe, fled like a fugitive slave on a single galley ; the men who, off the coast of little Salamis, broke the immense might of Asia. Those men today are the servants of the Romans and the city that was queen of Greece is governed by orders from Italy. Look at the Lace- () spar daemonians : after Thermopylae and Plataea, after Agesilaus the explorer of Asia,® they are content to serve the same masters. Look at the Macedonians, (c) Mace who still cherish Philip in their imagination, still have before their eyes the vision of her ° who with Alex- ander scattered broadcast for them the seeds of the empire of the world; yet they submit to endure such a reversal of fate and bow before those to whom Fortune has transferred her favours. Myriads of other nations, swelling with greater pride in the assertion of their liberty, have yielded. And will you alone disdain to serve those to whom the universe is subject ? nabazus in 396-394 B.c. were cut short by his recall to war at home. ¢ The goddess Fortune. 463 362 363 364 366 JOSEPHUS U ‘ @ ~ mola oTpatia, molois memoores OmAots; mov ‘ e 5A € - 6 A / ‘ ‘Pp , A pev 6 atoAos bytv dtadnwopevos tas “Pwyaiwv Ga- = > e = > - ’ Adcoas; mod & of tats éemBodais e€apKéaovtes ‘ > »” Onaavpol; mpos Atyumtious apa Kat zpos “ApaBas -~ , oieaGe Kweiv tov moAenov; od mepioxepeobe THY ‘Pwyatwy yyepoviay; od peTproeTe THY e€auvTa@v aobéverav ; o¥ Ta prev HéTEpa' Kal THY TpocoiKwy > 7 e , / e 4 > U > \ ‘ eOvav yr778n moAAdKis, 4 S€ Exetvwr taxvs bia = ’ ~ \ THS olkovpevys avikntos; padAdov d€ Kat TavTys elytnodav tt mA€ov. od yap e€npKecev avtots dpos* Etdparns imo tiv avatoAjv, ovtd€ Tav mpoc- , c ~ apxtiwy o “lotpos, 4 Te pweonuppwh pexpt TH > , > - , ‘ , ‘ dourjtwy eépevynfetca AiBin Kat Tdderpa zpos ‘ e €o7épav, aA trep wrKeavov etepay elytnoav ‘ ~ OikKOoUvmEeVHVY KOL EXPL THY avioTOpyTWwY TpoTEpoV - = - Bpettavav dijveyxav ta OmAa. Th ovv; dtpeis mAovaiwwtepo. Tadatav, toxupotepor Teppavav, “EdAjvwv avvetoitepot, mAelous Tav Kata TH , \ ~ oikoupevny e€aTe TavTWY; TL TO TETTOLBOS Dyas = a> *€ , > , \ ‘ , kava ‘Pwyaiwy émaiper; yaderov to dovAcvew, = =~ ° = | €pet Tis. moow paAdov “EAAnow, ot tav bd’ HAiw mavTWwY TpovxovTes eEVyeveia® Kal TOGaUTHV ve- U / a e ’ e Ul £4 popevor xwpav €€ ‘Pwyaiwy treikovaw paBdors, e ~ tocavtais b€ Kai Maxeddves oft Sixarorepov tyudv odetAovtes €Aevfepias avtizoeicbar. ti 8 ai 1 juérepa MLC Lat. 2 Niese, Destinon : éXos mss. > rpotxovres evyeveia P: mpovxew evyeveia doxotvres Kai bvTes A: tpotxyew evyeveia (or ety. tpovx.) doxobvres the rest. ° The Danube. > Greek **Gadeira”’; Cadiz. 464 JEWISH WAR, II. 361-366 “What are the troops, what is the armour, on which you rely ? Where is your fleet to sweep the Roman seas? Where is your treasury to meet the cost of your campaigns ? Do you really suppose that you are going to war with Egyptians or Arabs? Will you shut your eyes to the might of the Roman empire and refuse to take the measure of your own weakness? Have not our forces been constantly defeated even by the neighbouring nations, while theirs have never met with a reverse throughout the whole known world? Nay, even that world has not sufficed for their ambition. For, not content with having for their frontiers on the east the Euphrates, on the north the Ister,* on the south Libya explored into desert regions, on the west Gades,? they have sought a new world beyond the ocean and carried their arms as far as the Britons, previously unknown to history. I ask you, then, are you wealthier than the Gauls, stronger than the Germans, more intelligent than the Greeks, more numerous than all the peoples of the world? What is it which inspires you with confidence to defy the Romans ? “ “Tt is hard to serve,’ you will tell me. How much harder for Greeks who, though noblest of all races under the sun and occupants of so vast a Contrast your lack resources with the might of t Roman Empire. Other nations besides Greece an Macedon territory, are yet subservient to six rods of a Roman have bow magistrate*! A like number suffices to curb the Macedonians,? who with better right than you might claim their liberty. And then the five hundred cities ¢ The lictor’s fasces. Achaea, since 27 B.c. (except under Tiberius, when it was an imperial province, and for a short period under Nero, when Greece was proclaimed free) was a senatorial province governed by a proconsul of praetorian rank, who was attended by six lictors. 4 Another senatorial province. 465 to Rome, 367 368 369 370 JOSEPHUS / a > U ‘ ’ / ~ mevtakooia THS “Actas zoAcis; ov diya dpoupas ~ ‘ éva mpookuvotow ye“ova Kal Tas wUmaTiKaS e7 / \ A / ‘H , ‘ K / paBdous ; ti xpr Aeyew “Hvioyous te kat KodAxous ~ - / ‘ Kal 70 T@v Tatpwrv dddov, Boomopavots te Kat 4 , ~ / A - / ” Ta meptoika Tod Ilovrov Kat tis Mauodtidos €Avn ; > > A map ols mpw pev ovd oiKelos eytyvwoKeETo ~ / c / / deamoTns, vov b€ TpicxtAtots omAitats tbroTao- ~ ‘ A ‘ GETAL, Kal TEGoapaKoVTA VHES pakpal THY mpW 5] / / dmAwtov Kal ayplav elpnvevovor Badacoav. moca r / ” BiOvvia Kai Kazzadoxia kai 70 Hapydidvov ebvos / / ‘ / e \ I] / »” Avxuit te Kai Kidixes trep éAevfepias Eexovtes > ~ A oe ~ / / : ~ eizeiv xwpis O7AwY PopodocyobvTat; Tidai; OpaKes ol mévTe prev edpos, Exta Se pyKos NuepOv ywpav \ ~ ~ / duecAndotes, TpaxuTepav Te Kat TOAAG THs ByweTEpas = ~ 4 oxupwrépav Kat Babet Kpupa@ todvs emioTtpatev- e / govras' avakomTovoay, ovyi bucytAlois ‘Pwpatwv e / ~ e > > ‘\ / > ‘ bmaKovovaw dpoupois; ot 8 azo tovtwv “lAAuvpioe Ul tHv pexpt AadApatias azotrenvopevny “lotpw Kat- = / otkobvtes, ov ducal povors Tadypacw vUmeElKovow, a 4 ~ e , pe? dv adtot tas Aax@v avaxomTovow oppuas ; e / , oi 5€ TooavTaKis mpos é€Acevbepiav avayaiticavTes , \ Aadwarat Kat mpos povov ae yxeipwlevtes TO 1 PL: émicrparevovras or -evcavras the rest. * The number agrees with that named by Philostratus (Lives of Sophists, ii. 1.4); the geographer Ptolemy reckons only 140 (Reinach). Asia was senatorial with a governor of consular rank. > The Colchians, of whom the Heniochi were a tribe, were settled on the east and south-east of the Black Sea. © Inhabiting the Taurie Chersonese, the modern Crimea. 4 The sea of Azov. 466 pe ow en ee Oe Se JEWISH WAR, II. 366-370 of Asia*?: do they not, without a garrison, bow before a single governor and the consular fasces ? Need I speak of the Heniochi. the Colchians,° the race of the Taurians,° the people of the Bos- phorus, the nations bordering on the Euxine and Lake Maeotis?? These peoples, who formerly recognized no master, not even one from their own ranks, are now in subjection to three thousand soldiers, while forty battle-ships bring peace to that once unnavigated and savage sea. What strong claims to liberty might be advanced by Bithynia, Cappadocia, the Pamphylian nation, Lycians and Cilicians ? Yet they pay their tribute without resort to arms.£ Then, what of the Thracians, who are spread over a country five days’ march in breadth and seven in length, a country more rugged and far stronger than your own, the rigour of whose icy climate repels an invader: do they not obey the orders of two thousand Roman guards?%’ The ‘Illyrians, their neighbours, who inhabit the region extending from Dalmatia to the frontier of the Ister, are they not kept in check by no more than two legions,” with whom they themselves unite to repel the incursions of the Dacians? The Dalmatians, too, who have so often reared their heads ¢ for liberty, ¢ The numbers of troops and ships here mentioned cannot be checked ; the military occupation of these districts appears to date from the annexation of the kingdom of Pontus on the deposition of Polemon Ec acp. 63: ? Or perhaps “ without constraint of arms ”’ (Reinach). * Detached from the two legions stationed in Moesia ; Thrace, after several risings, was finally converted into a Roman province in 46 a.p. » The two legions of Moesia (not Illyria) are intended: viz. VIII Augusta and VII Claudia (Tac. Hist. ii. 85). * Greek ‘‘ manes.”’ 467 (d) Asia, (e) Thrac (f) Myri (g)Dalmat JOSEPHUS ovAdeEdevor! THY loxvv 7aAw amooThvat, vov ovx 371 vg’ Evi 7 Tdypare ‘Papater novxltav ayovow ; adda unv el yé Twas els amdoTaow aperhov adoppat pHeydAa Tapogvveww, paAvora Daharas expiv, ToUs ouTws vm0 TIS gvoews TETELXLO[LEVOUS, e€ avatoAns pev tais "AAmeow, mpos apxtw dé “Prvw roTapa, peonufpwois d€ tots Ilupynvaiou opeow, wKeava@ 372 d6€ mpos dvoudv.2 adda Kaito. tyALKavdTa pev epkn mepibeBAnuevor, mévte SE Kal TpLAaKOGLOLS mAnBvovtes EOveaw, Tas b€ THYAS, Ws av TLS €i7OL, THs evdaipovias éemLXYwptous EXOVTES. Kal tots aya- Gois oxedov oAnv emuxdvlovres THY olKouperny, avéxovTat “Pewpatov mpoaodos 6 OvTES Kal TapLevd - 373 wevol Tap atvTa@v Ti olketay evdayoviay. Kal 7000” dmouévovew od da dpovnuatwv padaxkiav, ovoe bu” ayeveray, ot ye dujveyKav oydonKovra ery m70A€ELov viep THS eAevbeptas, a\Aa peta TIS Ourdpews ‘Pwyaiwy Kal THY TUX MY. KatamAayevTes, 7TLs avtois Katopfot mActova tav o7Awv. Tot- yapobv wvmo yiAlois Kal dtaKoGlols oTpaTWwTats dovAevovaw, wv oAlyou beiv mAElous Exovat TOAELs 374 ovde “IBypaw 6 yewpyovpevos ypuaos eis TOV UTmEL THs €Aevbepias éEnpkecev mdAcquov, odd€ TO TO- gotrov azo ‘Papaiwy ys Kat Paddoons didoTnpa 1 Text emended by Niese: pds 76 uédvov det yep. Tor cudXe€. MSS. 2 ducuais MVRC. * Apparently XI Claudia (cf. Tac. Hist. iii. 50). » 400 according to Appian, Celt. i. 2, 300 according tc Plutarch, Caes. 15; the ‘* nations’’ intended are the pagi o ‘ cantons,” a subdivision of the civitates (Reinach). ‘ From the campaign of M. Fulvius Flaccus (125 B.c.) which led to the foundation of the Provincia Narbonensis 468 JEWISH WAR, II. 370-374 whose constant defeats have only led them to muster their forces for a fresh revolt, do they not now live in peace under a single Roman legion 2 ? “‘ But if there is one people above all others which () caw should be tempted by its grand opportunities to raise the standard of revolt, it is surely the Gauls with their magnificent natural ramparts, on the east the Alps, on the north the river Rhine, on the south the chain of the Pyrenees, on the west the ocean. But, though encompassed by such formidable barriers, though swarming with a population of three hundred and five nations,®? possessing, so to say, in their native soil the springs of prosperity and irrigating well-nigh the whole world with the overflow of their products, the Gauls are yet content to be treated as a source _of revenue to the Romans and to have their own prosperous fortune meted out to them at their hands. ‘And this they tolerate, not from any lack of spirit or because they are an ignoble race, they who for full eighty years® fought for their independence, but because they are overawed at once by the power of Rome and by her fortune, which brings her more triumphs even than her arms. That is why they submit to the orders of twelve hundred soldiers,4 they who have cities enough almost to outmatch that number. Then the Iberians—neither the gold ( Spain which their soil produces, nor the vast extent of land and sea which separates them from the Romans, nor up to the end of Caesar’s campaigns was a period of about seventy-five years. ' 4 Two cohortes urbanae established at Lyons, one of which | (the eighteenth) is mentioned in Tac. Hist. i. 64, and the other (the seventeenth) in an inscription, Mommsen, Hermes, xvi. 645 (Reinach). * ** More than 800 cities” (App. Celé. i. 2; Plut. Caes. 15), 469 376 377 378 379 JOSEPHUS ~ / ~ \ / > 4 dovAa re AovoitavOv Kat Karvtafpwv apewana, ovdé yeitwv WKeavos doPepav Kal Tots emLywplots ” ’ / > , e \ \ ¢ / / aumwrw emaywv, add’ tréep tas “HpakdXetous o77)- > / \ il \ \ ~ J 4 Aas éxtelwavtes Ta OTAa Kat bia ved@v odev- \ ary oe \ , ? , cavtes Ta Ilupnvaiat Opn, Kat tovtous éedovAd- A > ~ cavto “Papator: dpovpa 8 WpKecev THV ovUTWS dvopaxywv Kal TOoOUTOY amwKLOL“EevWY EV Taya. Tis Du@v ovK akon mapetAndev to LTeppavadv ~ > \ \ \ \ / / mAnbos; aAKkjy pev yap Kat peyeln owpatwv » / A ~ A eldete Symov moAAakis, emet mavtaxod “Papator \ / > / A > > Tovs tTovTwv atxyuadwtovs Eexovow. add’ odror = f / ~ yiv ev arrepov vepopevor, peilw d€ TOV cwudarwv / \ \ \ €xovres Ta Ppovypata Kat THY ev pvy7jv Pavarov Katadpovotcav, Tovs de Fupots THY aypiwtatwv € ~ ~ ¢ ~ Ojpiwy oadodpotépovs, “Pivov tis opyys spov c / / €xovow Kat “Pwyatwy oxtw taypacw dapyalo- r / \ tA0 A 5 ¢ >] ~ pevor SovAevovow ev adcvtes, TO 8’ GAov adbrav EOvos duyn stacwleTar. oxéibacbe Sé€ Kal TO ~ ~ ¢ ~ ¢ Bpetrav@v tetyos ot tots “lepocoAvpwv teiyeow / metooTes* Kal yap ekelvous mepiBeBAnpévous WKeavov Kal THs Kal” 7UGs olkovupevyns ovdK eAdc- cova viaov olkotvtas mAevoavtes edovAWcavTo ‘Pwyaior, tésoapa de Taypata TV TocavTHY ~ / A , ~ \ / 7 pioov duvAdacer. Kat Tt det modAAa A€yew, Srrov 1 Tlupnviwy PAM. 2 VI Victrix, the legion which proclaimed Galba emperor (Tac. Hist. vy. 16; Suet. Galba, 10). » Four in Upper, four in Lower Germany. In a.p. 69 (when the upper army numbered only three) the seven legions were [V, XXI, XXII; 1, V, XV, XVI. The eighth 470 JEWISH WAR, II. 374-379 the tribes of the Lusitanians and Cantabrians with their fever for war, nor the neighbouring ocean, the ebb and flow of whose tides terrifies the very in- habitants, none of these sufficed in their struggle for independence ; no, the Romans carrying their arms beyond the Pillars of Hercules, traversing through clouds the mountains of the Pyrenees, have reduced even them to servitude; to guard this nation of fighters, so stubborn, so remote, a single legion now suffices. Which of you has not heard tell of the horde of Germans? Nay, you have surely often seen (j)Germa their stalwart and burly figures, for the Romans have captives from that nation everywhere. This people occupies an immense country, their hearts are even greater than their stature, their souls disdainful of death, their rage fiercer than that of the most savage of beasts ; yet the Rhine sets a bound to their im- petuosity and, tamed by eight Roman legions,® the captured are reduced to slavery, while the rest of the nation has found safety in flight. Again, consider what a wall of defence had the Britons, you who put your trust in the walls of Jerusalem: the ocean surrounds them, they inhabit an island no less in extent than the part of the world in which we live; ¢ yet the Romans crossed the sea and enslaved them, and four legions 4 now secure that vast island. But in 4.D. 66 is thought to have been X Gemina. Mommsen, Provinces, i. 118 f., 182, Domaszewski, op. cit. (§ 344 note). ¢ 4.e. Palestine. Or possibly ‘ the whole of our inhabited continent’; for before Agricola’s campaign of a.p. 84 the Romans had a very imperfect conception of the size of Britain (Merivale, Romans under Empire, vii. 90). 4 If Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina Martia Victrix (recalled in 68), XX Valeria Victrix. Domaszewski, op. cit., cf. Mommsen, Provinces, i. 174, note 4. 471 k) Britai JOSEPHUS , \ 4 a * kai IlapGor, to modAeuiKwtatov diAov, TocotTwv apyovTes eOvav Kal THAcKavrny mrepiBeBAnwevoe Svvapuy, O.rjpous TEMTOVOW ‘Papators, Kal €oTW emt THS ‘IraXas ideitv ev eipyvns mpopdcer Sov- 380 Aevovoay tiv amo THs avatoAns evyéverav. Tdv- \ \ ~ ¢ > e / \ ¢ ‘ o Ttwv 87) oxedov Tav th hw 7a ‘“Pwpaiwy o7Aa TpooKkuvovvTwy wets povor roAeunoeTe, pede TO Kapxndoviev teAos oKoT0by TEs, ot Tov peyav avyoovtes “AvviBay Kat tiv amo Dowikwy e€d- / e A A / A 4 ” \ 381 yeverav U0 THY UKutiwvos deEvav Emecov; ovTE dE Kupnvaio, to Aaxwvwv yévos, ovte Mappapidar, \ / ~ / ’ , ~ wf)? e TO wexpe THS Subddos extetapevov dodAov, ovl’ at oBepai Kat Tots axovovaw Lvpters, Nacapa@ves \ ~ ‘ A / »~ ~ te kat Madpo. cai to Nopddwv dmeipov mAnfos ‘ \ ¢ / > / > / | \ , 382 tas “Pwyatwy avéxoav apetas. thy de TpiTHV THs olKovpEevns potpav, As ovde eEapiOuyoacbat \ ” es e rd > ~ / Ta. Ov padvov, opilopevny Ardavrix@ Te meAayer Kat otnAas “Hpaxdetous Kal pexpl THs "Epvdpas Gadrdcons Tous dzretpous vepovcay Ai@ioras exet- 383 pwcavro jeev olny, xwpis be TOV eTHOLWV KapT@v, Ol pNnoW OKT@ TO KATA TIP ‘Papyny AnGos Tpe- govow, {Kai ]}* eEwbev TavTotws popodoyobvrat Kal Tais xpelais THS yepovias mapéyovow €Toipous Tas elopdopds, ovdev THY emitaypdtwr wo7ep vpeis UPpw yovpevor, Kalmep €vos TaypaToS 384 avTots Tapapevovtos. Kal TL det moppwHev vytv tiv ‘“Pwyaiwy trodecxviva Stvayw, mapov €& 1 om. PAL. * Reinach instances Tiridates I (king of Armenia and brother of the king of Parthia), who in a.p. 63 did homage to Nero ane left his daughter in Rome as a hostage (Tac. Ann. xv. 29 f.). 472 JEWISH WAR, II. 379-384 why enlarge, when the Parthians themselves, that ( Parth race of finest warriors, lords of so many nations, provided with so vast an army, send hostages to the Romans, and the nobility of the east may be seen in Italy, under the pretext of peace, bending to the woke ¢.4 “Thus, when almost every nation under the SUN (im) does homage to the Roman arms, are you alone to (2rthase defy them, regardless of the fate of the Car thaginians, and the who, for all their pride in the great Hannibal and in xp” the nobility of their Phoenician descent, fell beneath the hand of Scipio’? Neither Cyrenians, of Spartan breed, nor Marmaridae, that race that stretches to the regions of drought, nor Syrtes, whose very name strikes terror, Nasamons, Maurians, Numidians in their countless hosts, none have checked the valour of Rome. This third part of the inhabited world,® the mere enumeration of whose nations is no easy cask, bounded by the Atlantic ocean and the pillars of Hercules, and supporting right up to the Red Sea “thiopians innumerable, they have subdued it all; ind these peoples, besides their annual produce, \which feeds for eight months of the year the populace of Rome, over and above this pay tribute of all kinds ind ungrudgingly devote their contributions ° to the ervice of the empire, far from seeing, as do you, an yutrage in the orders which they receive, although yut one legion? is quartered among them. «¢ But why seek so far afield for proofs of the power (m) Egyp dal if Rome, when I can find them at your very door, in andra. Pp Atfrica: © eicgopa in Attic Greek is a sort of super-tax. @ {Il Augusta, stationed in the senatorial or western iortion of the province of Africa. 473 385 Aty’mrou THs yeuTviwons, HTS EKTEWOMEVT pExpis 386 387 ” a e > Ee 389 oleTa mpocapuveiv.® of 8 ovre bu’ aitiav adoyov JOSEPHUS Atiomwv Kal Tis eVdatpovos “ApaBias, Oppos" TE ovoa THs “Ivdukijs, mevtyKovtTa mpos Tais EmTa- Koolais €xovca pupiddas avOpumwv Sixa Taev "AdcEdvdperav KatoikovvTwv, ws eveotw ek TIS Kalexaotny Kedadnv etopopas® Tekpypactat, a7 ‘Pwpaiwy tyyepoviav ouK adoget, Kaito. mnAtKov aTOOTACEWS KEVTpOV Exovoa 77 AdeEavdpevav mAnfous TE avbpav ever Kal mAovrou, mpos de peyeous: pAijKos bev ye avtis TpudKovra oradion, etpos 8° ovK é€XatTov déxa, Tob dé éviavotaiou Tap vpu@v Popov Kal? eva pjnva mA€ov ‘Papratous TApEXeL Kal TOV Xprparov eLwhev 7H “Paoyn girov punvav Tecodpwv TeTelyioTar O€ mavrobev 7 dvoBdro.s epnpiats 7 Oaddacas aAwévos 7 moTapots 7 €Aeow. add’ ovdev ToUTwy ‘iaxupo- TEpov ebpeOn THS ‘Pawpatev TUXNS, dvo 8 éyKab- jpeva TH mroAet Taypara tv Pabetav Atyumrov apa TH Maxedovwv edyeveia yadwot. tivas ovv emt Tov moAcquov ek THs aoinytrov mapadnpbeabe Ovppdyous; ob pev yap emt THs olkoupevns TaVvTES etolw “Paator, et uy) tis Urép Evdparny exreiver tas eAmidas Kal Tovs ek THs "AdiaByvijs opodvAous _ 1 6uopos VC Lat. 2 cwvecopopas P. 3 Niese from Lat.: rpocauitivev or érauivew MSS. * Diodorus Siculus, writing some seventy years earlier gives the population of Egypt as seven millions (i. 31 Reinach), that of Alexandria as 300,000 (xvii. 52). > Or, perhaps, “‘ a centre for revolt.” ¢ “ Seven or eight,” Strabo xvii. 1. 8 (Reinach); Strabc agrees with Josephus as to the length. 474 JEWISH WAR, II. 385-389 Egypt? This country, which extends as far as Ethiopia and Arabia Felix, which is the port for India, which has a population of seven million five hundred thousand souls,? exclusive of the inhabitants of Alexandria, as may be estimated from the poll- tax returns, this country, I say, does not disdain to submit to Roman domination; and yet what an incentive to revolt ® she has in Alexandria, so popu- lous, so wealthy, so vast! The length of that city is thirty furlongs, its breadth not less than ten ¢; the tribute which she yields to Rome in one month surpasses that which you pay in a year; besides money she sends corn to feed Rome for four months ;4 she is protected on all sides by trackless deserts, by seas without ports, by rivers or lagoons. Yet none of these assets proved a match for the fortune of Rome, and two legions” stationed in the city curb this far-reaching Egypt and the proud nobility of Macedon. «What allies then do you expect for this war ? You cann Will you recruit them from the uninhabited wilds ? jr yay For in the habitable world all are Romans—unless, beyond tk Euphrate ‘maybe, the hopes of some of you soar beyond the Euphrates and you count on obtaining aid from your kinsmen in Adiabene.’ But they will not, for any 4 The corn for the capital for the other eight months of the year being furnished by Africa (§ 383). © These in a.p. 69 were III and XXII (Tac. Hist. v. 1); under Augustus there had been a third legion, Mommsen, Provinces, ii. 273. * Cf. B.i. 5 for these expectations. ‘* Proselytes”” would have been a more correct term than “kinsmen’’; the dynasty of Adiabene, a region east of the Tigris on the Parthian frontier, had under Claudius been converted to | Judaism (A. xx. 17 ff.). Some members of the royal family fought on the side of the Jews (B. ii. 520, vi. 356). 475 39 ] 393 394 or JOSEPHUS , /, / e , ” TnAiKoUTw ToAduw ovveuTAcEovaw éavtovs, ovTE BovAevoapevois Kak@s 6 Ildpfos émitpéber- mpo- ‘ > ~ = ¢ / voila yap avT@ THs mpos “Pawpatous éxexerpias, ‘ ~ Kal wapaPaivew oinjceTar Tas omovdds, av Tis TOV ee. s a ain SS , ” ) > 75-8 \ vm avtov emt “Pwpyatovs tn. Aoimzov otv ext THY ~ ~ / : / > ‘ ‘ Tod Geod cuupayiay Katadevkréov. aAAa Kat totto mapa ‘“Pwpatiow tétaxtar- diya yap Geob ~ , cvoThvat tTHAuKaU’Tny ayepoviay GadUvaToV. GKE- ~ ~ ’ paote 8 ws tyuiv To THS OpyoKeias axpatov, €t / Kal mpos etdxeipuwtous moAEuoinre, SuadioLKyTOV, > ~ , kat Ov a paddAov tov Beov éAmilere ovppaxov, ~ > / Tatt avaykalouevor mapafalvew amoorpewere. =~ ~ »” A TnpotvTés ye pry Ta Tov €Pdouddwy €8y Kat ‘ ~ , e , ¢ / A mpos undeuntay mpaéw Kwovpevor padiws adwaeabe, / Kallavep ot mpoyovor Iloumniw, tavras padwora ~ Ul Tas Tuepas evepyovs Toincapéevw THs ToAvopKias, ’ e > év ais qpyouv ot moAvopKovpevou zapafaivovtes 8 ~ >) €v 7T@ ToAcuw Tov TmaTpiov vomov ovK ol U7eEp .-/ F ‘ . / 4 > ~ ‘ 4 orov Aoizov mojoecbe Tov aya@va: amovdy yap e - / ‘ ~ ~ ~ vpiv pla TO 7 TOV TaTpiwv Te Kataddoa. mas > ~ 8° émKadécecbe zo Oetov mpos tiv apvvav ot id mapapavTes exovolws THY els atvro Oepameiav; evavaipoovTar be Exaotor 7OAcpov 7) Oeia memot- / a“ > / ‘ <4 ‘ A > Gores 7 avOpwrivn Bonfeia: srav S€ tiv map §: > - ‘ ’ ‘ > / 4 o t audoitvy TO €lKOs amoKomTn, davepav aGAwow oi ToAeobvTes aipodvTa. Ti dy KwAver Tais EavT@r ~ ‘ ‘4 xepow diaypjoacba Téxva Kal yuvaikas Kal THV mepixadAeotaTyy matpioa TavTyy KatadAcEat; pa- * Cf. B.i. 146; A. xiv. 63 ff. 476 JEWISH WAR, II. 389-395 frivolous pretext, let themselves be embroiled in so serious a war, and, if they did contemplate such folly, the Parthian would not permit it; for he is careful to maintain the truce with the Romans, and would regard it as a violation of the treaty if any of his tributaries were to march against them. ‘“‘ The only refuge, then, left to you is divine assist- ance. But even this is ranged on the side of the 0y Wh Romans, for, without God’s aid, so vast an empire on the si could never have been built up. Consider, too, the ata difficulty of preserving your religious rules from con- tamination, even were you engaging a less formidable 92" | foe; and how, if compelled to transgress the very will ham principles on which you chiefly build your hopes of 7°" '"” God's assistance, you will alienate Him from you. If you observe your sabbath customs and refuse to take any action on that day, you will undoubtedly be easily defeated, as were your forefathers by Pompey, who pressed the siege most vigorously on the days when the besieged remained inactive ;% if, on the contrary, you transgress the law of your ancestors, I fail to see what further object you will have for hostilities, since your one aim is to preserve inviolate all the institutions of your fathers. How could you invoke the aid of the Deity, after deliberately omitting to pay Him the service which you owe Him ? ** All who embark on war do so in reliance on the support either of God or man; but when, in all yo. pave probability, no assistance from either quarter is allies; b forthcoming, then the aggressor goes with his eyes cma ‘ open tocertainruin. What is there, then, to prevent you from dispatching with your own hands your children and wives and from consigning this sur- passingly beautiful home of yours to the flames? 477 JOSEPHUS veévTes yap ovTws TO ye THs TTTNHS Gveidos KEp- , / > , / ” ” > A 396 Sijceve. Kaddv, & gdidar, Kaddv, Ews ETL ev Spuw TO akados, mpooKentecbat' tov pédAXAovTa yeywdva 5° > / A fa rr > A / 2.13 AF pnd’ els préoas tas AveAAas azroAovpévous® avaybF- vat Tots pev yap e€ adjAwy éeurecotow® Sewots \ ~ > a / ¢ > > / TO yobv edcciofar mepicaotw, 6 8 els mpddnAov > 4 e / \ , \ > 397 amuAevav oppynaas Kal mpocoverdilerau. TAnv El 7) TLS d7ohapBaver KaTa ouvOnKas TroAeproew Kal ‘Papatous KpaTjoavras bua@v petpidcew, add’ ouK ets v7dderypa Ta@v ddAcwy ebvav kataphefew fev T7)V lepav moAw, avaipynoew de av pay TO $fov- ovde yap mepirerpbevtes puyis evpyoete TOTOV, aTavTWY exOvTWwY ‘Pepatovs deomoTas 7 / ~ ¢ \ 398 dedotKdTwv ove. O dé Kivduvos od tav évbade povov, aAAa Kal T@v Kata Tas GAAas KaToiKovVTwY modes ov yap coTw ent THs otkoupev7s Ojos oO 399 He) potpav ET Epay EXwv. ous aTravTas moepn - cdvTwy tuav Kataodd€ovaw ot diuadopor, Kat du oAlywr avdp@v KakoBovriav maca mAnobnoera* mods *lovdaicod dovov. Kai ovyyvwpn pev Tots tovto mpafacw: av b€ uu) mpaxby, Aoyicagbe mas mpos ovtw dirAavOpumovs omAa Kweiv avdatov. 400 elaeAbérw 8 oiktos buds ef Kal pa) TéeKVWY Kal yuvaik@v, aAAa THs ye pntpoToAews tavTns Kal Tav ltep@v mepiBoAwy. deicacbe tod lepod Kat TOV vaov €auTois pEeTa THY ayiwy THpHoaTe: ad- eEovtar yap ovKére ‘Pwyatoe tovTwy Kpdtnoavtes, 1 repicxéxrecOa P. 2 PA: dwodAuuévous L: ard Nuevos MVRC (perhaps rightly). 3M: émirecodow the rest. 4 P: rdnpwOjcera the rest. 478 JEWISH WAR, II. 395-400 3y such an act of madness you would at least spare ourselves the ignominy of defeat. It were well, ny friends, it were well, while the vessel is still in ort, to foresee the coming storm, and not to put ut into the midst of the hurricane to meet your loom.? For to the victims of unforeseen disaster there s left at least the meed of pity ; but he who rushes o manifest destruction incurs opprobrium to boot. «There may be some who imagine that the war will Do not 100 ye fought under special terms, and that the Romans, Lae eile e vhen victorious, will treat you with consideration ; your race, m the contrary, to make you an example to the rest saree #f the nations, they will burn the holy city to the Temple. sround and exterminate your race. Even the sur- rivors will find no place of refuge, since all the peoples £ the earth either have, or dread the thought of iaving, the Romans for their masters. The peril, noreover, threatens not only us Jews here, but also Jl who inhabit foreign cities; for there is not a reople in the world which does not contain a portion f£ our race.” All these, if you go to war, will be uutchered by your adversaries, and through the folly f a handful of men every city will be drenched with ewish blood. Such massacre would be excusable; but, hould it not take place, think what a crime it were o take up arms against such humane opponents! ‘ake pity, then, if not on your children and your tives, at least on your mother city and its sacred recincts. Spare the temple and preserve for your- elves the sanctuary with its holy places*; for the b] lomans, once masters of these, will refrain their | * Or, with the other reading, “ put out from harbour into ie midst of the hurricane.”’ E Cf. Ap. ii. 282. ¢ Or “ treasures.” 479 JOSEPHUS 401 wy Pevodfrevor TpoTepov 7Xaplornyrar. peaprupo par d€ é€yw ev vpav Ta ayia Kal TOUS lepou ayyeAous TOU Deod Kal TaTpioa T7V KOWwnY w ovdevy TAY cwTnploy bpiv kabvdnKayny, dpets 8 BovAevodpevor pev Ta S€ovTa Kowny ovv €uot TH etpryny efeTe, mpoaxGevres 5€ tots Bupots xwpt €4L00 Kwovvevoere. 402. (5) Tocatra elev emeddxpucev Te pera Tis adeAdis Kal 7oAv Tis opps avT@y ETavaEVv TOL Saxpvois. aveBowv d€ od “Pwyatous, adAAa DAwpe 403 Oe a mremdvOacw zodepeiv. mpdos todto Bactred} "Aypl “adda ta épya,’ edn, “‘ “Pwpatoe ypimmas “a a epya, edn, im 707 TmoAcuovvTwy éativ: ovte yap Kaicapr ded KaTe Tov dopov Kal Tas otodas ameKowate TIS 404 "Avtwrias. amooxevacaobe? 8 av tH airia 77H) dmooTdaews, el tavtas te ouvaisete madAu Kal TeAéceTe Ty elogopay" ov yap 57 ye DrAcipo TO dpovpiov eatw 7) Prdipw Ta Xpypara Swoere. 405 (xvii. 1) Tovrois 6 Sipyos émeifeto, Kai pet TOO Baoitéws tis Te Bepvixns avaBavres eis 7 tepov KaT7pEavro Tijs T@v oTO@y Souncews, € € Tas Kwpas ol TE apyovTes Kal BovAevrat jue protevres Tous dopous ouveeyov: TAXEws b€ 7 TecoapaKovTa 7dhavra, ToOGOUTOV yap eNeute 406 78poic8n. Kai tod pev moA€uouv TOTE ouTw 77 amretAnv Kateixev “Aypinmas, abfis de émepar metBew To TAnfos tzakovew DAdpw, HEXpLS av avTod méuer® Kaioap diddoxov: mpos 6 may ofuvbevtes €BAacdryuovy eis tov Baoitéa Kal 77 1 ras PAL (ef. Lat. Antonianas). * Dindorf: drecxevacacée or the like mss, 3M: wéuyy the rest. 480 JEWISH WAR, II 401-406 hands no more, seeing that their forbearance in the past met only with ingratitude. As for me, I call your sanctuary and God’s holy angels and our common country to witness, that | have kept back nothing which could conduce to your preservation ; as for you, if you decide aright, you will enjoy with me the blessings of peace, but, if you let yourselves be carried away by your passion, you will face, without me, this tremendous peril.”’ (5) Having spoken thus, he burst into tears, as Agrippa’ did also his sister ; and his emotion much restrained ™px?;, the passion of his hearers. Still they began to tributea cry out that they were not taking up arms against Fotiece the Romans, but against Florus, because of all the wrong that he had done them. ‘To this king Agrippa replied : “ But your actions are already acts of war against Rome: you have not paid your tribute to Caesar. and you have cut down the porticoes communicating with Antonia If you wish to clear yourselves of the charge of insurrection, re-establish the porticoes and pay the tax; for assuredly the fortress does not belong to Florus, and it is not Florus to whom your money will go.” (xvii. 1) Acting on this advice, the people went up to the temple, with the king and Bernice, and began the reconstruction of the porticoes, while the magis- trates and the members of the council dispersed to the various villages and levied the tribute. The arrears, amounting to forty talents, were rapidly collected. Thus for the moment Agrippa dispelled the menace of war. Subsequently, he endeavoured to induce the people to submit to the orders of Florus until a successor was sent by Caesar to replace him. But this exasperated the Jews, who heaped abuse upon VOL. II R 481] JOSEPHUS moAews abtov e€exypuagov, éToAuwy bé tTwWes TOV 407 oTagiagT@y Kal Atfous é€ avtov BadAew. o be Baorrevs Lowy THY opuny On TOV vewTeptCovTwy dKaTaaxeTov Kal XaAremivas &o ols pote) Ad- KLOTO,' TOUS meV aGpyovTas avT@y aya Tois duva- Tois emeume mpos DMADpov eis Katodpecay, wv €xetvos e€€ avTav amodetEn Tous Th xwpav dopodoyyncovtas, altos 8 avexwpnoev eis THY Baotdetav. 408 (2) Kav tovtw twes Tov pdadtota KwovvTwY Tov moAenov auveAfovtes wpuncav emi dpovpiov 7. KaAovpevov Macadav, Kat KatadaBovtes avo Adipa TOUS ev ‘Papatow dpoupovs anéapagav, 409 é7€pous om eykaTeoTn aay idlous. aya d€ Kal Kara 70 tepov *EAedlapos vids *Avavia tod apyvepews, veavias Opacvtatos, aoTpatny@v ToTe Tovs KaTa tiv Aatpelavy Xertovpyodvtas avazeifer pdevos aAAotpiov S5@pov 7 Ovatay mpocdéyecbar. todTo 6° wv tod mpos “Pwpaiovs moA€uov KxataBoAn- THY yap brrep TovTwy Ouciav Kat" Katoapos am - 410 éppubay. Kat 7oAAa Taev Te apy Lepewy Kal Tay yrwplo TapaxadowyTaw lal mapadimeiv TO i7ép Tov nyewovwy €Fos ovK evédocav, moAv pev kal 7™@ adgetepw mAnfer memoores, Kal yap TO GKUaLoTAaTOV TMV vewTepilovTwy cuvipyel, pa- 1 rpomemn\axista PA. 2 om. xai VRC. 2 As opposed to the tribute already collected from Jeru- salem and the environs (§ 403). ’ Close to the Dead Sea, more than half-way down the west coast, modern Sebbeh. © i.e. “ captain of the Temple” (Acts iv. 1, etc.), or Sagan, 482 JEWISH WAR, II 406-410 the king and formally proclaimed his banishment Agrippa from the city ; some of the insurgents even ventured pee to throw stones at him. The king, seeing that the “'- passions of the revolutionaries were now beyond control. and indignant at the insults which he had received, sent the magistrates and principal citizens to Florus at Caesarea, in order that he might appoint some of their number to collect the tribute in the country ?; he then withdrew to his own dominions. (2) And now some of the most ardent promoters Capture of of hostilities banded together and made an assault oe by on a fortress called Masada ®; and having gained insurgents possession of it by stratagem, they slew the Roman 3's. 66. guards and put a garrison of their own in their place. Another incident occurred at the same time in the Cessation: Temple. Eleazar, son of Ananias the high-priest, a ties very daring youth, then holding the position of »aptain,® persuaded those who officiated in the Temple services to accept no gift or sacrifice from a foreigner. This action laid the foundation of the war with the Romans; for the sacrifices offered on behalf of that qation and the emperor were in consequence re- -ected.* The chief priests and the notables earnestly Jesought them not to abandon the customary offering or their rulers, but the priests remained obdurate. [heir numbers gave them great confidence, supported is they were by the stalwarts of the revolutionary in Official who in the hierarchy ranked next to the high priest. _ 4 These sacrifices, offered twice daily (B. ii. 197), were nstituted by Augustus and consisted of two lambs and a yull (Philo, Leg. ad Caium, 157, 317 Cohn). The expense, iccording to Philo, was borne by the Emperor (€« r&v idiwy rpooddwy), according to Josephus (Ap. ii. 77) by the Jewish iation. 483 411 412 413 414 416 ‘ ~ > / »” , “ ‘ ’ ‘ > / aAAdTpios OUTE TPOGKUVTGEL. KAY jLEV ETL LOLWTON JOSEPHUS Aorta 8 adopavtes eis tov *EAealapov otpa- THYOUVTA. (3) XvveABovtes yodv' ot Svuvatot tots apy- \epetow els tavTOo Kal Tois tav Dapioaiwv yvwpipo ws em avnkéotois 10n oavpdopats eBovAevovto Tmept TOV CAwy: Kal dogav aTrometpa- Ojvat Tov oF aovaoT ay Aoyous, ™po Tis XaAKjs 7¥Ans abpotlovar TOV O7jLov, HTls Av Too evoov tepob TETPApLpLevy) Tpos. dvatoAds 7)Atou. Kal ™p@rov avta@v moAAa zpos THY ToAwav TIS amo- oTdcews yademjvavtes. Kat TO THALKODTOV ém- Gelew TH TaTpid. TOAEMov, EmeLTA TO THS TpO- ddcews aAoyov du7Aeyxov, ddpevor Tous pev mpoyovous avTayv KEekoopnKEevar TOV VaoV €K TOV adAodvAwy 76 mA€ov, aei mpocdexopevous Tas ame tov e€wlev €bvav dSwpeds, Kat od povov ov ba- KexwdAvkevat Ovoias Twav, TodTO yap aceBeataTov. agAAa Kat ta PAezopeva Kai? mapapévovta [tov | TooovTov xpovov avabijpata epi TH tep@ Kall LopuKevat. avtovs be viv epebilovras za “Pw: paiwy OmAa Kal pvnotevopévous TOV am eKkElvui moAewov KawoTouetv OpnoKkeiay E€vynv, Kal petc Tov Kwdvvov Kataindicacbar tas moAcws ahh o¢Bevav, ef mapa povois “lovdators ovte Ovcer Tu: fe Tis evos TovTov eladépn TOV vopor, ayavakreti ws opilopevs avavOpwrias, Teptopay 8° oT wpyator Kat 6 Kaicap exomovdos yivetar. Sedat 1 otv VRC. 2 47a MSS. 3 om. PAML @ The gate of Corinthian bronze (B. v. 201), probably os 484 JEWISH WAR, II. 410-416 party ; but they relied above all on the authority of the captain Eleazar (3) Thereupon the principal citizens assembled Expostuts with the chief priests and the most notable Pharisees , tion of thi ewish to deliberate on the position of affairs, now that they ™!s. were faced with what seemed irreparable disaster. Deciding to try the effect of an appeal to the revolu- tionaries, they called the people together before the bronze gate—that of the inner Temple facing east- ward.* They began by expressing the keenest indignation at the audacity of this revolt and at their country being thus threatened with so serious a war. They then proceeded to expose the absurdity of the alleged pretext. Their forefathers, they said, had adorned the sanctuary mainly at the expense of aliens and had always accepted the gifts of foreign nations ; not only had they never taken the sacri- legious step of forbidding anyone to offer sacrifice, but they had set up around the Temple the dedicatory offerings which were still to be seen and had remained there for so long a time. But now here were these men, who were provoking the arms of the Romans and courting a war with them, introducing a strange innovation into their religion, and, besides endanger- ing the city, laying it open to the charge of impiety, if Jews henceforth were to be the only people to allow no alien the right of sacrifice or worship. Should such a law be introduced in the case of any private individual, they would be indignant at so inhumane a decree ; yet they made light of putting the Romans and Caesar outside the pale. It was to be feared, the east of the women’s court and identical with ‘‘ the Beautiful gate’ of Acts iii. 2 and ‘‘ Nicanor’s gate ’”’ of the Mishna. 485 417 JOSEPHUS / , Keval PeVTOL 7) Tas UTEP eKEelvwv azroppipavTes Ouaias KwAvbdor Avew Kat tas strep eauTav, / ~ / yevnTal Te ExaTOVvdos THS TyEepmovias 7 7OALs, Et , : 5) Lit) =Taxéws aowdpovicavtes amodwWcovow Tas / A A >? ~ > > a c ’ ‘A Ouctas, Kat mpi 退eAOciv éf’ ots bBpikaow TH djnunv dSiophicovra. THY UBpw. ¢ ~ ~ > (4) “Apa zatra Xé€yovtes mapiyov tovs ep- / ~ / -~ TElpous TOV TaTplwy Lepeis, adyyoupéevovs OTL / ~ ~ TaVTES Ol Tpoyovo. Tas mapa tav addoyerav / -~ 4 ~ fucias amedéyovto. mpoceixev S5€ ovdeis TOV , > > 2»O\ / 1 c vewrepilovrwy, add’ ovd€ mpoonecav’ ot Aet- Toupyol” THv TOD ToAeov KataPoAny evoKevalo- , > e \ / td 418 Pevoe. GUVLOOVTES OUV OL Svuvarou TY TE AOTACL ” , «> . > \ ‘ 9 +34 76) Svoxabatpetov ta’ att@v otcav Kal TOV amo c > Pwpatwy Kivdvvov émt mpwtovs attovs ad- > / iEdpevov, ameckevalovto Tas airlas, Kal mpéeafets a \ \ = ” e > e\ ovs pev mpos DA@pov EmeuTov, wv Tpxev vios > / ‘ “a \ \ > / > e Avaviov Xipwv, ovs d€ mpos “Aypinmav, ev ois = > ~ / qoav emtonuor LavAds te Kat “Avtimas kat / ~ ~ \ KoordBapos mpoonkovtes TH Bactde? Kata yévos. 419 €d€ovto 5€ apdotépwv avaBhvar peta Suvapews > ‘ / \ \ ‘ / eis THv oAWw Kal mpw yevéobar dvoKxabaipetor 420 emixopar tiv oTaow. DAdpw pev odbv Sewor' > > A evayyéAwov Hv, Kal mponpnuévos e€amtew Tov A ~ > 421 moAepov ovdev ameKpivato Tots mpeoPevTats: Aypiz- ~ > mas b€ Kndopevos enlions TOV TE adtotapevwr Kal mpos oUs 6 mOAcmos Tyeipeto, BovAdpevos Te 1 MLC: zpociecav the rest. 2 Anotrpxot PAM*: +xai PAL; the text is doubtful. 376 devdov C ** the dire uews was a godsend’: rodre devov MVR. 486 _ JEWISH WAR, II. 416-421 however, that, once they rejected the sacrifices for the Romans, they might not be allowed to offer sacrifice even for themselves, and that their city would be placed outside the pale of the empire, unless, with a speedy return to discretion, they restored the sacrifices and made amends for the insult before the report reached the ears of those whom they had insulted. (4) In the course of these remonstrances they produced priestly experts on the traditions, who declared that all their ancestors had accepted the sacrifices of aliens. But not one of the revolu- tionary party would listen to them; even the Temple ministers failed to come to their support and were thus instrumental in bringing about the war. Thereupon, the leading citizens, perceiving that it was now beyond their power to suppress the insurrection and that they would be the first victims of the vengeance of Rome, took steps to exonerate themselves from blame, and dispatched two deputations, one to Florus, headed by Simon, son of Ananias, and another to Agrippa, including some eminent persons, Saul, Antipas and Costobar,? all members of the royal family. They besought them both to come up to the city with troops and to crush the revolt before it became insuperable. To Florus the news was a wonderful godsend ; determined as he was to kindle the war, he gave the emissaries no reply. Agrippa, on the other hand, equally solicitous for the rebels and for the nation against which they were rising in arms, anxious that the Romans should # Saul and Costobar were brothers who, after the defeat of Cestius, made a timely exit from Jerusalem; Antipas, who remained, was slain by the insurgents (B. ii. 556 f., iv. 140). 487 They ob reinforce ments fr Agrippa. JOSEPHUS “Pwpyato pev “lovdatovs awlecbar, "lovdators 5€ TO lepov Kal THY pNnTpoTOAW, GAA’ ovd’ é€avTa@ AvoireAnjcew THY Tapayjy éemioTdpevos, EmepTrev ToUs emapuvvotvtas' 7T@ Sipuw sioxAlovs inmeis, Avpavizas te kat Batavatovs xat Tpaywvitas, vz7o Aapetw pev innmdpxn, otpatyy@ be T@ ‘laxiwov Dirizzw. 422 (5) Tovrots Oapojoavtes ot dvvatoi abv Tots apxlepetow Kai mGv ocov Tod zAryfous eipyvny qyama THY avw KatadapPavovtat aoAw- Tis KaTw yap TO otacidlov €xpater Kai Tod Lepod. 423 yepudow ev ovv Kai Tols ExrPoAots adcadAeimTwsS €Exp@vTo, Kal auveyets tyoav BeAdv adécers €€ eExaTépwv TOV KAyaTwv’ é€oTw 6 OTE Kal KaTa Aoxous ExTpéxovtes avoTadynv epayovto, ToApats ev Ol GTagiacTai mpoéyovtes, epmetpia O€ ot 424 BaotAtcol. Kat tovTols pev Tv aywv TOU Lepov KpaTjoar uadiota Kal ToUs palvovtas TOV vaov e€eAdoat, tois 5€ mept tov *"EXealapov oraca- atais mpos ols €oxov Kal THY dvw 76AW mpocdAaPeiv. EmTa pev ovv TLEepats Gvxvos aydotépwv dPovos eyiveTo, kat ovdéTEpot TOD KatadAndbevtos pépous eiKov. oe to wt (6) TH 8 €€is tis thv Evdodopiwy é€opris ovoys, ev 7 macw Bos jv vAnv TO Bwyae mpoo- ~ ‘ gépew, O7ws prmote tpody TH Tupt Aeizor, . IL: évwupywvovtas the rest. ° The subsequent adventures of Philip, “ lieutenant” 4838 JEWISH WAR II. 421-425 not lose the Jews nor the Jews their Temple and mother city, conscious, moreover, that he had nothing to gain from this disorder, dispatched to the aid of the citizens two thousand horse from Auranitis, Batanaea, and Trachonitis, under Darius, as cavalry commander, and Philip,* son of Jacimus, as general. (5) Encouraged by these reinforcements, the lead- ing men, the chief priests and all the people who were in favour of peace occupied the upper city ; for the lower city and the Temple were in the hands o the insurgents. Stones and slings were incessantly in action ; from one quarter and from the other there was a continuous hail of missiles ; sometimes com- panies even sallied out and there was a hand-to-hand engagement, the insurgents having the superiority in daring, the king’s soldiers in skill. The objective of the royal troops was to capture the Temple and to expel those who were polluting the sanctuary ; Eleazar and the rebels strove to gain the upper city in addition to the ground which they held already. So for seven days there was great slaughter on both sides, neither of the combatants surrender- ing the portion of the town which he occupied. Surusele between | pro-Rom: and the insurgent (6) The eighth day was the feast of wood-carrying, The rebe when it was customary for all to bring wood for the altar, in order that there might be an unfailing supply (érapxos) of Agrippa II, are narrated at length in the Life (46, etc.). His father Jacimus had held a high position (according to one text as “ tetrarch’’) under Agrippa (probably I); his grandfather Zamaris had been placed by Herod the Great in charge of a colony of Babylonian Jews in Batanaea (A. xvii. 23-29). Waddington’s supposed discovery of the name Darius on an inscription in Trachonitis referring to Agrippa has been shown ie be erroneous (Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscr. Sel. i. 422 Reinach). VOL. II R2 489 joined by the sicar 426 427 ~ 428 429 JOSEPHUS Stapever yap aoBeatov dei, Tovs pev diaddpous THs Opnoxetas e&éxXevcoav, 7TH 8 aabevet Aaw cuvetapvevtas TroAAovs THY otkapiwv, ovTws yap exdAovv tovs Anotas ExovtTas 70 Tots KOATrots Edn, mpoodaBovres eisai a ae MTOVTO THS ETLXELPIITEWS. TTT @VTO 8 BaordtKot mA bet Te Kal TOAUN Kal Spero ae elkov €K THS avw moAews. ot d€ émimecdvtes THY TE >Avaviov Tov apxvepews otkiay Kat Ta “Aypinma Kat Bepvixns vToT tT pAagw Baotteva: pe” a TO 7p emu Ta apxeia edepov apavicas omevoovres Ta oupPodAaa TOV dedaverkoTww Kal Tas elampagers amoKowar TOV ype@v, Omws attol te AOos mpoocAdBwow tov whedAnfévtwy Kat pet adelas Tois ed716pous eTAVAOTTGWOL TOUS a7dpous. puyovtwy dé Ov T™pos TO ypapnpatodvaakely TO Tip eviecav. émrel d€ 7a vedpa THS TOAEws kat abhe€avres emt TOUS exOpovs exwpovv, evla 67) tov dvvaTt@v Kal THY apylepewv ot pev Els Tous dzovojous Kar adwvres dteAdvOavov, of d5€ adv Tots BactAtKois els THY avwrtépw Kataduyovtes atAnv taxéws améKAeroar tas Oupas, adv ois *Avavias 6 apytepeds ’Elextas te 0 adeAdos atrod Kal ot mpeaBevoavtes mpos ’"Aypimmav joav. ToTe pev ovv TH VviKH Kat TOtS eumpnoleiow apKeabevtes avetravcavTo. 2 Cf. Lev. vi. 12 f. According to the Mishna, Taanith, iv. 5, the wood was carried by respective families on nine separate days in the year, but the principal day was the 15th of Ab (July-August). Josephus, however (see § 430), appears to place the feast on the preceding day, 14th Ab. * Probably additions of Agrippa II to the old palace of the Hasmonaeans (cf. A. xx. 189 f.). 490 JEWISH WAR, II. 425-429 of fuel for the flames, which are kept always burning.? The Jews in the Temple excluded their opponents trom this ceremony, but along with some feebler folk numbers of the sicaru—so they called the brigands who carried a dagger in their bosom—forced their way in; these they enlisted in their service and ' pressed their attacks more boldly than before. The royalists, now outmatched in numbers and audacity, were forced to evacuate the upper city. The victors burst in and set fire to the house of Ananias the high- priest and to the palaces of Agrippa and Bernice ° ; they next carried their combustibles to the public archives, eager to destroy the money-lenders’ bonds and to prevent the recovery of debts, in order to win over a host of grateful debtors and to cause a rising of the poor against the rich, sure of impunity. The keepers of the Record Office having fled, they set light to the building. After consuming the sinews of the city in the flames, they advanced against their foes; whereupon the notables and chief priests made their escape, some hiding in the underground passages,’ while others fled with the royal troops to the palace situated higher up,’ and instantly shut the gates; among the latter were Ananias the high- priest, his brother Ezechias and the members of the deputation which had been sent to Agrippa. Satisfied with their victory and incendiary proceedings, the insurgents paused for that day. ¢ The Archives building was finally burnt down by the | Romans (B. vi. 354); it is there spoken of as adjoining the | Akra (or citadel, thought to be the old city of David) and the council-chamber (of the Sanhedrin). e-Orgcsewerss): ¢ The palace of Herod the Great on the highest terrace of the upper city, described in B. v. 176 ff. 491 capture | upper ei and burt thearchi c. Augus a.D. 66, JOSEPHUS 430 (7) TH & €éfs, mevtexadexdtn 5° Av Awov pnves, @punoav emt tiv “Avtwviay Kat tovds ev avry dpovpovs svuaw 7Ayéepais wohopknoavres abrous TE ciAov KaL karéogatay Kal TO ppovptov 431 evérpynoav. eémerta preteBawov els THv adbAyy, ets nv ot PaowWtKot Katéduyov, Kal diavetavtes adas avTous «ls Técoapa pépy TMV TELY@V ETTELP@VTO. Tav 8 Eevdov mpos exdpopynv prev ovdets eOapper dia To TAnbos TaV edheatuTwv, SuoTapevor dE €7TL Ta OwpaKkia Kat tovs mUpyous €BadAov Tous Tpoavovras, Kai ovxvol tav AnoTa@v wvm0 Tots 432 Telyeow EmUTT ov. ovrTe b€ vuUKTOS OUTE TUEepas du€Aciev 7) GuBoArn, Tav pev otTacvacTa@v ar- ayopevcew Tovs Evdov olopevewy evdela Tpodys, TOV 8 evdobev Kapatw tovds moAopKobytTas. 433 (8) Kav tovtw Mavanuds tis, vios *lovda rob KaAoupevou DPadtAatov, opaTys" dewoTatos, Oo Kat emt Kupyviov zorté ‘lovdatous dveldiaas Ott ‘Papatots tretdcoovto peta Tov Oedv, avadaBav 434 te yvwplpous _avexapncev eis Maocaédav, évOa ‘H pesdov Tov BaatAéws om objeny avapRnE as Kal 7pos Tots Onporaus étépous Anatas Ka omAXicas, ToUToLs TE XPw[LEVOS Sopudpdpors, ota 51 Baatreds emdverow ets ‘lepoodAvpa Kal yevopevos TYE MO THIS OT doews Over aacev THhVv 7ohopktay. 435 dmopta oe mv opyaveny, Kab davepas bmopuTTew 70 TetXOs ovx olov TE Tv dvebev Badopevous: Umovouov 617 mOppwhev ef Eva TOV TUpywv v7- opv&uvTes avekpyvioav avTOVv,ETELTA THY avexovaay 1 6s Rv cogiotins VRC: Destinon suggests oogiorns <#v> or that the whole clause (to Geo) is a gloss. 492 JEWISH WAR, II. 430-435 (7) On the next day, being the fifteenth of the They month Lous,? they attacked Antonia, and, after Pa a siege of two days, captured the garrison, put them to 2nd besi the sword and set fire to the fortress. They then and loyal repaired to the palace, in which the king’s followers Foi 5 had taken refuge, and forming themselves into four palace. sections made repeated assaults on the walls. None of the blockaded party ventured on a sally because of the large number of their assailants ; but, posted along the breastworks and towers, they showered missiles upon all who approached, and numbers of the brigands fell beneath the walls. The combat con- tinued incessantly day and night, the insurgents hoping to exhaust the besieged through failure of supplies, the defenders to wear down the besiegers by fatigue. (8) At this period a certain Menahem, son of Menaher Judas surnamed the Galilaean—that redoubtable “oman. doctor who in old days, under Quirinius, had up- ee braided the Jews for recognizing the Romans as the siege masters when they already had God ?—took his intimate friends off with him to Masada,° where he broke into king Herod’s armoury and provided arms both for his fellow-townsmen and for other brigands ; then, with these men for his bodyguard, he returned like a veritable king to Jerusalem, became the leader of the revolution, and directed the siege of the palace. The besiegers, however, lacked engines, and, exposed as they were to missiles from the wall, found it impossible to undermine it under the enemy’s eyes ; they accordingly started digging a mine at a distance, continued it as far as one of the towers, which they 2 Roughly the equivalent in the Macedonian calendar of the Hebrew Ab and of our August. » See § 118. ¢ § 408. 493 JOSEPHUS 436 vAnv euTpnoavTes ef Gov. troxaévtwy b€ TaYV oTnplypaTo 0 pev mUpyos e€aidvns KatageleTat, TELYOS é eTEpov evdofev avtwKodopnuéevov' bu- epavy THY yap én iBovdny® atrav Tpoaafopevor, TAXA Kal TOU mupyov kw7fevros ws dmwpuTreTOo, deUTEPOV EaUTOLS Epua KaTEGKEVAGAY. Tpos 6 TAY GOoKITWS (OOvTWwY Kal KpaTelvy On TETELCMLEVWY , > e ae | »” , ‘ KatamAnéis jv. ot de evdolev mpdos te tov Ma- , ‘ ~ vanpov Kat Tovs e€apyovtas THs aTacews EmEuTOV 2 - > - e / ‘ ‘ , a€vobvtes e€eAfeiv tmdamovdot. Kai dobév povots tois BactArKois Kat Tois emLywptors ot prev e€Hecav. > ’ ‘ ‘ € , , , 438 afupia db€ Tovs ‘Pwyatous Kataderdfevtas povous umeAaBev’ ovte yap Biacacbat toaotrov mAnOos edUvavTo Kai TO de€tas aitetvy ovetdos taeAap- « \ ~ A , > - 439 Bavov, ™pos TW unde mloTevew, €l OLOOITO. KaTAa- Aizovtes 87 TO oTpatdmedov ws evdAwTov ei tovs BactAtkovs avéduyov mupyous, tov te ‘Iz- mukov KaAovpevov Kai DaodnAov Kat Mapiappnv. c ‘ ‘ ‘ / > , a ec 44001 d€ mept tov Mavadnuov elamecovtes Ofev ot oTpaTi@rar diéduyov ogous Te avT@VY KaT- cAdpBavov tay) dldcavras exOpayzetv dred berpay, Kal Tas amoaKevads Ovapmacavres evéempnaav TO oTpatomedov. Tadta prev ovv extn Topmatov unvos empaxOn. ‘ b] ~ > 441 (9) Kara 6€ tiv émitcav oO Te dpxvepeds > Avavias 7ept Tov Tis Baowdrnjs avdAys €UpLTrov dvadavbavey aXioxerat Kal mpos TaYV Anat av avaipetrat ovv “Elexia t@ adeAdad, Kai Tovs TUpyous TEpiayovTeEs® Ol GTacLacTat TmapedvAaTTOV, $37 ~ 1 avo.xodounuévoy PA. 2 éri Born Niese. ° Naber after Lat. **circumsidentes ": éricxév7e5 MSs. 494 JEWISH WAR, II. 436-441 shored up, and then, after setting light to the supports retired. When the props were consumed, the tower suddenly collapsed, but only to reveal another wall constructed in its rear ; for the besieged, foreseeing their stratagem, perhaps warned by the tower shaking during the mining operations, had provided them- selves with asecond rampart. This unexpected sight dismayed the assailants who believed that victory was already theirs. However, the garrison now sent to Menahem and the leaders of the insurrection a request for permission to quit the fortress under treaty. This was granted, but only to the king’s troops and natives of the country, who came out accordingly. The Romans, left alone, were now despondent ; they despaired of forcing their way through such a multitude and were ashamed to sue for terms; besides, even were they granted, they could put no faith in them. They, accordingly, _ abandoned their camp, as untenable, and retired to the royal towers, known as Hippicus, Phasael and Mariamme.*’ Menahem’s followers, rushing into the quarters just deserted by the soldiers, killed all the stragglers whom they could lay hands on, rifled the baggage and set fire to the camp. These events took place on the sixth of the month Gorpiaeus.? (9) On the following day the high-priest Ananias was caught near the canal° in the palace grounds, where he was hiding, and. with his brother Ezechias, was killed by the brigands; while the rebels invested and kept strict watch on the towers, to prevent any ° These towers, built by Herod the Great and described in B. v. 161 ff., were on the old city wall (173) on the north side of the palace enclosure (176). » =Hebrew Elul (August-September). * For the canals in the palace gardens see B. v. 181. 495 Evacuat of the palace. Murder « Menaher JOSEPHUS 442 LH) TIS TOV oTpatwtav draddyou.' tov be Ma- vanov 7 TE THY OxXUpG@V KaTacTpodn xXwpiwv Kal 6 Tod apxtepéws *Avaviov Aavatos étidwoev eis MpoTnta, Kat pndéva vonilwv éexew emt Tots 443 mpaypaow avtinadov adopytos jv TUpavvos. em- aviotavta 6€ ot mepi tov “"EXealapov abt@, Kat Adyov adAjAors Sovtes. Ws od ypyn “Pwpatwv amootavras ot éAevfepias mofov Katampoéabar TavTnv otketw Syuiw* Kai dSeamdTHv dépew, et Kai pydev mpatto. Piacov, add’ odv eavTa@v TaTeEwoTEpov’ et yap Kat déor Twa TaV dAwv adyyetabar, mavti paddov 7 exeivw mpoonKew, ouvTifevtar Kal KaTa TO Lepov émeyelpovv avTa@ 444 goBapos yap avaPeBrKer mpooxvvyjawv eobATi TE BaotAckh KeKoopnuéevos Kal tovs lydwtas ev- 445 dmAous eheAKopevos. ws 8° ot zepi Tov "EXealapov ez” at’tov wpynaav, 6 TE Aottos SHyos [emt TAS opyas |* ious apmdacavtes Tov codiatHv €BaAdov, oldpevot tovTov Katadvbévtos sdiatpépew oAnv 446 TIP oTdaow, ™pos oAtyov" ot Tept TOV Mavanpov advTaXovTeEs ws eldov mav €n adtous TO 7AiGos oppijcav, eduyov Om7n Tts loxvoev, Kal povos bev qv TOV katadndbevran, €pevva 0€ THY aTo- 447 kpuTTopevwv. Kat dveawAynaav dAlyor Adbpa d1a- dpavres eis Maoddav, atv ois "EXedlapos vios *lacipov, mpoojKwy 7t& Mavanuw Kata yeévos, 448 6s voTepov éetupavyvnoev THs Maoddas. attov TE tov Mavanpov ets tov Kadovpevov “OdAGv oup- dvyovTa KaKel tamewas tbrodavOdvovta Cwypy- 1 Naber: d:agiryy MSS. 2 Destinon: éjuw Mss. > om. 1 -Eak. * C: +6é the rest. @ Greek “‘ zealots.” > Text and meaning doubtful. 496 JEWISH WAR, II. 442-448 soldier from escaping. But the reduction of the strongholds and the murder of the high-priest Ananias inflated and brutalized Menahem to such an extent that he believed himself without a rival in the conduct of affairs and became an insufferable tyrant. The partisans of Eleazar now rose against him ; they remarked to each other that, after revolting from the Romans for love of liberty, they ought not to sacrifice this liberty to a Jewish hangman and to put up with a master who, even were he to abstain from violence, was anyhow far below themselves ; and that if they must have a leader, anyone would be better than Menahem. So they laid their plans to attack him in the Temple, whither he had gone up in state to pay his devotions, arrayed in royal robes and attended by his suite of armed fanatics. When Eleazar and his companions rushed upon him, and the rest of the people to gratify their rage® took up stones and began pelting the arrogant doctor, imagining that his downfall would crush the whole revolt, Menahem and his followers offered a momentary resistance ; then, seeing themselves assailed by the whole multitude, they fled whithersoever they could ; all who were caught were massacred, and a hunt was made for any in hiding. A few succeeded in escaping by stealth to Masada, among others Eleazar, son of Jairus and a relative of Menahem, and sub- sequently despot of Masada.“ Menahem himself, who had taken refuge in the place called Ophlas 4 and there ignominiously concealed himself, was ¢ B. vii. 275 ff. The siege of Masada ended the war in Palestine. 4 The ‘Ophel ( =“ protuberance "’), a region in the lower city, ** either the whole of the east hill south of the Temple or some part of it’ (G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, i. 154). 497 JOSEPHUS cavres eis TO davepov e€eiAxvcav Kat zoAAats aikvodpevor Bacdvors dveiov, opoiws be Kal Tovs tm advtov Tyepovas TOV TE EmLOnNLOTATOV THS Tuparvidos danpeT ny “Adsdhapov. 449 (10) ‘O pev otv Sipos, ws ednv, eis tata cuvnpyncev eAnilwy twa THs GAns oTdcews diophbwow: of 6 ov Katadicat tov mdAEpLov amevdovtes, GAN’ ade€otepov moAepwetv, Mavanyov 450 avnpyKecav. apeéAer moAAa tod Sypov Tots otpa- TlWTALS aveival THY moALopKiav wapaxahobyros, ot 6€ mpocéKewTo yaderurTepor, HEXpt pnKere av7€xovres ot mepl tov Meridtov, otros yap my TOV ‘Papater E7Tapyxos, Saeetphiriae mpos Tous TEpl TOV "Ededlapov efarrovpevor peovas Tas yuxas troomdvéous, Ta 8 OmAa Kai THY AowmHv 451 xK7How mapadwoew Xé€yovtes. of S€ Kal THY ikeoiav apmdacavtes avezeuav mpos atvtovs Tw- ptova te Nixoprdous' viov Kai “Avaviav Ladov«e Kal “Tovdav ‘TevaBov beEcav® Te Kal OpKous ducov- Tas. @v yevopevesy KaTiyey_ TOUS oTpaTwtas 6 452 MeziAvos. ot be }EXpL prev Hoav ev Tots amos, oUt émexelper Tis TMV OTacLaoT@v avTois ovT evedawver emiPovAnv: ws d€ KaTa Tas ovvOjKas dmavres amréGevto Tos Bupeods KaL 7a tidy kai 453 pen dev eve dromTevovTes aveywpouv, _Opyncav én avrous ot mepl TOV "Ered lapor Kal TEpLoXOVTES av7jpouv ouTE djLuvopevous ovre ikeTevovTas, ovas be Tas ouvOyKas Kal TOUS OpKkous avaBodvras. 454 0l pev otv ovTwS ws aveodaynaav dmavres mAnv MertiAtov, todrov yap (KETEVOaVTA Kal [EXPL TEpiTouns tovdaicew Umocyopevov diegwoav povor, 1 Nicodemi Lat. 2 deicas LVRC. 498 er =) oe ee Oe le Ss as JEWISH WAR, II. 448-454 caught, dragged into the open, and after being sub- jected to all kinds of torture, put to death. His lieutenants, along with Absalom, his most eminent supporter in his tyranny, met with a similar fate. (10) The people, as I said,* co-operated in this Capitula : : ; : tion and plot in the hope of its producing some radical jhassacre cure for the revolt; but the conspirators, in kill- of the: ing Menahem, had no desire to end the war, but garrison. only to prosecute it at greater liberty. In fact, though the civilians urgently entreated the soldiers to abandon the siege, they, on the contrary, only pressed it more vigorously ; until Metilius, the com- mander of the Roman garrison, unable to prolong his resistance, sent envoys to Eleazar, asking, under terms of capitulation, for no more than their lives, and offering to surrender their arms and all their belongings. The besiegers, grasping at this petition, sent up to them Gorion son of Nicomedes, Ananias son of Sadok, and Judas son of Jonathan, to give a pledge of security and to take the necessary oaths. That done, Metilius marched his men down. So long as the soldiers retained their arms, none of the rebels molested them or gave any indication of treachery ; but when, in accordance with the covenant, they had all laid down their bucklers and swords and, with no suspicion remaining, were taking their departure, Eleazar’s party fell upon them, sur- rounded and massacred them ; the Romans neither resisting nor suing for mercy, but merely appealing with loud cries to “ the covenant ”’ and “ the oaths.” Thus, brutally butchered, perished all save Metilius ; _he alone saved his life by entreaties and promises to turn Jew, and even to be circumcised. To the 9§ 445. ago JOSEPHUS 70 de mafos “Pwpyatou pev qv Koddov, ex yap amAérov duvapews avavaAwbynoav dXAtyou, lovdatous* 455 8€ mpooitov daAwoews edokev. Kal KaTiddvTeEs av7KeoTous pev 10n Tas aittas Tod oAé€puov, Tv de moAw THAuKovTeD [LLAopate Teduppevny, e€ ov Sayoviov 7 pny YO. mpoodokay elKOS 7V, el Kal p11) TH eK ‘Papate apuvay, ez evBovv Ojpooia, KL mAnpys pev KaTngetas va 7), mods, ExaoTos b€ TMV peTpilwy ws avTOs omep TOv 456 ctagtaoT@v dikas dwawv TETAPAKTO. Kal yap o7) oa Bhar ouvepn mpaxOjvar TOV dovov, ev @ Ld. TIP OpyoKelay Kal T@V Oolwy epywy Exovow > EKEYELpLAV. wae a 5 ~ ¢c ‘ a 457. (xvill.1) Tys 8 atrijs ayépas Kat wpas, > / > ~ womTep ek Saiuoviov mpovotas, avijpovv Karoapets > e - > Tous map eavtots ‘lovdaiovs, ws taro play wpav ~ ‘ 7 ‘ anmocdaynvat ev vrép Siopuplous, Kevwhjvar Se macav “lovdatwy tiv Katcaperav' Kat yap tovs / e ~ 7 diadevyovtas 0 DAGpos cvAAaBwv Karhyev® dequw- ra > ‘ : \ a 458 Tas els Ta vewpia. mpos de tHv eK THS Ka- / A <4 ‘ ” ’ ~ ‘ capetas wAnynv oAov to efvos e€aypiodrat, Kal diapepiabevtes Tas TE Kwpas THY Lipwv Kal ‘ /, > / / / / Tas mpocexovcas emopfouv mode, DiradeAdecav ee A 3 ‘ , \ / ‘ te Kat “EceBwvi7w* nat Pépacav cai [léAAav Kat 1 *lovéaiwy PAL Lat. 2 xatyyaye LVRC, 3 Hudson: LeSwrirw L: Te8(e)wvite the rest. @ The day of the month was perhaps 17th Elul (Gorpiaeus), if we may identify the massacre as the event referred to in the old Jewish calendar Megillath Taanith: ‘* On the 17th of Elul the Romans eracuated Judab and Jerusalem “ (vi. (b) in Zeitlin’s edition, Philadelphia, 1922); Zeitlin’s identifica- 500 JEWISH WAR, II. 454-458 Romans this injury—the loss of a handful of men out of a boundless army—was slight; but to the Jews it looked like the prelude to their ruin. Seeing the grounds for war to be now beyond remedy, and the city polluted by such a stain of guilt as could not but arouse a dread of some visitation from heaven, if not of the vengeance of Rome, they gave themselves up to public mourning ; the whole city was a scene of dejection, and among the moderates there was not one who was not racked with the thought that he would personally have to suffer for the rebels’ crime. For, to add to its heinousness, the massacre took place on the sabbath,? a day on which from religious scruples Jews abstain even from the most innocent acts. _ (xviii. 1) The same day and at the same hour, as Massacre _ it were by the hand of Providence, the inhabitants of (te 7°" Caesarea massacred the Jews who resided in their the Syri city ; within one hour more than twenty thousand were slaughtered, and Caesarea was completely emptied of Jews, for the fugitives were arrested by orders of Florus and conducted, in chains, to the dockyards. The news of the disaster at Caesarea Jewish infuriated the whole nation; and parties of Jews ‘Prsals sacked the Syrian villages and the neighbouring cities,? Philadelphia, Heshbon and its district, Gerasa, tion of that event as the capitulation mentioned in § 437 is open to the double objection that no terms were then made with the Romans and that Josephus dates that incident on the 6th of the month. The Romans held out, it seems, for eleven days more. > The enumeration following begins in the south of Decapolis, proceeds northwards, rounds Galilee, and then generally follows the coast line from north tosouth. Separate parties probably started from Peraea, Galilee, and Judaea. 501 JOSEPHUS ‘ ~ 459 LxvbomoAw. Emerta Taddpois cat “Inmw Kat TH TavAavizid. mpoomecdvtes ta’ pev Kataotpepa- pevot, ta’ & bromproavtes exwpovv emit Kadaca A , \ * , 2 ‘ tHv Tuptwy Kai IlroAepatda Tafav* te Kat as “‘ / > ’ > »” ‘ - 460 Kacodperav. avtéoyev 5° ovte LeBaorn Tats € = b] ~ »” ; / > > ’ ‘ , Oppats av7@v ovte “AoxdAwv, add’ emt ravrats , > , ‘4 , / mup7oAnbetoats “AvOnddova cai Talav Kxatéoxam- tov. moAAat dé zept* exdorny ToUTwy Tav TOAcwv avnp7alovro K@pat, Kal TOv aAwcKopéevwy avdpav dovos tv dmetpos. 461 (2) Od pry of Xvpor tdv “lovdaltwy €AatTov ~ > / > ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ \ > ~ mAnfos avyipovv, aAAa Kat avtot tovs ev Tais A moAcow AapPavoyevous anéadattov ob povov KaTa lcos, ws mpotepov, GAN’ dn Kai Tov ed’ EavTois 462 KivOvvov pldvovres. dew?) dé oAqy tiv Lupiav emelxev Tapay7), Kal Taoa modus els dv0 Sunjpy7o oTpatomeda, ournpia Ge Tots eT Epous 7 TO Tovs 463 €Té€pous pbdoat. Kal Tas pevy Tuepas ev aipare dujyov, tas b€ vixras Séet yadeTwrépas: Kal ‘yap ameoxevacbar tovs *lovdaious SdoKotvtes EKacTot Tovs tovdailovtas elyov ev tbropia, Kal TO Tap e ” 7 ExaoTos apudiPoAov ovte avedeiv tis mpoyelpws e / A ‘ee ¢ , > / UTEWEVEV, KAL preutypevov ws PBeBaiws adAAddvdAov > - = 4 ‘ ~ 464 efofeito. mpovKxadreito b€ émi tas odayas Tov diaddpwr Kal tovs madAat mpaoTtdtovs mavu doxodvtas 1 mAcoveEia’ tas yap ovcias Tov avatpeHevtwy adems Sijnpmalov Kai Kabdnep é€k mapatakews Ta oKdAa THY avnpnuévwy eis Tovs agevepous oikous peTtédepov, evdcEds Te WY O 1 Many mss. read ras. 2 TdBartav PAM. * «ad A: om. P (reading éxdcry for -7nv). 502 JEWISH WAR, II. 459-464 Pella, and Scythopolis. Next they fell upon Gadara, Hippos, and Gaulanitis, destroying or setting fire to all in their path, and advanced to Kedasa,? a Tyrian village, Ptolemais, Gaba,? and Caesarea. Neither Sebaste* nor Ascalon withstood their fury ; these 4 they burnt to the ground and then razed Anthedon and Gaza. In the vicinity of each of these cities many villages were pillaged and immense numbers of the inhabitants captured and slaughtered. (2) The Syrians on their side killed no less a Syriaa number of Jews ; they, too, slaughtered those whom °°", they caught in the towns, not merely now, as before, from hatred, but to forestall the peril which menaced themselves. The whole of Syria was a scene of frightful disorder ; every city was divided into two camps, and the safety of one party lay in their anticipating the other. They passed their days in blood, their nights, yet more dreadful, in terror. For, though believing that they had rid themselves of _ the Jews, still each city had its Judaizers, who aroused suspicion; and while they shrunk from killing offhand this equivocal element in their midst, they feared these neutrals as much as pronounced aliens. Even those who had long been reputed the very mildest of men were instigated by avarice to murder their adversaries; for they would then with im- punity plunder the property of their victims and transfer to their own homes, as from a battle-field, the spoils of the slain, and he who gained the most @ Kedesh-Naphtali, north-west of Lake Merom, “‘ always at war with Galilee ”’ (iv. 105). ® A pro-Roman town in Galilee, built by Herod the Great for his veteran cavalry (B. iii. 36, Vita 115). ¢ Samaria. 4 Or rather the surrounding villages (Reinach). 503 465 466 467 168 169 JOSEPHUS mXeioTa Kepddvas ws Katiox¥oas mAcdvwy. Hv dé iSeiv Tas m7oAeus jucovas ardduw TwpaTov kal vekpovs dpa vaTtots yépovras EpplLjLevous, yovard Te poe TS én aidot" oKemns peTeAngora, Kal maoav pev TH emapxtay peor iy adunyntwv ovpdopav, petlova b€ TaV exaotore TOALWULEVV THY ETL TOLS arretAouptevous avaTaow.” (3) Mexpe prev 62) TOUTwY “lovdators T™pos TO aAAcdvAov Woav mpooPorat, KATOTPEXOVTES | d€ Els X«vbozoAw tovs map’ éexetvors *lovdatous émeipa- cav 7oAeutous: ta€devor yap peta TaV Ukvbo- moAT@v Kat THS €avT@v aodadelas ev devtépw Géuevor tiv ovyyevetav, Opoce Tots opodvAois exwpouv. trwrtevhn 8 adtav Kai To iav mpo- Gupov: ot yotv XKvboroXirar Setoavtes py) vbKTwWP emlyelprnawot TH moAEL Kal peTa peyadAns at’Tav auppopas Tots olkelows amoAoyiowvTat mept TIS amvooTacews, eKéAevov attovs, et BovAovrat tiv omovotav BeBar@oar Kal To mpos Tovs aAdoeBveis mioTov emdciEacbar, weTaPaivew apa Tais yeveats els TO aAcos. Tav be TomoavTwy TO mpooraxGev Xwpis vroyias, dvo puev TIEpas Npeuncav ot LKvbozoAXirat THY mloTw avTa@v deAeaLovres, ™H 6€ TpitTy vuKTL TaparnpyaavTeEs Tovs prev advdAda- KTous, ous Oe KOULWILEVOUS, amav7as améadatav dv7as Tov apiOuov Umép puplovs Kat TproxtAlous, Tas 0€ KTHOELS OipTacay amavTwY. "A€cov 8 adnyijcacbar Kai to Lipwwvos 1 L: atéo the rest. 2 Eus.: dvdcoragw (uerdctacw) MSs. @ The Biblical Bethshan, modern Beisan, the one town of 504 JEWISH WAR, II. 465-469 covered himself with glory as the most successful murderer. One saw cities choked with unburied corpses, dead bodies of old men and infants exposed side by side, poor women stripped of the last covering of modesty, the whole province full of indescribable horrors; and even worse than the tale of atrocities committed was the suspense caused by the menace of evils in store. (3) Thus far the Jews had been faced with aliens only, but when they invaded Scythopolis * they found their own nation in arms against them ; for the Jews in this district ranged themselves on the side of the Scythopolitans, and, regarding their own security as more important than the ties of blood, met their own countrymen in battle. However, this excess of ardour brought them under suspicion: the people of Seythopolis feared that the Jews might attack the city by night and inflict upon them some grave disaster, in order to make amends to their brethren for their defection. They, therefore, ordered them if they wished to confirm their allegiance and demon- strate their fidelity to their foreign allies. to betake themselves and their families to the adjoining grove. The Jews obeyed these orders, suspecting nothing. For two days the Scythopolitans made no move, in order to lull them into security, but on the third night, watching their opportunity when some were off their guard, and others asleep, they slaughtered them al] to the number of upward of thirteenthousand and pillaged all their possessions.? (4) Mention may here be made of the tragic fate he ten cities of Decapolis which lay west of the Jordan, yetween it and Mt. Gilboa. & This incident is referred to again in the Life, § 26. 505 Perfidy of the Scyth politans t their Jew allies. JOSEPHUS mafos, 6s vios pev Hv LaovAov twos tav ovK aonwey, papn d€ cwpatos Kat ToAUN diadepaw €ml KAK@ TOV opodvdw dpporepors KATEXpT|OaTo- 470 7 7 pote yoov Conuepat moAAovs ev av7pet TOV 7™pos TH LKvGo7ohe ‘Tovdaiwv, 7 peTO|Levos de moAAaKis attovs dmav7as povos wv pom) THs 471 mapatatews. TEpLepxeTat °° avrov agia mow? Tob cuyyeviKoD dovou: éemeEL yap TEPLOXOVTES ot 2xubozoAirae KAT nov7 lov avTous ava TO adgos, omacdLevos TO Eidos € em ovdeva prev copunoev TOV TmoAeuiwv, Kal yap é€wpa to 7AnGos avivuTov, 472 avaBonoas b€ pada exmabds “akia ye dv €dpaca mdcxw, UKvotoAira [xal? tudv),' ot? tocovTw dovw avyyevav TH mpos avrous® eUVOLaV emaTwad- peba.* Tovyapobv ois amLoToV wey evAoyuns eUpnTau TO adrodviov, jo€Byrae d€ eis €oxaTa TO oixetov, bvickwuev ws evayeis yxepow dias: od yap 473 Tpémov ev® Tats 7Ov mode pte. To atvto 8° dv ein pLol Kal 7 mown) TOU pdoparos a€la kal ™pos avOpetav € Evawos, wa undets TOV exOpav Ty Eun avxXno7 opayyy pnd emaAalovevonra TecovTe. 474 TadT elzwv eAcobow apa. Kal TeBupopevols Ou- pacw TepioKémtTeTar THY €avTod yeveav: Hv O alT@ Kal yuv7) Kal TéKVAa Kal ynpatol yoveis. 4756 d€ mp@tov [pev|® tov matépa THs ToAds emt- cracdpevos SteAatver TH Eider, ped Gv ovK GkovoaV THV UNTEpA, KaTL TOUTOLS THY TE yuVvaiKka Kal Ta TéKVa, povov oy UmamavTa@vTos éxaoTov 7@ Eider Kat omevdovtos dbdaat tovs zoAepious. 1 om. Lat. Heg.: zap’ tudv Hudson. 2 67> MLVRC. 3 uos Lat.: uobis Heg. $ PAL: émistwoduny the rest. 5 #v Bekker. € P Lat.: om. the rest. 506 JEWISH WAR, IT. 469-475 of Simon, whose father, Saul, was a man of some distinction. Endowed with exceptional physical strength and audacity, he abused both gifts to the detriment of his countrymen. Day by day he had marched out and slain large numbers of the Jews who were attacking Scythopolis ; often had he put their whole force to flight, his single arm turning the scale inthe engagement. But now this slaughter of his kin met withits due penalty. Forwhen theScythopolitans had surrounded the grove and were shooting down its occupants with their javelins. he drew his sword, and then, instead of rushing upon one of the enemy, whose numbers he saw were endless. he exclaimed in a tone of deep emotion: “ Justly am I punished for my crimes, men of Scythopolis, I and all who by such a slaughter of our kinsmen have sealed our loyalty to you. Ah! well, let us who have but naturally experienced the perfidy of foreigners, us who have been guilty of the last degree of impiety towards our own people, let us, I say, die, as cursed wretches, by our own hands; for we are not meet to die at the hands of the enemy. This, God grant, shall be at once the fit retribution for my foul] crime and the testimony to my courage, that none of my foes shall be able to boast of having slain me or glory over my prostrate body.’ With these words he cast a glance of mingled pity and rage over his family : he had wife, children, and aged parents. First seizing his father by his hoary hair, he ran his sword through his body ; after him he killed his mother, who offered no resistance, and then his wife and children, each ‘victim almost rushing upon the blade, in haste to anticfpate the enemy. After slaying every member 507 Heroic death of Sitnon tI Jewish renegade JOSEPHUS 4766 6€ SteAPay macav tiv yeveav Kal meEpiomTos €miaTas Tols owpaow tHv te SeEvav avarteivas, ws pndéva dabeiv, crov els THV EavTod aodayny eBanticev 70 Eidos, a€tos pev éAgovs [6]' veavias bu anny GW {LATOS Kat huxs TapaoTnpa, THs d€ mpos addogvdous miatews evexev aKxodovbous mabeau XPnoapLEVOS. 477. (5) Ilpos be TI ev XKvbomdAeu _ PPopay at Aoumat moAets €TAVLOTAVTO Tots Kal? €aut thv *lou- dalols €KdOTN, Kal TevTaKOGious pev emi SiG- xiAtous “Aokadwvitat, IlroAcpacts 8€ SuaxtAtous 478 avetAov, €dncav 7 ovK oAlyous. Kai Tvpior cuyvovs pev dieyetpicavto, mAciovs* 8 avtay decouwras edpotpovv, “Immnvot ze Kat Tadapeis opoiws TOUS pev Opacutépous dmeckevaoav7o, tous dé poPepous dua _gudanis elyov, at te Aourat moAeEts THs Lupias, ows exdary mpos 70 ‘lov- 479 daikov 7 picovs 7 Séous eiyov. provor 8 *Av- Tioxeis Kat Lidwvior kal “Amapets edeicavto Tav perotKovvtTwy Kal ovte avedeiv twas “lovdaiwv Uméuewav ovte Soar, Taya pev Kal Oia TO aodétepov aAnOos imepop@vtes atta@v mpos Ta KwHaTa, TO mAgov 8 Epovye SoKeiv® olKTw TpOS 480 ous ovdev ewpow vewrepilovras. Pepacyvot TE ovTe els TOUS EppetvavTas ev7AnppeAncav Kal Tous efeAeiv ebeAjoavtas mpoeTenibav JEXpL TOV Cp. 481 (6) Luveoryn de Kat kata tHv “Aypinma Baot- delav émPovdn kata “lovdaiwy. adbrtos yap énemo- peuto mpos Kéatiov Taddov eis “Avtidxerav, Kata- ' om. L. * Lat. (plures): wXeigtous PAML: 76 mXetov or 76 wheiorov the rest. ® Niese: doxet MS3. 508 S:6hlh a. - ey SS ee he “ak ane lel ell ee eae ee JEWISH WAR, II. 476-481 of his family, he stood conspicuous on the corpses, and with right hand uplifted to attract all eyes, plunged the sword up to the hilt into his own throat. So perished a youth who, in virtue of his strength of body and fortitude of soul, deserves commiseration, but who by reason of his trust in aliens met the consequent fate. (5) As a sequel to the holocaust at Scythopolis, Genera the other cities rose against the Jews in their ee i respective territories. The inhabitants of Ascalon Jews slew 2500, those of Ptolemais 2000, besides putting gyvi8™ multitudes in irons. The Tyrians dispatched a con- siderable number, but imprisoned the majority in chains ; similarly the people of Hippos and Gadara made away with the more daring of their enemies and kept the timid folk in custody ; and so with the remaining cities of Syria, the action of each being governed by their feelings of hatred or fear of their Jewish neighbours. Only Antioch, Sidon and Apamea® spared the residents and refused either to kill or to imprison a single Jew ; perhaps, with their own vast populations, these cities disdained the possibility of Jewish risings, but what mainly influ- enced them, in my opinion, was their pity for men ~who showed no revolutionary intentions. The people of Gerasa ® not only abstained from maltreating the Jews who remained with them, but escorted to the frontiers any who chose to emigrate. (6) Even within Agrippa’s dominion a plot was formed against certain Jews. The king himself had gone to visit Cestius Gallus at Antioch, leaving in @ On the Orontes, south of Antioch. » In the south-east of Decapolis, north of the river Jabbok. 509 JOSEPHUS A€Xeur0 de Souxedy Ta Tpaypata TovToV TAY evalpwv TUS Tovvopa Noapos, Loaiwe T@ PBaowret 482 Tpoonkwy KaTa yevos. fKov 8 e€k THs Bara- valas €PdopjKovta Tov apiOov avdpes, ot KaTa yévos Kat ovveow TOv Toditav Sdoxipwrator, oTparudy airobyres, Ww, €l TL yeévoiTo Kivnpa Kal mepl odds, Exouev a€ioypewv prdaciy kwAvew 483 TOUS ETAVLOTOLEVOUS. tovtous 6 Noapos ERTELL- pas vUKTUp TOV Bao Twas omAT@v atavTas dvaipet, ToAunoas pev TOUpyov dixa THS ‘Aypimma yrwpns, dia de diAapyupiay djLeT pov els TOUS oodvAouvs €Adpevos dceBew THY Baotrelav bu- édbetper: der eAer TE WuDs eis TO EOvos Tapavoway, peexpe mvGdpevos ‘Aypinmas aveAeiv pev avTov ect dua Loayov, ezavoev S€ THs eEmTpoTis. 484 of S€ oraciacral KatadaPopevol ti dpovpiov, 6 KaXeira. pev Kumpos, Kabimepbev & Fv ‘lepi- xobvtos, TOUS Lev Ppoupovs anéadagav, ta 8 485 epuwara kat éppupav els yqv. Kata d€ Tas avtas npepas Kal TaV ev Mayatpotvr. *lovdaiwy to mAnG0s emelev tods dpovpodvtas ‘Pwyatous eK- 486 Acizew tO dpovpiov Kal mapadidovar odiow. ot de THV ex Plas adaipecw edvrAaBnbévtes cvvTibevTat mpos avtovs exxwprnoew vrdoaTovdo. Kat AaPovtes TA TLOTA Tapadidoacr TO Ppovpiov, Omep hvdaky Kpatvuvdpevoe Katetyov ot Mayarpirat. ¢ Called Varus in the parallel account in Vita, 48 ff. and possibly in B. ii. 247. > King of Emesa (Homs, in N. Syria), mentioned in B. ii. 501 as furnishing a contingent to the Romans, and else- where. In Vita 52 Varus is called a descendant (? grand- son) of another Soemus, who had been “a tetrarch in the 510 JEWISH WAR, II. 481-486 harge of the government one of his friends named Massacre of Noarus,“arelativeof KingSoaemus.? At this juncture pe here arrived from Batanaea a deputation of seventy viceroy: yersons, pre-eminent among their fellow-citizens by rth and ability, to ask for a body of troops in order, n the event of trouble arising in their district, to be n a position to repress the insurgents. Noarus sent ut by night some of the king’s heavy infantry and massacred the whole deputation. This outrageous ction he took without consulting Agrippa; un- younded avarice led him thus deliberately and mpiously to murder his countrymen, to the great ajury of the kingdom. He continued this brutal aaltreatment of the nation until Agrippa, being aformed of his conduct, but withheld by respect for oaemus from putting him to death, deposed him from is regency.° It was now that the insurgents took Capture of he fortress called Cypros,? which dominated Jericho, pag torts typros and iassacred the garrison and levelled the defences. Machaerus < ag A! y the bout the same time the Jewish population of repels. fachaerus® succeeded in inducing the Roman arrison to evacuate that fortress and to hand it over » them. The Romans, fearing that it would be wried by assault, agreed to retire under treaty, and aving received the necessary pledges surrendered 1e fort, which the people of Machaerus thereupon scupied and garrisoned. ¢ The story of Varus’s aspirations to supplant Agrippa, s further massacres of Jews, and his supersession is told in tailin Vita 52-61. |? Built by Herod the Great and named after his mother i. 417). ¢ Above the east coast of the Dead Sea. LS JOSEPHUS 487 (7) Kara dé tHv ’AdAeEavdperav det wev Hv oTaats mpos 70 ‘lovdaixov tois emtxwplos ad ob xpyoa- LEVvOS 7pobvporarors KATA TOV Atyurtio ‘lov- daiors "AXeEavdpos yépas THS ovppaxéias cedwKev TO peTOuKely Kata THY mOAW e€ icoporptas! T7p0s 488 Tous “EAAnvas. drépewev 5° adtois 7 Tym Kal Tapa TOV diadoxwr, ot Kal TOTOV (Ovov avdrots |, eae omws kabapuzépav Exouev THY diaitay, TOV eTLLLayouevwy THY adrodiruv, Kal xp7- kes ezetpewav Maxedovas: eet d€ “Pwpatorhi KGTEKTI}OAVTO THY Atyuz7ov, ovte Kaicap of1 Mp@To0s ovTe THY PET avTOV Tis UmemEvEV TASH) az °Adreéavdpov tiynas “lovdaiwy éAatt@oar.ft 489 guuBorat 8 joav at’ta@v adivadertTor mpos Tous}! "EAAnvas, Kal Tv nyewovwyv modAAovs oonpepa® map apdoiv KodAalovtrwy 7 atacis paddov map| /, : / > ¢ \ ‘ 2 ‘ 7 ” ( 490 wEvveTo. ToTe 0 ws Kal ? Tapa TOL aAAots , / -~ , ‘ ‘ +] > , eretapaxto, padrdrov ef7¢0n Ta zap ekelvots \ \ ~ > > ‘ > , Kat 67 Tav “AdrcEavdpéwv exxAnoalovtwy mep Ais eueAAov exméumew mpecfetas emt Neépwva 7 SOPH pev els TO apdiléatpov apa Tot 4 st)? ‘ , \ , \ 1 “EAnjow cuxyvot ‘lovdaiwy, KaTidovtes b€ avTov: ot diddopor Tapaxpyia (mer) aveBowyv moAemtov: Kal KATAOKOTOUS A€youres: eveiTa dva7nd7cavre e7é€BadXdov tas xelpas avtols. ot pev ovv Aoizo devyovtes Steaomapyoav,* tpeits dé avdpas ava 492 AaBovrtes Eaupov ws Cavtas KataddAcEovtes. pO 1 Destinon: ¢ (couuoipas (sic) PA: €& icoriuias the rest. 2 ins. Destinon. 3 A: om. the rest. * Naber with Lat.: d«¢@apycav mss. * Josephus elsewhere states that this quarter was give them by Alexander (Ap. ii. 35 with note). The privileg 512 JEWISH WAR, II. 487-492 (7) At Alexandria there had been incessant strife between the native inhabitants and the Jewish settlers since the time when Alexander, having received from the Jews very active support against the Egyptians, granted them, as a reward for their assistance, permission to reside in the city on terms of equality with the Greeks. This privilege was confirmed by his successors, who, moreover, assigned them a quarter of their own,? in order that, through mixing less with aliens, they might be free to observe their rules more strictly ; and they were also per- mitted to take the title of Macedonians. Again, when the Romans took possession of Egypt, neither the first Caesar nor any of his successors would consent to any diminution of the honours conferred on the Jews since the time of Alexander. They were, however, continually coming into collision with the Greeks, and the numerous punishments daily inflicted on the rioters of both parties by the authorities only served to embitter the quarrel. But now that dis- order had become universal, the riots at Alexandria broke out more furiously than ever. On one occasion, when the Alexandrians were holding a public meeting on the subject of an embassy which they proposed to send to Nero, a large number of Jews flocked into the amphitheatre along with the Greeks; their adversaries, the instant they caught sight of them, raised shouts of “‘ enemies’ and “ spies,” and then rushed forward to lay hands on them. The majority of the Jews took flight and scattered, but three of them were caught by the Alexandrians and dragged off to be burnt alive. Thereupon the whole Jewish bestowed on the Alexandrian Jews by the Ptolemies and the Romans are stated more fully in Ap. ii. 42-64. VOL II Ss 513 Riots at Alexandri Greeks v. Jews, JOSEPHUS \ ~ Geng ~ & Ee ee, | A ” \ \ \ dé wav 70 “lovdaikov emt THY apvvav, Kal TO pev 7 / <4 ” mp@tov Ao Tovs “EAAnvas eBaddAov, abfis dé 2 A > Aapmadas apracduevor zpos To apdilatpov ~ > ~ Gpuyoav, amewAodvres ev at’7T@ KataddAckew Tov ~ ” ~ djpov avtavdpov. Kav ed@ncav todTo dpacavtes, > \ \ \ ] ~ > / / . ef py Tovs Ovpovs atvtav avexoev TiBéptos > / e ~ / ¢ / > \ 493 "AdeEavdpos 0 THs ToAews yemwv. od pA e ~ ” / ovTos ye amo T@v OmAwy rp~ato awdpovileww, 4 ~ aAd’ troméubas Tovs yuwpipous avtois mavcacbat / \ \ > e ~ ’ , \ ¢ mapekdAe Kat 7) Kal cavta@v epebilew To ‘Pw- / ~ peatwy oTpaTeupia. KkataxAevalovtes be THs Tapa- KAjoEews of oTacL@Mdets eBAaodrjpouv tov TiBépuov. 494 (8) Kaxeivos ouvidey ws xwpis peyaAns aup- dopas ouK av TavoaLwrTo vewteptlovres, erradinow avtois Ta KaTa THY TOAW “Pwyaiwy dv0 TaypaTa Kal ovv avtois dusxtAtous’ oTpatiitas KaTa TUYND , > ‘ > / a” ’ 7 mapovtas eis Tov ‘lovdaiwy oAcbpov ex ABuns > / > 3 / > ~ > \ ‘ \ ezétpepev 5 ov povov avaipetv, aAAa Kai Tas ~ , KTnoELs avT@v diapmalew Kal Tas OlKias KaTa- a 7 ¢ > c , > 4 , 495 dAeyew. of 8 Opyuryoavtes ets TO Kadovpevor AéAra, avvwikioto yap exet 70 “lovdaixov, éréAour Tas evtoAds, ov pv avaimwrl: cvotpadevtes yar t "Jovdator Kat Tovs apewov waAcpéevous €avTai / mpoTaédapevor expt 7AEloTov ev avTéoxov, amaé > > / 2 > / / ‘ 496 8 eyKAivavtes avednv diedbetpovTo. Kal 7aV Totos Hv atta@v oAcbpos, THY pev ev TH TeEdIe = > ,’ 5 ae KkataAapPavoevwr, Tav d° Els Tas OlKias avvwOou A €.¢ ~ pévwv. v7eTmuTpacay de Kat TavTas ot “Pwyaio 1 revraxicxidAiovs LVRC Lat. 2 Bekker: 62 éxx\ivayres or 6é xNivarres Mss. 2 And prefect (viceroy) of the whole province of Egypt see B. ii. 220 note and iv. 616. 514 JEWISH WAR, II. 492-496 colony rose to the rescue ; first they hurled stones at the Greeks, and then snatching up torches rushed to the amphitheatre, threatening to consume the assembled citizens in the flames to the last man. And this they would actually have done, had not Tiberius Alexander, the governor of the city,* curbed their fury. He first, however, attempted to recall them to reason without recourse to arms, quietly sending the principal citizens to them and entreating them to desist and not to provoke the Roman army to take action. But the rioters only ridiculed this exhortation and used abusive language of Tiberius. (8) Understanding then that nothing but the infliction of a severe lesson would quell the rebels, he let loose upon them the two Roman legions stationed in the city,® together with two thousand soldiers, who by chance had just arrived from Libya to complete the ruin of the Jews; permission was given them not merely to kill the rioters but to plunder their property and burn down their houses. The troops, thereupon, rushed to the quarter of the city called “ Delta,’ ° where the Jews were con- centrated, and executed their orders, but not without bloodshed on their own side; for the Jews closing their ranks and putting the best armed among their number in the front offered a prolonged resistance, but when once they gave way, wholesale carnage ensued. Death in every form was theirs; some were caught in the plain, others driven into their | houses, to which the Romans set fire after stripping > Cf. § 387 note. ¢ The five quarters of Alexandria were called after the first five letters of the alphabet, two being occupied by Jews (Philo, In Flaccum, § 55 Cohn; quoted by Reinach). 515 The Rom: soldiers let loose upon the Alexandr Jews. JOSEPHUS / A ” \ »” / ” mpod.taptalovtes Ta Evdov, Kal oUTE vyTIWY EX€EOS b] ‘ »” > A > / / > \ \ avrovs ovre aides elojes yepovrwy, adda dia 497 maons tuias € exwpowv KTEVOVTES, Ws eTUKAVaO AVAL pev alwate mavTa Tov x@pov, mevTe de pupuddes €awpevbncav vexpa@v, mepiercidOn 8 av ovde TO Aoumdv, €¢ pi) pos tkeTyplas €TpaTovTO. KaT- / > b] \ > / > ~ A ouxteipas 8 avtovs “AdcEavdpos avaywpeiv Tovs 498 “‘Payatouvs éxédevoev. of prev ovv &€€ fous TO metOjviov ExovTes apa vevpaTe TOD Povevew emav- \ 4 \ ~ > / > cavto, 70 Snpotikov b€ tav “Ade~avdpewv bu e \ U / - 2 A / bmepBoAny juicovs SduvcavakAntov jv Kat ports ameomaTO TV owudTwr. See @€-© == Cea ee. oe ———e ay 499 (9) Tototrov péev to Kata trv *AdcEavdperav mafos ovvyvéx8n: Keoriw b€ ovdxeTe pepe éddxet Tavtaxod Tav “lovdaiwy exmeToAcuwpevw. 500 avadaBav S€ amo tas “Avtioyeias TO pev Bwde- KaTov Tadypa mAnpes, amo b€ THv Aowm@v avo diaytAious émiAéxtous, melv te €€ ometpas Kai téaoapas tNas imméwv, mpos ais tas mapa Tar Bacwéwv ovppaytas, "Avtidyou pev ducytAtous inmets Kat melovs tpioxtAious, to€dTas mavTas ’"Aypinma 5€ melovs prev tovs taovs tmmeis &e / ? / e A \ / 4 501 duaytAiwy eAdtTous, eizeTo S€ Kat Loatpos perc TETPAKLOXLAlwy, @v Hoav immets 7) TpiTH potpa Ka 4 / / ~ > as 70 mAé€ov to€dtar, mponAfev eis I1toAcpaida 502 TActaTtor O€ KaK THY TOAEwWY ETiKOUpOL auvEAcyy Se |S bee Ss * Governor of Syria, ii. 280, ete. » There were four legions in Syria, as there had been sine the time of Augustus (Tac. Ann. iv. 5, quoted by Reinach) 516 JEWISH WAR, II. 496-502 them of their contents ; there was no pity for infancy, no respect for years: all ages fell before their murderous career, until the whole district was deluged with blood and the heaps of corpses numbered fifty thousand; even the remnant would not have escaped, had they not sued for quarter. Alexander, now moved to compassion, ordered the Romans to retire. They, broken to obedience, ceased massa- cring at the first signal; but the Alexandrian populace in the intensity of their hate were not so easily called off and were with difficulty torn from the corpses. | (9) Such was the catastrophe which befell the Cestius Jews of Alexandria. Cestius,? now that on all G2)" sides war was being made upon the Jews, decided to remain inactive no longer. He accordingly left Antioch, taking with him the twelfth legion in full strength, two thousand picked men from each of the other legions,®’ and in addition six cohorts of infantry and four squadrons of cavalry ; besides these he had the auxiliary contingents furnished by the kings, of which Antiochus ° supplied two thousand horse and three thousand foot, all archers, Agrippa an equal number of foot and rather less than two thousand horse, Soaemus? following with four thousand, of which one-third were cavalry and the majority archers. With these troops he advanced upon Ptolemais. Further auxiliaries in very large numbers were viz. III Gallica, VI Ferrata, X Fretensis, XII Fulminata; Mommsen, Provinces, ii. 63 note. ¢ Antiochus IV, king of Commagene (in N. Syria) from A.D. 38 to 72, when he was deprived of his kingdom on the charge of conspiracy (B. vii. 219 ff.). | ®? King of Emesa, § 481 note. 517 JOSEPHUS gay, eu7eipia pev TTw@pevor THY oTpaTiwTdyv, vais d€ mpofvptaus Kal T@ Kata “lovdaiwy picer To Xeimov ev tats emotHpats avtimAnpodvres. mapyv' de Kat avtos “Aypinmas Keotiw tis Te 503 0600 Kal Tv ovpdepovtwy eEnyotpevos. ava- AaBav de pé€pos zis Suvdyews Kéotios wpynoev emi 7oAWw Kaprepav THs TaAAaias, XaBovAdy* Ka- Acizau*, diopiler b€ azo Tod Efvous tiv IroAepaida. 504 Kai katahaBew adray EpnpLov per avopav, ava- mepevyel yap 70 77A7jO0s els TO opn, TAnpn be TAVTOLWY KTNLATOV, Ta pe epijkev Tots oT pati Tats dvapralew, To b€ aorv Kaito. Bavpacas Tod KdAAous, €xov Tas oikias opoiws tais ev Tipw Kat Lave Kat Bypvtd dedopnpevas, EVeTIpyCEV. 505 eveia TI xepav KaTadpaywy Kal dvapmaoas pev mav TO 7 poomtnTov kataddetas d€ Tas mepe 506 K@p.as deat pewev els THY IlroAenatéa. 7pos dé Tats apmayais €Te TOV Lvpwv 6 OVTWY Kal TO miA€ov Byputiov avaaponoavres ot “lovdaior, Kai yap aTOKEXWPTKOTA ouviecay Kéottov, ois amo- Acrdbeiow adoxytws éenémecov Kal mept diaxtAtous avTa@v dedberpav. 507. (10) ‘O é€ Kéotios avalevEas azo 7Hs Il7o- Aepatdos atros pev eis Katodperav adixveirat, poipav b€ tis oTpatids mpoémepibev eis “loamy, mpooTaéas, et prev KatadaPéobar Sduvyfeiev tiv nmoAw, dpoupeiv, et 5€ mpoaicfowro tiv edodov, 508 Tepysevery adtov Te Kai THV GAAnY dvvayw. TOV &° ot pev Kata Oddaccav of b€ KaTa yy éeme- 1 cuurapqyv MVRC. 2 Niese (cf. iii. 38): ZaSovuX\wy Mss. 3 4 (or 7) xaXetrac dvopdv Mss.: avépav has probably come in from the next sentence (Niese). 518 JEWISH WAR, II. 502-508 collected from the towns; these, though lacking the experience of the regulars, made good their de- ficiency in technical training by their ardour and their detestation of the Jews. Agrippa personally accom- panied Cestius, to guide and to provide for the interests of the army. With a detachment of these troops, Cestius marched against a fortified city of Galilee, called Chabulon,? on the frontier of Ptolemais Capture o and Jewish territory. He found it deserted by its C2?" inhabitants, who had all fled up into the hills, but stocked with goods of all kinds, which he allowed his soldiers to pillage ; the town itself, although he admired its beauty, with its houses built in the style of those at Tyre, Sidon, and Berytus, he set on fire. He next overran the district, sacking everything in his path and burning the surrounding villages, and then returned to Ptolemais. But while the Syrians and in particular those of Berytus were still occupied in pillage, the Jews, understanding that Cestius had departed, recovered courage, and, falling unexpectedly on the troops which he had left behind, killed about two thousand of them. (10) Leaving Ptolemais and resuming his march, and Joppa Cestius himself proceeded to Caesarea, but sent forward a detachment of his force to Joppa, with orders to garrison the town, if they succeeded in taking it by surprise, but if the inhabitants obtained previous intelligence of their approach, to await his arrival with the main body. These troops advancing rapidly in two parties, by sea and land, easily carried @ Called Chabolo in the Life, 213, etc., modern Kabul; it probably gave its name to the district presented by Solomon to Hiram (1 King's ix. 13). 519 JOSEPHUS xPevres apdotépwlev aipotoww TV modw padius: Kai nde duyeiv dbacdvrww Tov olKnTOpwy, ovy o7ws TapacKkevacacbat Tpos pany, EUTEGOVTES d7avtas avetAov avv Talis yeveais Kal THY moAW 509 Ovapmdcavres eveTpynaav: 0 dé apiOuos tay dovev- Bévtwy TEeTpaKOGLOL TpOs OKTAKLOXLALOLS. Opmotws d€ Kal Els THY Guopov THs Karoapetas NapBatnvny ToTapxiav emeupev avxvovs TMV imméwv, ol THY Te ynv etewov Kat moAvd wAnOos SiedBetpav Taw eTL\xwplwy, Tas TE KTHOELS SinpTacay Kai Tas kwpas KatédAcéav. 610. «= (11) Ets 6€ ztHv TadcAatav améotetAev Kar- cevviov Taddov yyepova tod dwdexatouv TaypatTos, mapadovs duvauw conv apKéoew mpos 70 €Ovos 611 U7eAauBavev. tobdrov Kaptepwratn THs Tadt- Aaias mods Lemdwpis pet’ eddynuias dSé€xeTat, Kai m™pos THY tTavtns evBovAiay at Aoizat 7ddAets npe“ouv. To d€ otaciwwdes Kat AnaTpiKOv Tav eduyev els TO pecaitatov tHs TadtAatas dpos, 6 Kei7at prev avTikpv THs Lemdupews, Kadreitar de “Acapwv. tovtos 6 TdAdos éexjye thy ddvapw. 51201 8° ews pev Hoav vrepdeEvor, padiws tovs “Pw- pLalous TuvvavtTo mpoc.ovtTas Kal mpos d:aKoatous atvta@v avetdtov, mepreAfovtwy 5€ Kal yevouevwn ev tots twnAorépois TTTBVTO TAaXews, Kat ouTE yUn- viyTES omAitas cvatadny edepov ouTe ev TH TpoTh Tous inmmeis €&édevyov, wate oAtyous pev €v Tats dvcywplats diadabeiv, avaipefjvar b€ tbrép bo- xtAlous. 513. « (xix. 1) TaAAos pev obv ws ovdev ete Ewpa kata 77v TadAaiav vewtepilopevov, vméatpedev peta THs o7TpaTias eis Katoaperav: Kéotios dé 520 JEWISH WAR, II. 508-513 the town by an attack on both elements; the in- habitants had no time to fly, much less to prepare for defence, and the Romans, bursting in, slew them al] with their families, and sacked and burnt the town; the victims numbered eight thousand four hundred. Cestius likewise dispatched a strong force of cavalry into the toparchy of Narbatene,* which borders on Caesarea; these ravaged the country, killed a large number of the inhabitants, pillaged their property and burnt their villages. (11) To Galilee he sent Caesennius Gallus, com- mander of the twelfth legion, with such forces as he considered sufficient for the reduction of that pro- vince. Sepphoris, the strongest city in Galilee, received Gallus with open arms, and, following the sage advice of this city, the rest remained quiet. All the rebels and brigands in the district fled to the mountain in the heart of Galilee, which faces Sep- phoris and is called Asamon ®; against these Gallus led his troops. So long as the enemy held the superior position, they easily beat off the attacks of the Romans and killed some two hundred of them, but when the Romans turned their flank and gained the higher ground, they were quickly defeated ; being lightly armed, they could not sustain the charge of the heavy-armed legionaries, nor when routed outdistance the cavalry; consequently a few only succeeded in concealing themselves in ° broken ground, while more than two thousand perished. (xix. 1) Gallus, seeing no further signs of revolt in Galilee, returned with his troops to Caesarea ; where- @ Cf. iis 291. ’ Unidentified. * Or perhaps “* escaping over.”’ VOL. II S12 5a und redu tion of Galilee. March of Cestiusu Jeruasiet JOSEPHUS pera maons THS duvdjiews dvalevEas evéBadev eis ’Avtimatpiba, Kat mvbduevos ev tur mvpyw ’Adexod KaXdovpévw cvvyfpotcbar “lovdaiwy dvva- pw ovK oAlynv, mpovrepnie Tods ouvpPadodvTas. 5140t 5€ mplv els yelpas eAeiv Séeu todvs *lovdaious diueoxédacav, éemeABovtes 5€ Epnpov TO oTpaTomedov 515 Kal tas mépié Kwyas everpycav. amo b€ Tis ’Avtimartpidos Kéatios eis Avdda mpoehav Kevnv avopav tiv moAw KkatadapyBaver: dia yap THY THs oknvoTnylas éoptiv avapeByker mav TO TATOOS Ets 516 ‘lepoooAvpa. mevtijKovra b€ Ta&v Tapadavevtwv diadleipas Kal TO doTv KaTaKavoas exwper Tpocw, Kat 61a Bavldipwv avaBdas otpatomedeverar Kata twa x@pov LVaBaw Kadovpevov, anéxyovTa TeV lepoood\tUpwv TrevtyKovTa o7Tadious. 517 (2) Of 8€ "lovdator karidovtes 7d7 mAnowdlovra TH pat poToAet TOV ToAcpov, adéepevor TI €opTHV eXwpovv emt Ta OTTAa, Kal peya TO TAN Be fap- podvres aTaKTou iat |? poeta. Kpavy7s eLe 00 Em THV paxny, p7jde THS apyis eBdopdbos € evvouay aBovres: Hv yap 67 TO pahora mop: avrots 518 OprjaKevopevov odPPatov. 6 8 ékaeicas avrous THs _evoeBetas fupos éemoincev mAcovextioar Kat KOT THY paynv? peTa TooauTys yoov opis Tots “Papators TpooeTecor, ws Svappiéae Tas Takes 519 av7@v Kal ba [Leow Ywpetv avaipovvras. el 0¢ un T@ yxadracbevt. tis ddAayyos ot te ines 1 om. PAL. 2 In the plain of Sharon, north-east of Joppa. ’ Or perhaps “‘ called after Aphek.”’ Several places o the name are mentioned in the O.T.: this may be the Aphe 522 JEWISH WAR, II. 513-519 upon Cestius resumed his march with his entire army and entered Antipatris.¢ Learning that a considerable — body of Jews had assembled in a towercalled Apheku,?® he sent on a detachment to attack them. Fear, how- ever, dispersed the Jews before any engagement took place ; and the Romans, on invading their camp, found it evacuated, and burnt it and the neighbour- ing villages. From Antipatris Cestius advanced to Lydda® and found the city deserted, for the whole population had gone up to Jerusalem for the Feast of Tabernacles. Fifty persons who showed them- selves he put to the sword, and after burning down the town resumed his march ; and, ascending through Beth-horon, pitched his camp at a place called Gabao,? fifty furlongs distant from Jerusalem. (2) The Jews, seeing the war now approaching the capital, abandoned the feast and rushed to arms ; and, with great confidence in their numbers, sprang in disorder and with loud cries into the fray, with no thought for the seventh day of rest, for it was the c very sabbath which they regarded with special reverence. But the same passion which shook them out of their piety brought them victory in the battle ; for with such fury did they fall upon the Romans that they broke and penetrated their ranks, slaughtering the enemy. Had not the cavalry, with a body of infantry which was not so hard pressed as in Sharon (Jos. xii. 18, some LXX ss.), doubtfully identified with el Mejdel, south-east of Caesarea. ¢ Ludd, south of Antipatris, at the point where the road from the north joins the route from Joppa via Beth-horon to Jerusalem. 4 The O.T. Gibeon, modern el Jib, five or six miles north- west of Jerusalem; the distance given in A. vii. 283 is only 40 furlongs (stadia). For Beth-horon see § 547 note. ¢ Falling within the week of the Feast of Tabernacles. 523 c. Octobe A.D. 66 (15 Tishri). A success Jewish charge outside Jerusalen JOSEPHUS exmrepieAfovres emijpvuvay Kal tod melo TO pH adddpa Kapvov, Kav exwdvvevoev OAn TH Svvaper Kéotios. améfavov b€ ‘Pwpyaiwy mevtaxdaro. dexanmévte: TOUTWY Hoav of TeTpaKdoLOL TeLoOi, TO d€ Aowrov immeis: THv 5€ *lovdaiwy. dUo0 mpds Tots 520 eikoor. ‘yevvarotato. 8 attav edo€av ot Movo- Balov tod tis “AdiaByvAs Baciwéws ovyyevets, MovodBalos te kat Kevedaios, peb’ ots 6 Tepatrns Niyep kat Lidas 6 BaBudcvos avroporjoas els tovs ‘lovdaiouvs an’ ‘Aypinma Tob Bacréws: 521 EOTPATEVETO yap Tap avT@. KaTa Tpoowr7rov uev ody avaxomévtes "lovSator m™pos THY 7mOAW UTéaTpedov, Katomw bé Tois “Pwpaiow emi THY Befuipav' aviotow mpoomecay 6 Tod Tudpa Lipwr ToAD THs otpayias é€omdpagev Kal ovyva Tav okevoddpwv amoomacas nyayev eis THY TOAW. 522 wevovtos b€ Tod Keatiov Kata ywpav tp.olv Tipe pas ot “lovdato. ta peTEWpa katetAngores €7eT 7 pouv Tas mapodous, d7Aot Te HOQV OUK 7peE- pnjoovtes ap€ayévwv Tav ‘Pwyaiwv odevew. 523 (3) "Ev6a 87) xatidav “Aypizmas ovd€ ta “Pw- patey axivouva, mAfous a7rElpov ToAcpiov Ta. opy TEPLOXOVTOS, Expwvev amore ipabjvar tav ‘lov- Saiwy Aoyous: 7 yap mavras metoew karabeobau Tov moAeuov 7 TAY evavtiwbevtwy dmooT|aEw TO 524 un ~cvupdpovodv. emeuiev otv Tav Tap é€avT@ Tovs padioTa yvwpipous exetvors, Bopxiov Te Kat MoiBov, deEvds te mapa Keoriov kai cvyyvepny mapa “Pwyatois aodadj mept THv juapTrnuevwv 1 PAL: Bac@wpdv the rest. * King Monobazus, like his brother Izates, whom he had 524 = e JEWISH WAR, II. 519-524 the rest, wheeled round to the relief of the broken line, Cestius and his whole army would have been in jeopardy. The Roman killed were five hundred and fifteen, of whom four hundred were infantry and the rest cavalry ; the Jews lost but two and twenty. In the Jewish ranks the most distinguished for valour were Monobazus and Cenedaeus, kinsmen of Mono- bazus,? king of Adiabene ; next to them came Niger of Peraea and Silas the Babylonian,? a deserter to the Jews from the army of King Agrippa. The Jews, when their frontal attack was checked, retired to the city ; but from the back of their lines Simon, son of Gioras, fell upon the Romans as they were mounting towards Beth-horon, cut up a large part of their rear- guard, and carried off many of the baggage mules, which he brought with him into the city. While Cestius for three days remained in his former quarters, the Jews occupied the heights and kept guard on the defiles, clearly not intending to remain inactive, should the Romans begin to move. (3) At this juncture, Agrippa, perceiving that, with the enemy in such countless numbers in posses- sion of the surrounding mountains, even a Roman army was in a perilous position, decided to try the effect of parley with the Jews; he hoped either to prevail on all to abandon hostilities, or at least to detach from their opponents those who did not share the views of the war party. He accordingly sent his two friends, whom the Jews knew best, Borcius and - Phoebus, with an offer of a treaty on the part of Cestius and of sure pardon for their misdoings on the recently succeeded, and his mother Helena, was a convert to Judaism ; cf. § 388 note. ’ Probably one of the colony of Babylonian Jews settled in Batanaea ( Vita 54 note). 525 Agrippa vainly attempts a parley with the Jews. JOSEPHUS e / >] \ ¢ cv ‘ > \ tmicyvovpevos, et Ta OTAa pufpavtes mpos adtovs 525 peTabaAowTo. Setcavtes 8 ot oTaciacTal, p17 - \ ~ > / > / \ A >] / mav 70 TAOos adeias Amide mpos Tov ‘Aypinmay petapaAntrat, Tovs am avTod mpeaBevovtas wp- > ~ \ \ a“ / \ A 526 Lnoav aveAciv. Kal mpw 7 dbéyEacfar Tov pev ~ e MoiBov diedfeipav, 6 S€ Bopxios tpwheis EdOy diadvyetv' tod Syyov b€ Tovs ayavaKtyoarTas AiBois Kat EvAois Talovtes els TO AaTU ouvVyAacaY. , \ \ ‘ > / , ~ 527 (4) Keoztos de T7V Tpos adAxAous avTa@y Ta- paxiy €UKALPOV ‘Say ets evfeaw, amacav emnyev anv SUvayw Kal TpamévTas pexpL ‘TepocoAvpey 528 KaTedlwéev. oTpaTomedevadpevos Oe ETL TOU Ka- Aovpévov LKo70b, dréxer 8’ obTOs EmTAa THs TOAEWS aTadlous, Tpiol pev Auepats ovK eETEXELpEL TH moXel, Taxa TL Tapa Tav eEvdov evdobyjcecbat ~ ? \ \ / / ce ep) c \ mpoodoKay, ets b€ Tas mépiE Kwpas ed apmayny oiTou moAAovs dtadijKev Tay oTpatiwt dy: TH TeTapTn S€, Tis HV TplaKkas “VtepBeperatov Unvos, Siardéas THY oT patiav elofyev els TH 529 70AWw. Oo pev ov d7jpLos v7. Tots oTagLaaTats Eup poupos Tv, ot 6€ aTaciaoTat THY edragiay TOV wpatoy KOT amAayevres TOV prev Ew Tis ToAews pep@v elxov, eis Se THY EvdoTepw Kal TO Lepov > 7 /, \ \ e / 530 avexwpovv. Kéatios d€ mapeMbwv tromiumpynow tHv te Belebav mpocayopevopevyny tHv Kat’ Kawo- moAw Kat TO KaAovpevov Aox@v ayopav, emeita \ \ »” / >? \ > A a ~ mpos THY avw ToAw €APaw avtikpd THs BaouKAs 531 avAfs e€otpatomedeveTo. Kav eimep 70éAncev Kat 1 +hv kai Reland: xail ri Mss. @ A hill to the north-west and commanding a “ view” 2 JEWISH WAR, II. 524-531 part of the Romans, if they would lay down their arms and return to their allegiance. But the insurgents, fearing that the prospect of an amnesty would induce the whole multitude to go over to Agrippa, made a murderous assault upon his emissaries. Phoebus was slain before he had uttered a syllable ; Borcius was wounded but succeeded in escaping. Any citizens who raised indignant protests were assailed with stones and clubs and driven into the town. (4) Cestius, seeing that these internal dissensions offered a favourable opportunity for attack, brought up his whole force, routed the enemy, and pursued them to Jerusalem. Having pitched his camp in the region called Scopus,? distant seven furlongs from the city, for three days he suspended all attack upon it, expecting perhaps that the defenders would show signs of surrender ; but he sent out to the surround- ing villages numerous foraging parties to collect corn. On the fourth day, the thirtieth of the month Hyper- beretaeus, he deployed his forces and led them into the city. For the people were at the mercy of the rebels, and the latter, overawed by the orderly dis- cipline of the Romans, abandoned the suburbs and retired upon the inner city and the Temple.* Cestius, on entering, set fire to the district known as Bezetha or ‘* New City and the so-called Timber Market ; he then proceeded to the upper city and encamped opposite the royal palace. Had he, at that particular (whence its name) of the city (A. xi. 329, where it is called Saphein). ® November 17, according to Niese’s reckoning. ¢ They abandoned the unfinished third wall (that of Agrippa 1, see § 218) as untenable : Cestius advanced to the second wall, enclosing the upper city: for the northern suburb Bezetha between the two walls cf. § 328. 527 Cestius occupies suburb Bezetha, Novembi A.D. 66 JOSEPHUS , 4 ’ , 4 oe ’ ‘ ~ , , atriy exelvnv Thy wpav éevtos THv Teryewv Biaca- / ofa, mapautixa THY mOAW Eoxev Kal TOV TOAELOV / / 1 > ‘ A ta ouveBy KataXdeAvcBa': adAa yap 6 TE oTpato- , /, _ \ ~ e , go a Tupavvios IIpicxos Kat Tv immapxywv ~ , amAetaTou XpyHAoW tz0 DAdpov dexacbevtes® ‘ A 532 deocoxpeon avTov THIS ETLXELPIITEWS. Kal Tapa \ THY airiav TauT HY 0 TE 7oAcpos €ml TOGOUTOV ujKos mpovpyn Kat avnkéotwv *lovdalovs aupdopav avaTAnobivar auveTecev. ~ > \ ~ / 533. (5) “Ev 6€ tovtw moddoi TV yrwpipwv Oqp10- TOV, ‘Avavep TO "LevdBov TaLot mevabevtes, eKa- Asis TOV Kéorov ws avol€ovTes avr@ Tas mdas. 534.0 d€ Kal mpos opyny vrepidav Kal pn TaVvU TL- tevaas dieuéAAnoev, Ews ol oTacLacTal THY Tpo- , > A doctav aicbdpevor tovs ev mepi tov “Avavov azo — / , Tov Telyous KaTePaXdov Kat AiBois matovtes avv- my > \ wily Sitits ay 5 , > 3 TAacav ets tds otxias, adrot de diacTavTEs azo TOV TUpyov TOUS d7ro7rerpwpevous TOU TetXous eBadAov. mévTe prev ovv Tepais dvr obev e€mL- xXetpobow Tots “Pwy:atous dpnxavos HV 1 TpoaBodn, ™m 8 €7LOvO7] avaAdaBav 6 Kéotwos Tov Te e7- A€xTwv avyvovs Kal Tovs To€dTas KaTa TO TpoG- /, ~ a7 ; - 536 GpKTiov emexeiper KAya TH tep@. “lovdator de et a _ > > avo THs oToas elpyov, Kat moAAdKis pev am- /, ~ ekpovoavTo Tovs TG Telyet mpoceAOovtas, téAoS de TH TrANOer TOV PeA@v avaxorévtes aveywpnaay. ~ id , ~ tov b€ ‘Pwyaiwy of mpato tovs Oupeods e&epet- GaVTES Els TO TELYOS KAL KATA TOUTWY OL KaTOTW » o ten e , 4 / > aAAous ot te €€fs Opolws Thy KaAoupeévny map > a , > , > : 4 , auTois xeAuwnv edpagavto, Kal’ Fs ta Pedy katadtec@a: PAML. 2 L: deXeacGévres the rest, * éri Bekker. Naber, Ea =—=_— ese ifs oe ae «= “o> oS or w or | +. a — — ST we gs we eer = _—- ~! 53 528 JEWISH WAR, II. 531-537 moment, decided to force his way through the walls, he would have captured the city forthwith, and the war would have been over; but his camp-prefect 4 Tyrannius Priscus, with most of the cavalry com- manders, bribed by Florus, diverted him from the attempt. Hence it came about that the war was so long protracted and the Jews drained the cup of irretrievable disaster. (5) Many of the leading citizens, at the instance of Ananus, son of Jonathan,® now sent an invitation to Cestius, promising to open the gates to him. These overtures, however, partly from anger and disdain, partly because he did not wholly credit them, he hesitated to accept, until the insurgents, dis- covering the treason, pulled down Ananus and his confederates from the wall and drove them, with showers of stones, into their houses ; then, posting themselves on the towers, they kept up a fire on the enemy who were attempting to scale the wall. For five days the Romans pressed their attack on all sides without success; on the sixth Cestius led a large force of picked men with the archers to an assault on the north side of the Temple The Jews from the roof of the portico resisted the attack and time after time repulsed those who had reached the wall, but at length, overpowered by the hail of missiles, gave way. The front rank of the Romans then planted their bucklers against the wall, those behind them placed theirs upon the first row of shields, and the rest did likewise, forming a screen which they call *‘ the tortoise,’’° from which the * Quartermaster-general. ® Jonathan, probably the high-priest and first victim of the sicarii (§ 256). © testudo. 529 and attac the inner city and Temple. JOSEPHUS depopeva TepwwAricbavev ampaxra, undev 8° of orpa- TLOTaL KaKOUpEVvoL TO TElxos Uméovpov Kal TOU lepod THv TUAnY broTULTpdvat TapecKevalovTo. 538 (6) Aewn 6€ tods otraciacTas EexmAnkis KaT- éhaBev, 75n te’ moAAot SedidpacKov amo Tis 7oXews ws adAwoomevns atrtika. tov de SdHpov €mt tTovtois ovvePawev Oappeiv, kat Kalo zap- ELKOLEV OL TOVNpol, mpoonecav avTot Tas mUAas avol€ovTes Kal defopevor tov Kéotiov ws evepyé- 539 TV. Os €l Bpaxd Th ToAvopKia mpoceAumapycev, Kav evdews THY 7oAw mape\aBev: adn’ ofwae Oud Tovs ToVvnpovs ameoTpappevos 6 Oeds dn Kal TA ayia, TéAos AaBety em’ exelwns THS Tuepas EeKw- Avoev tov moAepov. 640 (7) ‘O yoov Kéorws, OUTE THY TOV moAvopkov- pevwv amoyvwow ovtTe TOD O7jpov TO dpovnpa ovvidwy, eaidvns avexaAecev Tovs oTpariras Kal KatTayvovs em ovdeua mAnyH Tov €eAridwv 541 mapadoywrata amo THs moAews aveélevEev. mpos d€ tTHV addKynTov advtod tpom7Vv avalapojcartes ot Anorat Kata tT@v votatwv emeEedpapov Kat 542 Ovxvovs TOV imméwv Kal meldv biedUerpav. ToTE pev ovv ev T@ KATA TOV 2 Komov avrAilerar OTparo- méiw Kéorws, 7H 8 emovon TpoocwrE pw Xwpe- (épevos paMov efexaeoato Tous ToAeptous, Kal Tovs voTadTous alT@v mpockeipevor diedberpov Kat Ka’ éxdtepov tis 6d00 mepudvTes HKOVTLCOY Ets 543 TAaylous. ote 5€ emiaTpadyvat mpos Tovs KaT- , / ¢ ~ » h omw TiTpwoKovTas ebappovy ot TeAcvTatoL, azret-F / -~ 7 / \ \ \ pov tue mAnbos otomevor didKEW, Kal TOUS KaTa / / mAevpov €yKeysevouvs avacreAAew ody viémevor, 1 Destinon: dé Mss. 530 JEWISH WAR, II. 537-543 missiles, as they fell, glanced off harmlessly, while the soldiers with immunity undermined the wall and prepared to set fire to the gate of the Temple. (6) A terrible panic now seized the insurgents, many of whom were already slinking out of the city in the belief that it was on the verge of capture. The people 2 thereupon took heart again, and the more the miscreants gave ground, the nearer did these advance to the gates, to open them and welcome Cestius as a benefactor. Had he but persisted for a while with the siege, he would have forthwith taken the city; but God, I suppose, because of those miscreants, had already turned away even from His sanctuary and ordained that that day should not see the end of the war. (7) At any rate, Cestius, realizing neither the despair of the besieged nor the true temper of the people, suddenly recalled his troops, renounced his hopes, without having suffered any reverse, and, contrary to all calculation, retired from the city. On this unexpected retreat, the brigands, plucking up courage, sallied out upon his rear and killed a con- siderable number of cavalry and infantry. Cestius passed that night in his camp at Scopus. The follow- ing day, by continuing his retreat, he invited further opposition from the enemy ; hanging upon his heels they cut up his rear, and enclosing the troops on either side of the route poured their missiles on the flanks of the column. The rear ranks did not dare to round upon those who were wounding them from behind, supposing that they were pursued by an innumerable host ; nor did the rest venture to beat off those who were pressing their flanks, being heavily 9 j.e. the moderates. 531 Unexpect and disastrou: retreat of Cestius. JOSEPHUS , A \ » ~ ‘ Q , \ 4 avtot pev ovtes Bapets Kai dedockotTes THY TAEW ~ ~ \ diao7av, Tovs b€ ‘lovdatovs op@vtes Kovdovs Kat mpos Tas emidpouas «v¥KoAovs: wate ouveBatvev avtois moAAa Kakotcba prdev avTiBAamTovow 544 Tovs exOpovs. map’ oAnv dé tH Odov TaLopevor Kat THS dddAayyos exoewWpevor KATETLTTOV, [EXPL =~ / ’ es > ~ A Toc dvadbapevtwy, ev ois wv IIptcxos pev ~ \ / oTpatdpx7s TAYMaTOS EKTOU, Aoyyivos de xAL- apxos, ETApXOs de tAns Aiuidvos ‘lovKouvoos 6 ovopa, worts eis TaBaw' Katyvtnoav emi TO mpoTepov ~ ~ > aTpatomedov, Ta TOAAA Kat TOV oKev@v amofa- ~ / ” , \ e , ? , e / 545 Aovres. evOa dvo }ev TpEpas eTrEewev O Keorwos aunyavav, O TL xp ToLeiv, TH TpiTy, de ToM@ / mAetous Tos ToAeptous Geacdpevos Kal TaVTa TA KUKAw weoTa lovdaiwv, éyvw Kal? éavTod te Bpa- duvas Kav ETL welvn TAcloow ypnoopevos exOpots. e \2 : s 3 , ~ \ 546 (8) “Iva 67)? ovvtovwrépa* ypycaito duyy, Ta / Thv atpatiav avOéAkovta mepikomTew mpoceTater. ~ ~ ” diadbapéevrwy b€ THv Te dpéwy Kal THV Ovewv ETt ‘ - / d€ Kal TOV broluytwy, mAjy ooa BeAy mapexopuley Kal Hnxavds, ToUTwWY yap OLA THY xXpetav TEpt- etXovTo Kal pddvora dedoiKores 17) *lovdators Kat’ avTa@v aA@, mponye THv Svvayw KaTa* Babwpwr. 547 of 6€ “lovdator. Kata pev tas evpvxwplas 7TTOV \ \ eméxewTo, auvetAifevtwy & eis Ta TEVA Kal THY \ ~ kataPaow ot pev dbacavtes cipyov avtovs Tis 1 TaBaav PA (ef. § 516). 2 L Lat. (itaque): 6é the rest. 8 Dindorf: cuvrouwrépa Mss. 4 éri VRC. — as ~~ ean “> * Perhaps identical with Jucundus, the cavalry commander at Caesarea, § 291. ’ From Upper Beth-horon (1730 feet) to Lower Beth- horon (1240 feet): this famous pass has been the scene of numerous defeats (G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of t 532 JEWISH WAR, II. 543-547 armed themselves and afraid of opening out their ranks, while the Jews, as they saw, were light-armed and prepared to dash in among them. The result was that they suffered heavily, without any retalia- tion upon their foes. All along the route men were continually being struck, torn from the ranks, and dropping on the ground. At length, after numerous casualties, including Priscus, the commander of the sixth legion, Longinus, a tribune, and Aemilius Jucundus,? commander of a troop of horse, with difficulty the army reached their former camp at Gabao, having further abandoned the greater part of their baggage. Here Cestius halted for two days, uncertain what course to pursue ; but, on the third, seeing the enemy’s strength greatly increased and all the surrounding country swarming with Jews, he decided that the delay had been detrimental to him and, if further prolonged, would but increase the number of his foes. (8) To accelerate the retreat, he gave orders to retrench all impedimenta. So the mules, asses, and all § the beasts of burthen were killed, excepting those that carried missiles and engines of war; these they clung to for their own use, and, still more, from fear of their falling into Jewish hands and being employed against themselves. Cestius then led his army on down the road to Beth-horon. On the open ground their movements were less harassed by the Jews, but, once the Romans became involved in the defiles and had begun the descent,’ one party of the enemy went ahead of them and barred their egress, another Holy Land, 210f.). It was down this same road from Gibeon on the plateau (2300 feet), through the two Beth-horons, to the maritime plain that Joshua pursued the five Canaanite kings (Jos. x. 10 f.). 533 Scene in ass of Beth-ho! JOSEPHUS e€ddou, aAAor d€ Tovs voTaToUS karewbouv ets THY papayya: To b€ mav mAbs Tapexrabev UmEep TOV avyéva THs 0d00 KkatexaduTre Tv padayya Tots 548 BeXeow. vba Kal tov melSv apnxavotvTwv mpooapvvew eavtots extadadéatepos Tois immedow 6 Kivduvos iy ovTe yap ev ta€er Kata THs 0d00 Badilew edUvavTo BaAdcpevor, Kal TO TpocavTes 549 €mu TOUS TmoAeputous immaouwov ouK my To 8€ emi Gatepa Kpynuvoi Kat dapayyes, els ovs amooda- Aévres xatedbeipovto. Kal ovte duyis Tis TOTov ovTe avs / ¢ ‘ \ \ avAnv modwopKnbets “Avtimas tbrepidav thy duyny abfis ws tb70 TOV ataciactav diehbapyn dyndrwd- 3 ry = 658 oouev. VFidcrios b€ tovs wept LadovdAov a€wwoavtras > , > > J ‘ 4 / € ~ aveveuisev ets Ayaiav zpos Népwva tHv Te avtTa@v 1 PL: rtpaxocious the rest and Heg.: nongentis Lat. @ November 25 (Niese). 536 ~_~S -*F 2 oe SS ce ee SO SO OULrct.lUreelUlUCU SlCrh]lhlC Olle OU OUC JEWISH WAR, II. 553-558 upon them during the night, and, when day came, quickened his flight to such a pace that the men in consternation and terror abandoned the _ battering- rams, catapults, and most of the other machines, which the Jews then captured and afterwards employed against those who had relinquished them. The Jews continued the pursuit as far as Antipatris, and then, failing to overtake the Romans, turned and carried off the machines, plundered the corpses, collected the booty which had been left on the route, and, with songs of triumph, retraced their steps to the capital. Their own losses had been quite in- considerable ; of the Romans and their allies they had slain five thousand three hundred infantry and four hundred and eighty of the cavalry. This action took place on the eighth of the month Dius in the twelfth ® year of Nero’s principate. (xx. 1) After this catastrophe of Cestius many distinguished Jews abandoned the city as swimmers desert a sinking ship. Thus the brothers Costobar and Saul¢ with Philip,4 son of Jacimus, prefect of king Agrippa’s army, fled from Jerusalem and joined Cestius. We shall tell later® how Antipas. who had been besieged with them in the royal palace and disdained to fly, was killed by the rebels. Cestius dispatched Saul and his companions, at their request, to Nero in Achaia, to inform him of the straits to > As the date of the accession of Nero was 13 October 54, t appears probable that Josephus is slightly in error, and that ‘he battle of Beth-horon took place early in his thirteenth year. * § 418. 4 Philip had escaped from Jerusalem after the siege of the dalace ( Vita 46 ff.), and we are not told that he had returned. * iv. 140. 537 November A.D. 66. Eminent Jews quit Jerusalem Cestius reports to Nero. JOSEPHUS OnAdoovtas avayKynv Kal Tas aitlas Tod moAewou tpépovtas eis DAGpov: THv yap em’ exeivov opynv Koudicew Kal TOUs €avTOD KWdvvoUs TATLOEV. 559 (2) Kav tovtw Aapuacknvot thy Tov “Pwpaiwv dbopav mvbdpevor tovs Tap’ eavTots: Tovdatous 560 dveAew eo7ovoacay. Kat Kalo pev elyov avrous ev TQ) yupvacte ovv7nlpovapevous mada, dua Tas dropias TovTO mTpayyaTevodpevol, pdorny TH emtyelpnow ed0Kouv, €dcdolKetcav de Tas é€avT@v yuvaikas amdcas mAnyv oALyov oanywevas TH 561 *lovdaikH OpynoKeta* 10 peyLoros avTots ayo eyEeveTo Aabeiv éxelvas, Tous be ‘lovdatous ws av ev oTev@ xwpie, Tov apifuov jupious Kat TevTa- Kootovs, mavtas avomAous éemeAGovtes tro piav wpav ade@s amecda€tav. 562 (3) Ot b€ dudEavtes tov Kéotwv ws iz- éotpewsav eis ‘lepocoAvua, tovs pev Bia tev ere pwuailovrwy tovs be melot mpoorjyovTo, Kat cuvablpo.cbévtes els TO lepov atpatynyovs amedet- 563 Kyucay Tov mroA€uovu mAetovas. TipeOn dé ‘leonmos TE vios Pwpiovos Kal Oo dpxvepevs "Avavos Tov Te KaTG THV 7oAw ATAVT WV avroKpdropes Kal ped- 564 Acta Ta Telyn THS TOAEwWS aveyeipeW TOV yap Tov Liwwvos viov *EAealapov, kaimep th éavTa@ meTonevov THY ‘Pwyaiwy Aclav kal Ta apmayevta Keotiov ypijpata, mpos ois 7oAAa Tav Snpootwy Onoavp@v, ouws ovK emeoTtnoav Tals yxpetats, @ j.e. ex-high priest. Ananus, son of Ananus (the father seems to be the Annas of the N.T.), a Sadducee, was ap- pointed high priest by Agrippa II and deposed after three months on account of his action in punishing James the brother of ** Jesus called Christ ’’ (4A. xx. 197 ff.). The harst character there given of him forms a strange contrast to the 538 JEWISH WAR, II. 558-564 which they were reduced, and to lay upon Florus the responsibility for the war ; for he hoped, by exciting Nero’s resentment against Florus, to diminish the risk to himself. (2) Meanwhile, the people of Damascus, learning of the disaster which had befallen the Romans, were fired with a determination to kill the Jews who resided among them. As they had for a long time past kept them shut up in the gymnasium—a pre- caution prompted by suspicion—they considered that the execution of their plan would present no diffi- culty whatever; their only fear was of their own wives who, with few exceptions, had all become converts to the Jewish religion, and so their efforts were mainly directed to keeping the secret from them. In the end, they fell upon the Jews, cooped up as they were and unarmed, and within one hour slaughtered them all with impunity, to the number of ten thousand five hundred. suasion, brought over to their side such pro-Romans as still ven inede: and, assembling in the Temple, appointed additional generals to conduct the war. Joseph, son of Gorion, and Ananus the high priest 4 were elected to the supreme control of affairs in the city, with a special charge to raise the height of the walls. As for Eleazar, son of Simon, notwithstand- ing that he had in his hands the Roman spoils, the jmoney taken from Cestius, and a great part of the \public treasure, they did not entrust him with office, |picture drawn of him in the War. Here he is a leader of the |moderate party, opposes the Zealots, and on being murdered }by the mob receives an encomium worthy of a Pericles (B. av. 319 ff.). 539 Massacre the Jews Damascu (3) The Jews who had pursued Cestius, on their Selection Jewish return to Jerusalem, partly by force, partly by per- generals for the w: JOSEPHUS QUuTOV TE TUPAVVLKOY OpwVTEs Kal TOUs Um adbTa@ 565 CyAwras dopuddpav eGeat Xpwpevovs. KOT oAiyov ye nv TE xXpela THv Xpy pat wy Kal yontevuv "EXealapos exmepinAfe tov Siyov wate atta@ mevlapyetv Tept THY CAwv. 566 «= (4) Els 6€ rv *ldovupatay érépous ézeAéEavto otpatyyous “Incobv viov Lamda' trav apyrepéwv eva kat “EAealapov apyvepéws viov Néov® 7@ 3° apxovtt Tote THS “ldovpaias Niyepr, yévos 8 jp €x THs U7Ep*® “lopdavnv Ilepaias, d10 Kai [epatrys exaXeito, mpocétagav wrotTdacecbat tois otpa- 567 THyois. mueAovy d€ ovde THs GAAns ywpas, GAA’ ets ev ‘leptxyodv “lwonmos 6 Lipwvos, eis d€ THY Ilepatav Mavaco7s, Oapuva d€ tomapyias *lwavyns 6 ’Eooatos otpatnyjowy é7éudbyn: tpookeKAnpwro 568 6° att@ Avdda Kati lommn kai “Aupaots. tis dé Todvitikis kat “AxpaBetrnvis 0 ’Avaviov ‘lwavuyns Hyenwv amodetkvuTar Kat THS TadAalas éxatépas "léonmos MazOiov- mpoodpioto 8€ 7H TovToU otpatnyia Kat Tauada tav tavtn moAewv oyxv- pw7aTn. 569 (5) Tay pev otv adAwv aotpatnya@v exaatos ws eiyev mpobupias 7 auvecews diwKer Ta TeETL- otevpeva’ “luwonmos b€ eis THY TadtAaiav éAGav ' Niese: Largw or Largav Mss.: Lamrgia Hudson (cf. § 599). 2 "Avaviov Hudson. * Niese: mepi Mss. * No high priest of this name is known: if we read Ananias with Hudson, Eleazar will be the son of Ananias already mentioned as mainly responsible for the war (§ 409). ® § 520. ‘ i.e. bis province was the north and west of Judaea 540 JEWISH WAR, II. 564-569 because they observed his despotic nature, and that his subservient admirers conducted themselves like his bodyguard. Gradually, however, financial needs and the intrigues of Eleazar had such influence with the people that they ended by yielding the supreme command to him. (4) Other generals were selected for Idumaea, namely, Jesus son of Sapphas, one of the chief priests, and Eleazar, son of the high-priest Neus?; and the existing governor of Idumaea, Niger, called the Peraean ? because he was a native of Peraea beyond Jordan, received instructions to act under the orders of these officers. Nor were the other districts neglected ; Joseph, son of Simon, was sent to take command at Jericho, Manasseh to Peraea, John the Essene to the province of Thamna, with Lydda, Joppa and Emmaus also under his charge. John, son of Ananias, was appointed commanding officer of the provinces of Gophna and Acrabetta?; Josephus, son of Matthias * was given the two Galilees, with the addition of Gamala,f the strongest city in that region. (5) Each of these generals executed his commission Josephus to the best of his zeal or ability. As for Josephus, (12 jeter on his arrival in Galilee, he made it his first care to of Galile Thamna is in the region of Mt. Ephraim; for Emmaus see § 71 note. 4 i.e. of the N.E. of Judaea. ¢ The historian. In his Life § 29, he tells us that his com- mission was of a purely pacific nature—to disarm the dis- affected. There is a noticeable change in the character and style of the narrative where the historian turns to his personal history and seems to take the pen into his own hand; the marks of the skilled assistant whose services he has hitherto employed (Ap. i. 50) are less conspicuous. * In Gaulanitis, east of the sea of Galilee. 541 JOSEPHUS mpa@tov edpovtisev THs Els €avTov evvolas TaV > ° ~ EmLywplwy, eldws OTL Ta’TH TAcioTa KaTopHawceL, 570 kav 7dAAa Sdiapaptavyn. cuvidav 8 ott Tovs pev ~ , duvatovs olkewwoeTat petadid0vs THs e€ovalas ~ ~ -~ \ avtots, TO d€ wav mAOos, ef bu’ emtywpiwy Kat ovv7ifwy 7a moAAa mpoordcco, THY pev ynpar@v e / ‘ /, i / > eBdourjKkovTa tovs awdhpoveatatous émiAé~as eK tod €bvovs Katéotncev apxovtas oAns ths TaX- 571 Aaias, émta 8 &v éxadotn mode SiKacTas TeV evteAcoTépwrv diadopwv: Ta yap peilw mpaypata \ Kat tas dovikas Sixas ef éavTov avaméuTew > exéAevoev Kal Tovs €Bdou7KoVTA. 672 (6) Karaornodpevos 8€ ta zpos aAArndAous / ~ 7 vouyla Tov KaTa TOAW emt tHv eEwhev adTav 573 > dad > / \ / ‘Pp U aogaAciay exwper. Kal ywwoKwY W{LALOUS ~ ] A / > , ~ mpoeuPadrodvras ets tHv TaXtAaiay tamirydeva TOV / , xwplwy etetyilev, “Iwrdmata pev Kxat BypoaBe Kat LeAdunv, err 5€ Kadapexyw Kai “lada Kat Liywd 76 Te “IraBdprov Kadovpevov dpos Kat , \ , ‘ 4 , \ \ Taptyatas kat TiBepidda, mpos 6€ TovTois Ta TEpL Tewnoap zt7v Aiwvnv om7jAaa Kata THY KaTw / / , / ~ A ” Kadovpevyv TadtAaiay éreryicato, ths be avw TadwAaias tiv te mpooayopevonevny *AxyaBapwr / \ ‘ \ > \ A / ‘ 574 7étTpav Kat Lewd Kal “lapveiO nai Mnpod. Kara \ \ \ / / \ / de tHv VavdAavitixny LedcvKevav Te Kal Lwyavaray ‘ 4, , , , \ U Kat Lauadav wyvpwoev: povois 5€ Lempwpirats ~ > - edjke’ kal’ cavtovs teiyos avadeiwacbar, xpn- pdtwy TE EvTOpovs Opa@v ovTas Kal mpoOvpmous en a a ar i. i. ee ee ee ee ee z= 1 Bekker: é¢7 PAL: dgijxe the rest (Josephus uses égiévat, not agiéva:, in this sense), 542 JEWISH WAR, II. 569-574 win the affection of the inhabitants, knowing that this would be of the greatest advantage to him, however he might otherwise fail. He realized that he would conciliate the leaders by associating them with him in his authority, and the people at large, if his orders were in the main given through the medium of their local acquaintances. He, therefore, selected from the nation seventy persons * of mature years and the greatest discretion and appointed them magistrates of the whole of Galilee, and seven individuals in each city to adjudicate upon petty disputes, with instructions to refer more impor- tant matters and capital cases to himself and the seventy. (6) Having established these principles for the internal regulation of the various towns, he proceeded to take measures for their security from external attack. Foreseeing that Galilee would bear the brunt of the Romans’ opening assault, he fortified the most suitable places, namely, Jotapata, Bersabe,j Selame, Caphareccho, :Japha, Sigophy the mount called Itabyrion,? Tarichaeae, and Tiberias; he further provided with walls the caves in Lower Galilee in the neighbourhood of the lake of Gen- nesarethy and in Upper Galilee the rock known as Acchabaron,Seph,Jamnith»and Mero. In Gaulanitis he fortified Seleucia, Soganaea and Gamala.° The inhabitants of Sepphoris alone were authorized by | him to erect walls on their own account, because he }saw that they were in affluent circumstances and, $_ Cf. Viia-719. > Mt. Tabor. ¢ This enumeration of fortified places is repeated, with jsome variations, in Vita 187 f.; the “caves” are there identified as those of Arbela (see B. i. 304 f.). 543 He fortifi the town JOSEPHUS >? A 4 , / , e ‘ \ 575 €mt tov moAepov diya TpooTaywaTos. ouoiws dé \ / > , e r se > e \ > , kat Tioyada “lwavyns 6 Antov Kal’ é€avurov éret- > , , = >> »” > , xiCev “lwornmov KeAevoavros: tois 5° adda epv- pacw aTacw avTos oupTOV@v dua Kal mpoc- 576 Tacowv Tapyv. KatéAcéev 5€ Kai Svvauw ex Tis PadtAaias trép dé€xa pupiddas véewv avdpa@v, ovs mavtas ex’ t@v avdAdeyouévwy madaidv omAwv €yxatackevalojevos wrrAclev. 677, (7) "Ezerta ovvidwy antTyTov THv ‘Papate toxvv yevernperny evrreHeta pahora Kal nse TOLS Tyewovas TAYULATWV adporéepw apnyou- 579 wevous. €didacKev dé onpLetewv Tapadoceits Ka aaAmuyyos mpokAngets TE Kal avakAnoets, Tpoo: Bodds TE Kepatov Kal Teplaywyds, KaL TOS de 7pos pev TO Kdy.vov emiaTpedew ex TOD TE pLovTos 580 €v 5€ t@ Tovobvtt ovuuTabeiv. Oaa Te els Tapa oTacw wuxys 7 Kapteplay ovveTéAer owpato: adnyetto’ pddwora 8 adrovs oKer mpos TO moAenov map éexaota tHv “Pwpaiwy edra€iai dinjyoupevos, Kal ws moAeunoovaw mpos avdpas ot dt aAKiy owpatos Kal puxns mapaornp 1 C: most mss. add re. * This conflicts with the account in the Life (§§ 30, ete. which represents Sepphoris as consistently pro-Roman; ¢ B. ii. 511 (the welcome given to the Romans). 544 JEWISH WAR, II. 575-580 even without orders, eager for hostilities.* Similarly, John, son of Levi, fortified Gischala at his own expense, on the instruction of Josephus.2 The other fortresses were all built under the personal super- intendence of Josephus, who both assisted in and directed the operations. He, moreover, levied in Galilee an army of upwards of a hundred thousand young men, all of whom he equipped with old arms collected for the purpose. (7) Another task remained. He understood that the Romans owed their invincible strength above all to discipline and military training ; if he despaired jines. of providing similar instruction, to be acquired only by long use, he observed that their discipline was due to the number of their officers, and he therefore divided his army on Roman lines and increased the number of his company commanders. He instituted various ranks of soldiers and set over them decurions and centurions, above whom were tribunes, and over these generals in command of more extensive divisions. He taught them the transmission of signals, the trumpet-calls for the charge and the retreat, attacks by the wings and enveloping man- ceuvres, how relief should be sent by the victorious portion to those who were hard pressed and aid extended to any in distress. He expounded all that conduces to fortitude of soul or bodily endurance ; but above all he trained them for war by continually dwelling upon the good order maintained by the Romans and telling them that they would have to fight against men who by their vigour and intrepidity » On the contrary the Life states that John was the enemy of Josephus and fortified Gischala without consulting him §§ 4.5, 189). VOL. II it 545 and trains an army oO man JOSEPHUS , s\7 A ~ > / ~ ” 581 mdons OAtlyou Seiv Tis oiKovpevns Kpatodow. Edy de meipav avr av Ajbecbat THs Kara TOV 7oAEjLov mefapyias kal To mapatatews, €l TOV ovv7 Sup ddixnudrev dmooxow7o, KAoT Hs TE Kal Anotetas Kal apmayns, ToD Te e€anatav TO opodvdAoy, ToD te’ Képdos olketov yyetabar tHv BAaByv Tav ovv- / ~ \ / \ 582 7feotatwr. diorxetabar yap KkaAdioTa TOUS To0- > A ” Aéuous map ois av ayabov TO avuvedos Eexwouw r , 2 e / \ BY ” A / [mavtes |* of otpatevopevor, Tovs de olkofev dav- Aovs od povoy tots emotaw éexbpots adAAa Kai TO be xpyobar moAcpiw. ~ ~ ‘ \ 583. (8) [loAAa tovaita mapawa@y dreréAer. Kal TO prev ETOULOV els Tmapdaragw avTa@ OUVEKEKPOTNTO \ meCOv pev pupiddes, t immets 8é€ mevtijKovta Kal TplaKoo.o,® xwpis de TOUTWW, ots ererroiber pdAtota, puofoddpor mepi retpaxioxtAlovs Kat mevtakootovs: émidéktous S€ mepi avTov etyev c / 4 ~ / ” \ 584 <€axoolous dtvAaxas Tod oupatos. etpedov de ~ € 7Anvy tav ptoboddpwv tiv adAnv otpatiav at , = ¢ / modes padiws: tT&v yap KatadeyévTwy éeKaoTH \ TOUS Tyulcers ETL THY OTpaTeiav* exTéuTOVGG TOUS Aoizovs emi ovpmopiopov adttois Tay emitndetwv - > KaTelyev, ws Tovs pev els OmAa, Tovs Se Els epyaciav dinpjoba, Kai Tois Ta Oita wéeuTOVvoW A“ ~ ~ / avttyopnyeiobar mapa TH omAiTav THv aoddAecav. 4 > ~ ~ > \ 585 (Xxl. 1) Avouxotyte 8 ottws TH “lwojmw Ta ‘ \ / / / > /, Kata tiv LTadAatavy mapaviotatal tis émiBovdAos > \ > ‘ / ee, he > / »” avnp amo TucydAwy, vios Antov, “lwavyns ovopa, mavoupyotatos pev Kai doAwTatos THY EeTLOTLwY 1 +00 re Dindorf: 76, rood or 76 te the best mss. ? om. VRC Lat. and placed after o7parevouevar by AM: perhaps a gloss. 3 diaxdo.n Kai mevtTHKovTra VRC Lat. 546 JEWISH WAR, II. 581-585 had become masters of well-nigh the whole world. He told them that he should test their military disci- pline, even before they went into action, by noting whether they abstained from their habitual mal- practices, theft, robbery and rapine, and ceased to defraud their countrymen and to regard as personal profit an injury sustained by their most intimate friends. For, he added, the armies that are most successful in war are those in which every combatant has a clear conscience; whereas those who were depraved at heart would have to contend not only with their adversaries but also with God. (8) Such was the tenor of his unceasing exhorta- tions. He had now mustered an army, ready for action, of sixty thousand ? infantry and three hundred and fifty cavalry, besides some four thousand five hundred mercenaries, in whom he placed most con- fidence ; he had also a bodyguard of six hundred picked men about his person. These troops, the mercenaries excepted, were maintained without difficulty by the towns : each town sent out on service only one half of its levy and kept back the remainder to provide them with supplies ; thus one party was told off for military, and the other for fatigue duty, and in return for the corn which their comrades sent them the men under arms assured them protection. (xxi. 1) While Josephus was thus directing affairs in Galilee, there appeared upon the scene an intriguer, a native of Gischala, named John, son of Levi, the most unscrupulous and crafty of all who have ever * Contrast § 576, “‘ over 100,000”; presumably the rest were not yet ** ready for action.” 4 Destinon: otpariay mss. Intrigues and raids of John 0! Gischala. JOSEPHUS év Totade Tots TrovnpEevpLacw aTavTWV, mevns dé TO mpara Kal LEX pL moAAod Kava oxwv THs 586 KaKlas T1V dmoptav, eTOULOS pev pevoaoBar, dewos 5° emBetvau moTw Tots epevopevors, dpeT nv nyou- Hevos THY amarny Kal TaUTn KaTa Tov pirtatwv 587 xpupevos, UroKpit7s pravipwrias Kat du’ eAmida Kepdous dhovikwTaTos, dei wev emLGupjoas weyadwy, Tpeduv dé Tas eArridas ex Tav Tamewav KaKoup- yneatwv: Anoris yap HV jLovoTpomros, émeiTa Kal ovvodtay ebpev TIS TOAUNS, TO [LEV TmpGrov ohiynv, 588 mpokomTwv 8 aet mAElova. dpovtis 8 jv avrTa pndeva tpocdAapPavew eddAwtov, adda Tovs evetla TUpPaTos Kat wuyis TApAGTHLATL Kal TroA€uwy epTrecpia dvadh€epovtas eEehéyero, pexpe Kat _TETpa- Kootoy avopa@v atidos OUvEeKpOTN TEV, ot TO TA€ov ex THs Tupiwy ywpas Kal ta&v ev abt Kwuar 589 duyddes Foav' du wy maoav éeAjleto thy Tar- Aaiay Kat peteddpovs ovtas emi T@ péAAovte Tro-f ew tos moAAods eomdpaccer. 590 (2) "Hédn 8 adrov otpatnyi@vra Kat pelovan efieevov evdeta ypnudtTwy Kartetyev. emelt de tov “lwonmov open’ adtot [adddpa]? yatpovte T® Opaotnpiw, meer mpatov pev avT@ T- aTedoat TO TEtYos avoiKOdopjoaL THs matpidos ev @ moAAa mapa tay mAovoiwy exépdavev 591 Eveita auvbels okyviy TavovpyoTdTyy, ws apo 1 M: opav (without construction, reading H as N ?) the rest. 2 om. PM Lat. 2 This portrait of John (blacker than any drawn of hin in the Life) recalls Sallust’s description of Catiline: ** animus audax, subdolus, varius, cuius rei lubet simulator ac dis simulator . .. nimis alta semper cupiebat .. . agitabatui 548 JEWISH WAR, II. 585-591 gained notoriety by such infamous means. Poor at the opening of his career, his penury had for long thwarted his malicious designs; a ready liar and clever in obtaining credit for his lies, he made a merit of deceit and practised it upon his most intimate friends ; while affecting humanity, the prospect of lucre made him the most sanguinary of men; always full of high ambitions, his hopes were fed on the basest of knaveries.* For he was a brigand, who at the outset practised his trade alone, but afterwards found for his daring deeds accomplices, whose numbers, small at first, grew with his success. He was, moreover, careful never to take into partner- ship anyone likely to fall an easy prey to an assailant, but selected good, strapping fellows, with stout hearts and military experience. He ended by mustering a band of four hundred men, for the most art fugitives from the region of Tyre and the villages n that neighbourhood. With their help he plundered che whole of Galilee and harried the masses, whose |ninds were already distracted by the impending war. (2) He was already aspiring to the command and Gis iad yet higher ambitions, but was checked by im- {5 Josep jpecuniosity. Perceiving that Josephus was delighted it his energy, John first induced him to entrust him vith the rebuilding of the walls of his native town, in undertaking in which he made a large profit at he expense of the wealthy citizens. He next con- » According to Vita 71 ff., John obtained permission from ‘osephus’s colleagues to sell the imperial corn stored in i} Jpper Galilee, and to devote the proceeds to the repair of the ivalls of Gischala. 549 JOSEPHUS dvAatrowTo Tavtes of Kata THY Lupiav *lovdatou eAaiw ypyoba pn dv cuodvAwy éeyKeyxerpiopevy, 592 méprew avtois emi THY pebopiay eEnTHoaTO. ouV- wvovpevos b€ Tod Tupiov vouiopatos, 6 Téocapas *Arrixas duvatat, Téocapas apdopets, THs adbrijs eTimpuckey TYLAS TLtapddopiov. ovans Se Tis Tadivalas €Aavoddpov padiora Kat tote eddopn- KULaS, eis omavilovtas elomeuTo TOAD Kal povos d7eLpov TL 7AnjGos ouviyev XpHpatwv, ois edd ews 593 EXpP7TO KaTa Tov THY epyactav" TApPAgXOvTos . Kai | tdroAapwry, ef Katadvoevev TOV ‘lwonrov, avros nynjnoccbar THs T aAv\atas, rots pev bd’ €avTor Anotais mpooeratev EUTOVWITEPOV eyxXELpELY Tats aprayats, ows ToAA@Y vewTepiCopeveny Kara, 77) xeopav 7 Sdiaypnoaito mov Tov otTpaTnyov ek: Bonfotvta Aoxnoas 7 TEplopwvrTa tovs Anora: 594 dtaBadAdAou ™pos Tous emtywplous . emeura Svepypurcel Tmoppudev ws apa mpodiotn* Ta Tpaypara ‘Poo jLatous ‘lwonzos, Kal Troha TowavTa mpos KaTa Avow zavdpos éempayparevero. 595 (3) Ka? év Kapov amd AaBapib@wv Kwpn: veaviokoL TWes TOV ev TH peydAw nediw Kal eCoevwv dvddkwyv, evedpevoavtes IltoAeuatov to "Aypimma Kat Bepvixns eénitpomov, adetdovt 1 elepyeciay PAM Lat.: the text finds a parallel i) Acts xvi. 16, 2 Dindorf: rpod:d@7 Mss. * In the account in Vita (74 f.) foe are again sligh differences. The persons to be protected from the forbidde use of foreign oi] are there not “‘ all the Jews of Syria,” bu only those who had been confined by order in Caesare: Philippi. In the Life John makes a profit of 10: 1 (buyin; 550 JEWISH WAR, II. 591-595 object of protecting all the Jews of Syria from the use of oil not supplied by their own countrymen, he sought and obtained permission to deliver it to them at the frontier. He then bought up that commodity, paying Tyrian coin of the value of four Attic drachms for four amphorae and proceeded to sell half an amphora at the same price.*. As Galilee is a special home of the olive and the crop had been plentiful, John, enjoying a monopoly, by sending large quantities to districts in want of it, amassed an immense sum of money, which he forthwith employed against the man who had brought him | his gains. Supposing that, if he could get rid of | Josephus, he would himself become governor of Galilee, he directed his band of brigands to push | their raids more vigorously than ever; in the ) anarchy thus produced throughout the district, either | the governor would go to the rescue, in which case | he would find means of laying an ambush and making away with him, or if Josephus neglected to take measures against the brigands, he would calumniate him to his countrymen. Lastly, he had long since been spreading a report that Josephus intended to betray the country to the Romans, and in numerous similar ways he was scheming to ruin his chief. (3) About this time some young men of the village The aftai of Dabarittha,® units of the guard posted in the great Pabaritt and plain, laid an ambush for Ptolemy,° the overseer 4 ponies stoien of Agrippa and Bernice, and robbed him of all the goods, 180 sextarii for 4 drachms and selling 2 sextarii for 1 drachm), here of 8: 1. § =6©° ©.T. Daberath, modern Deburieh, under the western slopes of Mt. Tabor; the “ great plain” is that of Esdraelon. Cf. the parallel account in Vita 126 ff. ¢ Ptolemy’s wife, Vita 126. @ Or “ finance officer.” 551 596 597 ~ 598 599 600 601 JOSEPHUS macav conv Hyev amooKeunv, ev 4 moAuteAeis Te ecbntes otK oAlyar Kat TAAbos exTwpaTwv apyup@v ypvoot te yoav é€akdowt. pn duva- peevot be diabécAa' Kpvda tHv apmaynv mavTa mpos “Idanmov eis Taptyatas éxopucav. 6 be pepiapevos attT@v TO mpos Tovs PaatAuKods Biavov ti@now ta Kopiobévta mapa TH dvva- TwTaT tw tov Tapiyatatav ’Avvaiw, mrepipa KATO Kaupov Tois deoToTaus mpoaupovpievos* 6 81) jeyLoTov av7@ KvOuvov emyayev. ob yap dpmdcavres dpa pev emt TO pu7jde peas Touxelv _Heptoos eK TOV KEKO[LLOJLEVOV ayavaxToovTes, Gua de Kal Tpo- oxewaevot ToD “Iwonmov thy didvoav, OTe péAAow Tov movov atta@v tots Baoirebow yxapi- Cecbar, vixtTwp eis Tas Kwyas d1edpapov Kat 7aow evedetKVvvTo TOV "lwonmov ws mpodor ny" everAnoav be Kal Tas mAnotov 7oAeus TAPAX7S, aoe bTO THY EW dexa peupeddas omhur av én avrov cuvdpapetvy. Kal TO prev TAnBos ev Ta Kara Tapixatas immodpopias ovv7n Ppovopevov TONAd Tmpos opy7v aveBoa Kal? KataAevew ot de katew TOV mpodoTHVY ekekpayecav: TapwEvvev de ToUs moAdovs 6 “lwavvns Kat odv att@ “Inaots Tus vios Lamdia, tore apywv tHS TuBepiddos. of per ovv diAo Kal _owparogvaakes Tod “lwonmov, Kara: mayevres TH Oppuayy TOU 7Anfovs, eduyov mA Tecodpwv TavTes, avros d€ KoLLwpevos 707 pos: depouevov Tov updos SiavioTatat, Kal Tapawouv- Twv dhevyew TOV Tecodpwv, ot Tapemewav, ovUTE mpos tHhv Kal’ éavtov épyuiay ovTe mpos Tc 1 dieXéo bac PAML, 2 + oi uéy Hudson (after Lat.) 552 JEWISH WAR, IT. 595-601 baggage which he was convoying, including a large number of rich vestments, a quantity of silver goblets and six hundred? pieces 8 of gold. Being unable to dispose secretly of such booty, they brought the whole to Josephus, then at Tarichaeae. He cen- sured them for this act of violence to servants of the king, and committed the goods to the keeping of Annaeus,° the most important citizen of Tarichaeae, intending to return them to their legitimate owners when an opportunity presented itself. This action brought him into the greatest peril. For the plunderers, indignant at receiving no portion of the spoil, and divining the intention of Josephus to present the king and queen with the fruits of their labours, ran round the villages by night, denouncing Josephus to all as a traitor; they also created a Josephus, ferment in the neighbouring cities, with the result son ou Ce chat at daybreak a hundred thousand men in arms {raifor at | iad collected against him. The multitude, assembled n the hippodrome at Tarichaeae, made loud and angry demonstrations; some clamoured for the stoning of the traitor, others to have him burnt alive ; he mob was instigated by John,? who was seconded »y Jesus, son of Sapphias, then chief magistrate of liberias. The friends and bodyguard of Josephus, errified at the assault of the crowd, all fled, with the »xception of four ’ ; he himself was asleep and awoke pnly at the moment when his enemies were about to }et fire to the house. His four faithful companions jirged him to fly’; but he, undaunted by the general ¢ 500, Vita127. °°» Unspecified: ‘‘ staters ’ (Reinach). ¢ Dassion and Jannaeus, friends of Agrippa, according to Vita 131. 4 John is not mentioned in Vita. € One (Simon), Vita 137. * Simon advises Josephus to kill himself, Vita ib. VOL. II T2 553 603 604 605 606 607 2 mpos TadTa Tay pev oikelws exdvTwv Kal pddAvota JOSEPHUS mAnbos Tay epeaturTe KataTAayeis mpomndd, Te pippngdpevos pev tiv eobAra, KaTaTacdpevos™ é Tis kedadrjs Kovw, aTootpéepas be omlou Tas xetpas Kal 70 tdLov Filles emionoas TH TEVOVTL. Tt&v Taptyatat&v oiktos fv, ot 8 amo THs ywpas Kat t@v mAnoiov dcoits edoKer doptiKos e€PAa- aodijuovuv, mpodepew Te Ta Kowa yprpata OarTov exé€Aevovy Kal Tas mpodoTiKas ovvOyjKas e€opodo- yeioBar: mpoeAjdecav® yap é€k Tov oxnpatos , \ , 4 > / ~ e > > ovdev avToy apyiccofar Tay drovonfevtay, aad emt ovyyvapns TOPLOUL@ Tava TETOLKEVAL Ta. mpos tov é€Acov. Ta 8 Hv 7), TaTrElvwos T™po- TAPAOKEVT) OTpaTHYTHMaATOS, Kal TExVviTEvWY TODS ayavaxtobvtas Kal’ attob Kat adAdjAwy ota- , 27? ? ; , , —? 3 ciaca, ed ols wpytlovTo avd Sodoyhawy, exetta Sofev att@ dAdyew, “ eye tadra,' en, ‘Ta xXpypara ouTeE dvaTrepTrew | “Aypinma 7po- npovpny ouTeE Kepdaivew avTos* [L1) yap nynoatunv MOTE 7 dirov tov tpiv diddopov 7 Képdos TO c ~ / a dé pov 7 Kowa BraBnv. cpav dé, ® Tapt- yaaa, pddora THY dyer épay mow aodadetas deopevny Kal mpos KaTacKevTy Telxous yxpylovaay > , A A ‘ / ~ ‘ dpyupiou, dedoicms S€ Tov TiBepréwy Ojpov Kal tas dAAas moAeus epedpevovoas Tots TPT AY LEVOLS kaTaoxely NOvxXy Ta XpqHATa. mpoetAounv, Ww bpiv TeptPdrwpar TELXOS. El Ma Soke, mpopepw TA KeKoulopéeva Kal Tapéyw diapmalew, et Se 1 xataunoduevos L Suid. 2 Bekker: ™ pose hngecar Mss. * ouotoyjcew imcxveiro C: Destinon and Niese suspect a lacuna. 554 JEWISH WAR, IT. 601-607 desertion or by the number of his assailants, rushed "ells ous out with raiment rent and ashes sprinkled on his ruse. aS head, his hands behind his back and his sword suspended from his neck. At this spectacle his familiar friends, the Tarichaeans in particular, were moved to compassion, but the country-folk and those of the neighbourhood who regarded him as a nuisance, railed at him and bade him instantly produce the public money and confess his treasonable compact ; for they concluded from his demeanour that he would deny none of the crimes of which they suspected him, and had only made all this pitiable exhibition of himself in order to procure their pardon. But, in reality, this pose of humiliation was merely part of a stratagem ; with the design of producing dissension among his indignant opponents he promised to make a full confession on the subject which had roused their ire, and on obtaining permission to speak, thus addressed them: “ About this money—I had no intention of either sending it to Agrippa or appro- priating it myself; far be it from me ever to reckon as a friend one who is your foe, or as personal gain anything involving loss to the community. But as I saw, citizens of Tarichaeae, that your city above all needed to be put in a state of defence and that it was in lack of funds to construct ramparts ; as, moreover, [ feared that the people of Tiberias and of the other sities had their eyes on these spoils, I decided quietly 70 keep this money in order to encompass you with 1 wall. If this does not meet your approval, I am yrepared to produce what was brought to me and eave you to plunder it; if, on the contrary, I have 555 608 609 610 611 612 JOSEPHUS KaAas tyiv éBovAevoayny, Koddlete’ tov evepyeTyy.” (4) ’Emt tovrow ot Tapiyardtat pev adrov avevdypouv, ot 8 amo tis TiBepiados ovv tots dAXots exaneCov Kat OunmetAovy: KatadimovTes 8 ExT Epol Tov ‘leonmov adA7jAous duepépovro. Ka- Keivos Oappay 707 Tots @KELWpLEvols, Woav d€ els TEeTpaKopuplous Tapiyararar, mavtt TO ANGE TappnovaaTiKTEpov wpirer. Kat toAAa TH Tpo- TéeTELAY avT@V Karoveidicas ek pev TOV TapovTey Tapixatas edn TEetxloeww, aopahvetobar be Opotws Kal Tas dAAas mOoAets* ov yap aTOpycew xp7]- pedro, e€av povodow ep ots det mopilew Kal LT) mapogvvwvT at Kata Tov Toptlovtos. (5) “"Ev6a 87 To pev addo rAqbos THY Hraty- péevwy avexooper Kaito. diwpytopevov, dicyiAvor 8° ex’ attov wpunoav evotAo, Kat POdoavtos eis 70 Swydtiov mapeAbeiv ameAotytes efeotiKeoav. émt tovtos “lwonmos anmatn Sevtépa ypyrac: avapas yap €mt TO TEyOS Kal TH efla KaTa- tetAas TOV OcpuBov adr ay ayvoetv edn, rive agiodow Tvxeiv: ov yap kaTaKovew dua 77H Tis Bo7js avyxvow: doa 8 ap kehevowow TavTa Tonge, et Tovs diadeEouevous 1]0VX7 mepipevay | elow Tos avTov. 7aoTa aKxovoartes of yveoppLoe it civ Tots Gpyovow elajecav. 6 dé avpas avtovs} 1 Text as emended by Hudson and Cobet, partly q supported by Lat.: ef (or ef 6€) un Kadds tui €Bour. KodageTe mss. ; the negative appears to have been misplaced. . Or, perhaps, “ unite with him in opposing the enemy who ought to provide it’ (from whom they should extrac it, viz. the Romans). * 600, Vita 145. 556 JEWISH WAR, II. 607-612 consulted your best interests, do not punish your benefactor.” (4) At these words the people of Tarichaeae applauded, but those from Tiberias and elsewhere vilified and threatened him ; and the two parties let Josephus alone and fell to quarrelling with each other. He, now relying on the supporters he had won—the Tarichaeans numbered as many as forty thousand— proceeded to address the whole multitude more freely. He severely censured them for their pre- cipitance, promised to fortify Tarichaeae with the funds at his disposal, and undertook to provide similar protection for the other cities as well ; money, he added, would be forthcoming, would they but agree who was the enemy against whom its pro- vision was necessary,® instead of furiously attacking the man who provided it. (5) Thereupon the majority of the deluded crowd withdrew, though still highly excited; but two thousand ® men in arms made a rush upon him. He was too quick for them and succeeded in regaining his lodging, which they beset with menacing cries. Josephus now had recourse to a second ruse. He Another attempt o mounted to the roof, quelled their clamour with a Josephus’ motion of his hand and said that he had no idea what they wanted, as their confused shouts prevented him from hearing them ; he would, however, comply with all their demands, if they would send in a deputation to confer quietly with him. On hearing that, the leaders of the party, with the magistrates, entered me—_house.c...He_.then.. haled_them...to. the _-most ¢ In Vita 147 only one delegate is sent in; he, besides deing scourged, has one of his hands severed and suspended 0 his neck. 557 life frus- trated by stratagem 613 614 616 617 JOSEPHUS els TO pvxYalTaTov THs olKias Kal TH avdAeLov amokAeiaas euao7 lywoev, HEXpL mavT wv Ta onmAayyva yvpva@cat: TEPLELOT KEL be TEWS TO 7AnGos diuxarohoyetoBar pakpotepa Tovs etceAPov- Tas olopLevov. 6 d€ Tas Gvpas e€arivys avoiEas TayLevous eCadiKev Tovs avopas Kat TooauTny Tois ameiAodow eveipyacato KatanAnéw, wote pubavtas Ta OmAa devyew. \ = > / > / ‘ / (6) Ilpos tatra *Iwavyns éenérewev tov dbdovov \ /, ” ] \ A ~ 3 / Kal devTepay ypTucev emiBovAnv Kata Tod ‘lwon- mov. oKxnayevos 67 vooov ikérevoev dt emt- atoAjns tov *lwanmov émitpéysar mpos Gepazeiav ’ ~ / 7 ’ / ~ a avr@ xpjcacbar Tots ev TiBeprads Geppois vdacw. 6 8é, oumw yap UTUTTEvEV Tov emtPovdov, ypadet Tois KaTa THY mOAW Umdpxots _Seviav Te Kal 7a mur noEva ‘lwavyy Tapacxetv. Ov dmoAavoas pera dvo 7p€pas eb 6 Tapiy SuempaTTeTO, Kal TOUS pev amatais Tous be xpnpLact dvadBetpwy avérevBev amoothvat “lwoanzov. Kal yvovs Taira Lidas o dvAdocew tHv moAW b76 “lwanmov Kafeatapévos ypaget 7a epi’ tTHV éemiBovAny att@ Kata Tayos. « ‘\ > 4 e ” A 2 / A 6 de ‘lwonmos ws eAaBev tHv émotoAny, vuKTOs / ~ odevoas ovvTovurs ewhivos Taphv 7pos Ty TiBe- pidda. Kal TO pev aAAo mAAGos: aura UnqvTa, ledvys d€, KaiToL THY mapovotay dmomTevaas €7 avtov, ows méubas Twa Tv ywpipoov UTEKplWaTO THY teigts Kai KAWw7npns wy vaTe- xara MVRC. * Or “envy.” The incidents at Tiberias in this and the following chapter (§§ 614-623) are placed before the Tari- chaeae affair (§§ 595- 613) in the parallel] narrative ( Vita 84- 103). In the Life the “envy” (é¢@évnce 85) of John is 558 Cc. a... eG. oOo oh Ce £4 eo SF -s 242 oO Sm or = ee JEWISH WAR, II. 612-617 secluded portion of the building, closed the outer door, and had them scourged till he had flayed them all to the bone. The mob, meanwhile, remained standing round the house, supposing their delegates to be engaged in a prolonged parley. Suddenly Josephus had the doors thrown open and the men dismissed, all covered with blood, a spectacle which struck such terror into his menacing foes that they dropped their arms and fled. (6) These proceedings intensified John’s malice @ John of and he devised a second plot against Josephus. atte Feigning sickness, he wrote to Josephus to request oppositior his permission to take the hot baths at Tiberias for at Tiberia, the good of his health. Thereupon Josephus, whose suspicions of the conspirator were not yet aroused, wrote to his lieutenants in the town to give John hospitality and to provide for his needs. He, after enjoying these benefits for two days, proceeded to carry into effect the object of his visit : by deception or bribery he corrupted the citizens and endeavoured to induce them to revolt from Josephus. Hearing of this, Silas, whom Josephus had appointed to guard the town, hastened to inform his chief of the con- spiracy. Josephus, on receipt of his letter, set off and, after a rapid night march, reached Tiberias at Jaybreak. The whole population came out to meet tim except John; he, though suspecting that this visit boded ill for himself, sent one of his acquaint- ances with a message. pretending to be indisposed ind bedridden, and so prevented from paying his xplained by the popularity of Josephus; here the context iupplies no such link. This suggests that the Life has preserved the true connexion of events and lends support ¢ Laqueur’s theory that it is the older work. ® He was then at Cana ( Vita 86). 559 JOSEPHUS 7 ~ U ” e \ 6] ‘ , 618 phaa THs Oepameias cAeyev. ws 5€ Els TO OTG- diov tods TrBeprets abpotcas 6 *lwanmos émeipato diadéyecbar mepi THv emectaAuevwy, bromépibas ~ \ 619 omAitas_ mpocétagev attov avedeiv. tovTovs Ta ~ ~ «2 ‘ Eidy yupvobvtas 6 diuos mpoidw@y aveBonaev- mpos d€ THY Kpavyny Oo “lwanzos émuaTtpadeis Kat Geaca- plevos emt THs odayts dn TOV aldnpov amemHdynGEV ‘ ] , ~ zich els TOV atytadov: elatiKer b€ SHunyopa@v emt Bov- vod twos e€amnyous TO vibos: Kal mapoppodvTos ro / / A ‘ , emimnoyncas aKadous adv dvaw awuatopvAaéw eis peony TH Aiwvynv avédevyev.' S3 e ~ ] ’ ~ , ¢ , 620 (7) Ot otpati@rat 8° abtod tayé€ws apmacavres \ <4 A ~ ° 7 > / ” Ta o7Aa Kata Tav emiPotdAwy éexywpovv. evba e Setcas 6 “lwanmzos, py moAeu“ov Kunfévtos ep- , 5 dvAtov & oAtywv dbovov mapavaAwon THY modw, meumel Tois odetépois ayyeAov povns mpovoetv - e = / THS e€avtTa@v aodadreias, pyre Se KTElve TWA > = > \ e ~ 621 pnt amedéyyew THY aitiwv. Kal of pev TO ¢ >] mapayyeAuate metabevtes npeunoav, ot 8 ava A / / / / > ’ \ ‘ THY Tepe xwpav mvOdmevoe THY T EemLBovAnY Kai / Tov ovoKevacavta ovvyOpoilovto Kata “lwavvou: , >) >] - ’ / A \ Ul dbaver 8 exeivos ets Ticyada duywv tv matpida. / \ \ \ > / ¢ ~ ‘ 622 auveppeov de zpos Tov “lwanzov ot TadAatou Kata A ~ modes, Kat moAAai pupiades omdiTa@v yevopevat A ~ 5 mapeivat ofas éemi tov “lwavynv tov Kowov éni- ’ / , 4 ] ~ \ A Bovdov eBowv: ovyxatadAcEew yap adt@ Kat TI / ~ 623 UmodcEapevynv TOAW. oO b€ amodéyeoBar pev abt »” > A e / efackey Tv evvotav, avetpyey Se THY Opuny, 1 avéguyev L. 560 JEWISH WAR, IT. 618-623 respects.?- But when Josephus had assembled the Tiberians in the stadium and was endeavouring to address them on the subject of the news which he had received, John secretly sent out some soldiers with orders to kill him. The people, seeing these men drawing their swords, raised a shout ; at their cries Josephus turned round, beheld the blade actually at his throat, leapt down to the beach—he had been standing, to harangue the people, on a hillock six cubits high—and jumping with two of his guards ” into a boat that was moored hard by, escaped to the middle of the lake. (7) His soldiers, however, hastily seized their arms and advanced against the conspirators. Thereupon Josephus, fearing that the outbreak of civil war might bring ruin upon the city, all for the misdeeds of a few envious individuals, sent instructions to his men to _restrict themselves to providing for their own safety, to kill nobody and to call none of the culprits to account. In accordance with these orders they took no further action; but the inhabitants of the district, on learning of the plot and the contriver of it, mustered in force to attack John, who hastily made his escape to Gischala, his native place. The Gali- laeans from one town after another flocked to Josephus ; myriads of men in arms came and pro- tested that they were there to punish John, the public enemy, and that they would burn him alive with the city that harboured him. Josephus thanked }them for their goodwill, but checked their im- 2 In Vita 91 John comes in person to meet Josephus, but ) hastily retires. » James, his bodyguard, and Herod, a citizen of Tiberias, i) are his two companions in Vita 96. ¢ This sentence and the preceding have no parallel in Vita. 561 Josephus disperses John’s followers JOSEPHUS xetpwaachar ovvécer tovs e€x8povs padAdov 624 Kreivat Tpoatpovpevos. exAaBwv S€ Tovs ad’ éxaoTyns moAews “lwarvy ouvageaT@ras KaT dvopa, Tpobtpws dé evedeiKvuvto Tovs adeTtéepous ot Snuotar, Kat bia KypUKwY ametAjoas’ evTOS Hpepas TéeumTns Tov py KatadumovTwr *lwavyvnv Tas Te ovoias diapmacew Kal Tas oiKlas dua Tats 625 yeveats kataghefew, TpicxiAlous ev amréoTnoev evbews, ot TApayevopLevor Ta OmAa mapa Tots moow eppubay avrod, avv d€ Tois kataderpbeiow, joav 8 oaov eis SucyxtAlovs LXipwv duydoes, avéateAXev? *Iwavyny® madw emit tas Aabpaious 626 emuBoudds ek TOV _ Pavepwrepay. Kpvda yoov EmrepLTreV ayyédous ets ‘Tepooohvpa diaPadAwy tov ‘lewonmov emt T@ preyeOer THs duvdpews, dacKwv doov obdénw TUpavvov éAdctoccba THS pnTpo- / ’ ‘ / AQ? ¢ \ ~ TroAews, et 7) TpoKaTaAndbein. Tadl’ 6 pev dHpos mpoeloms ov mpocetyev, ot SuvaTot 5€ Kata POovov Kal TOV apxovrev twes Adfpa 7H *lwavvy xP pata 7pos ovMoynyv wcboddpav exempar, orrws mone 7): 7™pos “lesonzov: epndicavro dé Kal? éav- Tovs kal petaxadety avr ov azo THS oTpaTnyias. 628 ov pny 7Elouv dmoxpncew TO Soypa, duaxtAlous d€ Kal TevTaKoolovs omAitas Kal Tésoapas TOV emipav@v avdpas eotetAav, tov te Tod NopiKod 627 ~ 1 A (margin): dre.nodvrwr (-avros L) the rest. 2 avécreviev L. 3 Niese: ’Iwavyns Mss. roteunowow PAM. ¢ “90 days,” Vita 370. > ** 4000,” Vita 371. ¢ We should probably read ‘‘ Tyrian ”’ as in Vita 372 (ef. § 588 above). 4 This episode (§§ 624 f.) is placed, probably correctly 562 JEWISH WAR, IT. 623-628 petuosity, preferring to overcome his enemies by diplomacy rather than by slaughter. Instead, he obtained from each city a list of names of those who had joined in John’s revolt, this information being readily given by their fellow-citizens, and then issued a public proclamation that all who within five * days had not abandoned John would have their property seized and their houses burnt to the ground, along with their families. This threat immediately pro- duced the desertion of three ® thousand of his followers, who came to Josephus and threw down their arms at his feet ; with the remainder, some two thousand Syrian © fugitives, John, abandoning open hostilities, was again driven to resort to clandestine plots.¢ He accordingly now sent secret emissaries to and defe Jerusalem’ to denounce Josephus as growing too aa great, declaring that he might at any moment appear him. at the capital as its tyrant, unless he were checked in time. The people, who foresaw these calumnies, | attached no importance to them; but their leaders, with some of the magistrates, from motives of envy, |secretly supplied John with money to enable him to '} collect mercenaries and make war on Josephus. They '} further took it upon themselves to pass a decree recalling him from his command. As, however, they did not regard this decree as sufficient, they sent out a force of two thousand five hundred men?’ with four men of mark, namely, Joesdrus,? son of Nomicus, much later in the other narrative, after the conflict with the deputies from Jerusalem ( Vita 368-372). ¢ The story of the attempt to supersede Josephus is narrated at much greater length in Vita 189-332. * Only 600 soldiers and 300 citizens in Vita 200. 9 Called Joazar or Jozar in Vita. 563 JOSEPHUS > ° > \ Idecdpov Kat “Avaviav Ladoveu kat Lipwva Kat b) / > / / ’ 7 / o> lovdnv *Iwvabov, wavtas eiretv duvatwrarous, wv i 4 otro. THY mpos Tov *lwanmov evvoltay amooTpe- wow, Kav wev Exwv Tapayevntat, Adyov brooxetv ~ U eav avtov, et d€ Pialoito pevew, ws TrodAepiw ~ \ 629 xpnoba. *Lwonmw de Tapayweobat jeev OTPAaTLayv > / ¢ / A >] cee 4 , 5 / eveaoTaAKeoav ot dido, tHV 8 aitiav ov mpoedn- Aovv, ate 87 Adbpa trav eyOpav BeBovrcvpevwr. 610 Kal px mpodvrAagayévov téacapes modAets iO A \ / > / > A6 evlews mpos Ttovs dvaddpovs améotyncav €ABovras, / Lémdwpis te Kat Tafapa* cai Ticyada cai Tr- / / / 630 Bepids. tayéws 5€ Kal TavTas mpoonyayero diya ~ <4 TOV OTAwY Kal YELlpwodLevos OTpaTHynpacW ToOvs / ¢ ~ e ~ , Tecoapas 1yEeLovas TV Te OTALTa@V Tovs buvaTwrd- > / ’ € / \ a“ 4 ~ 631 Tous avemepisev eis ‘lepoadAuja. mpos ovs 0 dHwos / -~ a ov pEeTplWws HyavdKTHCEV Kal odV adbTois wWpyLnoEV \ ~ \ / Tovs mpomeuibavras avedciv, et un Pbacavtes az- edpacar. \ ~ 632 (8) ‘Iwavvnv 6€ Aoirov evtos tod TusydAwy U e A > > , ‘ Teiyous 0 mapa ‘lwanmov doBos éedpovper. Kat > AC e / / > / \ > per oAvyas quepas madw améorn TiBepias em- Kadcoapevwv tTav evdov. Aypimmav tov Baatdéa. \ ~ +73 / 633 KaL TOD Lev pk) KaTaVTHGaVTOS ed TV GUVTETAKTO pine > mpolecpiav, “Pwyaikav 8 oAlywv imméwv Kat’ / EKelvnV TIV HuLEpav tapadavevtwy, Tov “lwonrov > / A2 > / \ > , 634 e€eK7)/pvacov. TW nyyern fev Els Tapiyatas e > amootacts evlews, exteToUdas 5€ TaVTas ToOvS 1 Destinon with Lat. and Vita 203: Tddéapa or Tduada MSS. * R (corrector): 7év the rest. WRC preserve the true text in this clause. 564 JEWISH WAR, II. 628-634 Ananias, son of Sadok, Simon and Judas,* sons of Jonathan, all very able speakers, with the object of undermining the popularity of Josephus ; if he were prepared to leave without demur, they were to allow him an opportunity of rendering an account of him- self, if he insisted on remaining, they were to treat him as a public enemy. Friends of Josephus had, meanwhile, sent him word that troops were on their way to Galilee, but gave no hint of the reason, as his adversaries had planned their scheme in secret conclave. Consequently he had taken no precau- tions and four cities went over to his opponents as soon as they appeared, namely, Sepphoris, Gabara, Gischala, and Tiberias. These,? however, he soon reclaimed without recourse to arms, and then by stratagem got the four leaders into his power with the best of their troops and sent them back to | Jerusalem. The citizens were highly indignant at these individuals, and would have killed them, as well as their employers, had they not promptly taken flight. (8) John from this time forth was confined by fear of Josephus within the walls of Gischala. A few | days later Tiberias again revolted, the inhabitants ) having appealed to King Agrippa for aid. He did not arrive on the agreed date, but on that same day | a small body of Roman cavalry happening to appear, the Tiberians issued a _ proclamation excluding Josephus from the city. Their defection was im- | mediately reported to him at Tarichaeae. He had t * For Judas, son of Jonathan, Vita 197 ete. has Jonathan. ® Gischala excepted. 565 Revolt o Tiberias 635 lor) oo [on) 637 638 JOSEPHUS / 2 > | / A A / > oTpatiwitas emi aitov avAdoyny ovte pdvos e€- opudyv émi Tovs amoaTavtas oUTE pévew tméeuevev, ~ ¢ dedorkms pt) Bpadvvavtos attod dlacwow ot BaotAkot mapeAbeiv eis tHv moAWw: odE yap THY = « U / emiotcav Auepav éevepyov c€ew EuweAAev eméxovTos / / \1 a > / \ > caBBatov. d0Aw 57‘ mepreAGety Emevoet TOUS a7o- oTavras. Kal Tas pev 7UAas THv Taptyaiwv azo- KAeioat KeAevoas, Ws pr) mpoe€ayyetAee Tis TO okéeupa Tots émeyelpovjevois, TA O° emt THS Atwuvys okddn mdavtTa ovvabpoicas, tpiaxovta 8 evpe- O6ycav Kat dvaxoaa,® Kal vadrtac teooapwy ov mAelous Hoav ev ExaoTw, dia Tayous €Aavver 7pOs ziv TiBepiada. Kat tooottov amoaxywv THs 7OAEws > <4 ~ > Cf > ‘ \ c / ef dcov ovvidety od padiov Hv, Kevas tas advadas peTewpous cadrevew exéAevoev, attos d€ jLovous éemta TMV cwyaTtodvAdKwy evdtAous® Exwv eyyvov odbAvar mpoorjer. Oeacapevor 8 attov amd TaV ~ »” 4 7 ¢ / A \ tetyav é€te BAaodnpodvtes ot Siadopor Kat bia Tv exTAnéw mavTa Ta oKadyn yewew omATav vouicavtes eppubay ta OmAa Kal KatacelovTes ixeTynplas ed€ovTo deioacbar THs TOAEws. ¢ oO’ 9 / \ / >’ (9) “O be *Iaanmos moAAa dStametAnodpevos ad- Tois Kal KaTOVELOloas, Ef TPATOV ev apayevor TOV mpos “Pupatovs moAemov ets otdoers epdudtous mpoavadickovow THY toxdv Kal Ta evKTALOTATA dp@ow tots exbpois, emeita tov Kydeudva THs aogadrcias at’tTav avapmacar aomevdovow Kal KAElew 1 L: 6€ the rest. 2 tp.axédora PA. * Destinon and others (a correction required by the sequel, § 642): dvémXous mss. 2“ T had dismissed my soldiers to their homes because, 566 JEWISH WAR, II. 634-638 just sent all his soldiers on a foraging excursion ;4 he could neither go out alone to face the rebels nor afford to remain idle, for fear that the king’s troops, profiting by his delay, might forestall him in occupy- ing the town; on the following day, moreover, he could take no action owing to the restrictions of the sabbath. In this dilemma the idea occurred to him of circumventing the rebels by a ruse. After order- ing the gates of Tarichaeae to be closed, in order that no hint of his project might reach the city which was the objective of his attack, he collected all the boats which he could find on the lake—there were two hundred and thirty, with no more than four sailors on board each—and with this fleet sailed at full speed for Tiberias. Keeping far enough from the town to prevent the inhabitants from detecting that his ships were unmanned, he let them ride in the offing, while he, with no more than seven of his armed guards, advanced within view of all. On perceiving him from the walls, where they were still heaping invectives upon him, his adversaries, imagin- ing that all the boats were filled with troops, were terrified, threw down their arms and, waving sup- pliants’ olive-branches, implored him to spare the city. (9) Josephus severely threatened and reproached them, first for their folly, after taking up arms against Rome, in wasting their strength beforehand upon civil strife and so fulfilling their enemies’ fondest wishes ; next for their eagerness to make away with their guardian and protector, and their shamelessness the next day being the sabbath, I desired to spare the {| Tarichaeans annoyance from the presence of the military ” AN 4 (Vita 159). 567 checked a ruse ( sham fle JOSEPHUS ovK aidobvra Thy TOAW abT@ TO Tevyioavtt, mpoa- d€xeoFau TOUS drrooynoopevous epackev Kat Ou 639 wy BeBaioerau' THY mow. katéBawvov 8 evdews d€ka TOV TiBepréwy ot Suvatararot: Kal TOUS pee avadaBav pd TOv aAuddwr aviyayev ToppuTrEpw, TEVTTKOVTA 5° €ré€pous Tis BovAjjs | TOUS _baAvora yvwplous KeAever mpoeAfeiv, ws Kal map’ éxeivwv 640 miaTw twa BovAdmevos AaBeiv. Emevta KawvoTtépas ox7wers emwo@yv adAdous én’ addou ws emt ouv- 641 O7)Kais mpoukadetro. Tots d€ KuBepyvyras exeAevoev Tav* tAnpovpevwy b1a Tdxous eis Taptyatas ava- mAciy Kai ovykAelew Tods avdpas eis TO Secuwr7- prov, péexpe Tacav pev Ty Bovdjy ovcav €€akoclwy, mept de dvaytAlous Tv amo Tod dyuov ovAAaBeow aviyayev oxadeow eis Tapixaias. 642. (10) Bodvrwy b€ t&v AowrGv aitvov etvar pea- Awora THs dmooTdcews KAetrov twa Kal Trapa- KkahovvTw els exeivov dmepetdecbar TV opyny, 6 ‘lewanzos dverety pev ovdeva mpojpnto, Aeviv 6€ twa TOV éavtob pvddkov exéAevoev e&edOeiv, 643 iva dmoKoyy Tas xetpas tod KAeirouv. deioas de exeivos eis €x8pav atidos dmoBjoeabae pLovos OUK egy. oxetAralovtra de TOV "laonmov emi Tob akddous 0 KActr TOS opav Kal 7 poFvpovpevov avrov emumnddy € emt Tay TYyLwplay ik€TEVEV ao Tis aKTHS 644 TH éTépav TOV XElpav kataduretv. KaKelvov KaTa- vevoavTos ep & Thy €répapv avros amroKowevev €avtod, omacdpevos TH Seba 70 Eidos dméxowbev Tv Aaidv: eis toaobdrov déous bro Tob *lwarjov 645 ™ponx On. TOTE pe 57) Kevois oxadeow Kat dopu- pos enta Tov SAyov atywadwtiodpevos maAw 1 Destinon: Se8aimonra: or -woa:To MSS. 568 JEWISH WAR, II. 638-645 in closing their city to him, who had built its walls ; he declared himself ready, notwithstanding, to re- ceive deputies who would offer an apology and assist him to secure the town. At once ten citizens, the principal men of Tiberias, came down; these he took on board one of the vessels and conveyed some distance from the land. Next he required fifty more, the most eminent members of the council, to come forward, ostensibly to give him their word as well. And so, always inventing some new pretext, he called up one party after another, presumably to ratify the agreement. As the boats were successively filled, he gave orders to the skippers to sail with all speed to Tarichaeae and to shut the men up in prison. Thus, in the end, he arrested the whole council of six hundred members and some two thousand other citizens, and shipped them off to Tarichaeae. (10) Those who were left indicated, with loud cries, a certain Cleitus as the prime mover of the revolt, and urged the governor to vent his wrath upon him. Josephus, being determined to put no one to death, ordered one of his guards, named Levi, to go ashore and cut off Cleitus’s hands. The soldier, afraid to venture alone into the midst of a host of enemies, refused to go. Cleitus, thereupon, seeing Josephus on the boat fuming with anger and prepared to leap out himself to chastise him, implored him from the beach to leave him one of his hands. The governor consenting to this, on condition that he cut off the other himself, Cleitus drew his sword with his right hand and severed the left from his body ; such was his terror of Josephus. Thus, with empty ships and seven guards, he captured, on that occasion, an * +oxapav Bekker (after Lat.). 569 JOSEPHUS TiBepiada mpoonyayeto, peta 8 tuepas dAlyas Lemdwpitais ovvaTvootadoav evpwr' enétpepe pev 646 dlapmdoat Tois oTpaTiwTalis, ovvayaywv peévTou mavtTa Tots Snudtais edwkev, Tols Te Kata Ler- dwpw opoiws Kal yap E€kelvous yelpwodpevos vouletHjoa dia THs apmayns nOéeAncev, TH 8 amodcce, TOV xpynudTwv maAw eis evvoLtav mpoc- nyayeTo . 4 ‘* \ \ 4 , > 647. (xxil. 1) Ta pwev odv xara TadtAalay ézémaurto \ =~ 5) / KWwnpaTa, Kal TOV endvdAtwv tavoduevor SoptBuv A ¢ ’ ’ / emt tas mpos “Pawpatous etpazovto mapackeuads, ’ \ ~ e / ” , € > 4 648 ev de tots ‘lepocoAvpots “Avavos Te 0 apxtepeds = ~ id \ ¢ ’ Kal T@v duvat@v ooo. 7 Ta “Pwyaiwy é€dpovovy - >’ ~ TO TE Telxyos eTeckevalov Kat moAAa TH ToOde- , > / ‘ A / ~ 649 pLLoTNpiwy opyavwv. Kal dia Taons pev THs / ’ / / ‘ ’ ‘ moAews exadKkevero BéAn Kat mavo7Aia, mpos / ‘ 7 ~ aTaKTolis*® d€ yuuvaciats TO TOV vewy TARBos jv, \ A / / \ . , = Kal weota Tavta BopuBov, dew d€ Katydeva Tov / \ \ . petpiwv, Kat moAAot tas peAAovoas mpoopudpevor os \ > , ’ a 747 650 cupppopas amwdAodvpovto. Gevacuot te Tots €tpy- ~ / 7 > vnv ayam@ow dvadnpor, tois b€ Tov moAenov €€- ‘ €s ’ awacw eaxedialovto mpos dovnv, Kal TO KaTa- = , A , = e oTnpa THs moAews mpw emeADciv “Pwyatous hy 651 olov azroAoupev ’ Avav € pyv dpovtis 7 olov a [LEVIS « w ye pnv dpovtis Hy A ‘ b] , ~ ’ ‘ / KATA pulKpov adiotapevw TV Els TOV mdAEnOY Tapackev@v Kapyar mpos TO ouudepov tous Te \ \ ~ ~ oTaciacTas Kai Thy Tov KAnbertwy CydAwrdv 1 PA: é\wy the rest. ® jussis Lat., i.¢. tax7ais ‘‘ regular.” 570 JEWISH WAR, II. 645-651 entire population, and once more reduced Tiberias to submission. But a few days later, discovering that the city had revolted again along with Sepphoris, he delivered it over to his soldiers to plunder it. How- ever, he collected all the spoil and restored it to the townsfolk. He followed the same procedure at Sepphoris ; for that town also was subdued by him, and he wished to give the inhabitants a lesson by pillaging it, and then by restoring their property to regain their affection. (xxii. 1) The disturbances in Galilee were thus quelled ; and, their civil strife now ended, the Jews turned to preparations for the struggle with the Romans. In Jerusalem Ananus the high-priest and all the leading men who were not pro-Romans busied themselves with the repair of the walls and the accumulation of engines of war. In every quarter of the city missiles and suits of armour were being forged ; masses of young men were undergoing a desultory training ; and the whole was one scene of tumult. On the other side, the dejection of the moderates was profound ; and many, foreseeing the impending disasters, made open lamentation. Then, too, there were omens,? which to the friends of peace boded ill, although those who had kindled the war readily invented favourable interpretations for them. In short, the city before the coming of the Romans wore the appearance of a place doomed to destruc- tion. Ananus, nevertheless, cherished the thought of gradually abandoning these warlike preparations and bending the malcontents and the infatuated so- ‘called zealots to a more salutary policy ; but he @ A description of these is given later, vi. 288-315. 571 Reductior and pillag of Tiberia and Sepphoris Prepara- tions at Jerusalem for war. Winter of A.D. 66-67 JOSEPHUS adpoovvny, nr7nOy d€ THs Bias, Kav Tots €&fjs otov téAous eTUXEV dy Aw@oopev. 652 (2) Kara 6€ tiv *AxpaBarnynv' tomapxiav o [pa Lipwv moods TOV vewrepilovra ov- oTnOdueEvos eb apmayas eTpaTreTo Kal ov jeovov Tas oikias €omdpaccev® tav mAovatwr, adda Kal 7a cwpyata KatnKkileto, SHAds Te HY On TOppwHev 653 apyoevos Tupavvelv. meudbetaons 8° em’ adrtov bm "Avdvov Kal TOV dpxovT oy oTpaTias, mpos Tous ev Maodéa Anotas pel” av etxev KaTepuyev, KaKet [eX pL Tis "Avdvov Kal TS 7av aAAwy éxOpav avarpecews peeve ovveAr lero TH ‘Idov- 654 atav, wote tovs apyovtas tod ebvovs bia TO 7Anb0s ta&v dovevowévwy Kat Tas auveyxeis ap- mayas oatpatiav alpoicavtas éudpovpovs tas Kwpas exew. Kal Ta pev Kata 77v “Jdovujatav Ev TOUTOLS 7V. 1 "AxpaBeri ny PA. 2 érapasoev PAML Lat. 572 JEWISH WAR, II. 651-654 succumbed to their violence, and the sequel of our narrative will show the fate which befell him.¢ (2) In the toparchy of Acrabatene Simon, son of Raids of Gioras, mustering a large band of revolutionaries, prous a devoted himself to rapine; not content with ran- Samaria sacking the houses of the wealthy, he further mal- !¢u™#ea. treated their persons, and plainly showed, even at that early date, that he was entering on a career of tyranny.2. When Ananus and the magistrates sent an army against him, he fled with his band to the brigands at Masada,° and there he remained until Ananus and his other opponents were killed. Mean- while, with his brigand friends, he worked such havoc in Idumaea, that the local magistrates, in conse- quence of the number of the slain and the continuous raids, raised an army and garrisoned the villages. Such was the condition of affairs in Idumaea. @ B. iy. 315 ff. ; for Ananus see the note on § 563 above. ®» He becomes a prominent figure in the siege of Jerusalem. © §§ 408, 433, 447. 573 BIBAION [ 4 A > 1 (i. 1) Népwr 8 ws HyyéAn Ta Kata tH ‘lov- / A ” daiavy mraicpata, AeAnOvia pev ws eiKos Ex7An- / ~ / \ Eis eumimre: Kal dé€os, peas nes oe dep paver Kal 2 mpoowpyilero, oTparny ay" pev paoravn padoy 7] Tais Tov ToAepiooy dperais VEYovEvat Ta oUjL- Bavra éywv, mpémew 8° ayovpevos éavt@ Sua Tov ~ / ~ OyKov TIS Tyewovias KatacoBapevecbar THY oKv- = A“ 7 \ Opwrav Kat Sdoxely Sewod mavtos enavw Tip \ »” / / \ ¢ ~ ~ 3duxnv exew. Sundéyxeto ye piv 6 THs wuxis ~ / GopuBos t7o tOv dpovtidwy (2) oKxemTopévov® tive TLOTEVOEL KWOULEVHY TIV avaToAjVy, Os TYLwpT- ceTat prev THY TOV “lovdaiwy émavaoTacw, mpo- / > > ~ »” \ A / ” KataAnerar 8° avrtois 77 kal Ta Tepe €bvy 4 ovvvocobvTa. povoy [ovr |* evpioker Oveoracvavov ais ypelas dvadoyoivta Kal tyAcKovTov ToAgmov / > / / »” 7 > A Léyefos avadéEacba dSuvduevov, avdpa tais amo VEOTNTOS OTpaTElais eyyeynpaKoTa Kal mpoELpy- vevoavta pev mdAar ‘Pwyaious tiv éomépav dog! Deppavav tapaccopevyv, mpookTynadpevov de Tots 5 OmAos Bpetraviay téws AavOavovaav, dbev adrod 1 PA: orparnyod the rest (perhaps rightly). 2 cxemrouevos be * MA (corrector) Lat.: om. the rest. 574 BOOK III (i. 1) The news of the reverses sustained in Judaea Nero's illed Nero, as was natural, with secret consternation le ae ind alarm, but in public he affected an air of disdain of events in md indignation. ‘‘ These unfortunate incidents,” ?°“°** 1e said, “‘ were due to remiss generalship rather than o the valour of the enemy;” and the majesty ff empire made him think it became him to treat lack tidings with lofty contempt and to appear to sossess a soul superior to all accidents. His inward erturbation, however, was betrayed by his anxious eflection. (2) He was deliberating into whosehands he should He appoint ntrust the East in its present commotion, with the [2sP3si" ouble task of punishing the Jewish rebels, and of command. yrestalling a revolt of the neighbouring nations, ‘hich were already catching the contagion. He ould find none but Vespasian a match for the mergency and capable of undertaking a campaign nso vast ascale. Vespasian was one who had been soldier from his youth and grown grey in the srvice ; he had already earlier in his career pacified nd restored to Roman rule the West when con- ulsed by the Germans; he had by his military enius added to the Empire Britain. till then almost aknown, and thus afforded Claudius, Nero’s father,? @ Step-father ; he adopted Nero (cf. B. ii. 249). 575 JOSEPHUS 4 ~ \ / ‘ \ c ~ Kal t@ mratpt KAavdiw mapécxe xwpis tdpatos idiov OpiauBov Katayayeiv. wa =a) \ 6 (3) Tatra ze 87 mpoKAndovilopevos Kat otabe- ‘ e ~ / A pav pet eurrerplas trv 7Atkiay opa@v, peya' de ~ / mlaTews avToO Tovs vio’s Ounpov Kal Tas TOU- Twv akpas yxeipa THS TaTpwas auVecEws, TAXA Ti Kal Tept T@v CAwv dyn TOD Geod mpootkovo- 7 “oupevov, méuter Tov avdpa Anomevov THY Hye- ~ A poviay Ta@v emt Lupias otpatevpatwv, modAdd ~ e mpos TO -€metyov ofa KeAcvovaw at avayKa petdAt- / / ‘ / € , > A ~ 8 Edpevos te Kal mpolepavevoas. o 8 amo Tis > sn ” ~ ~ ths ‘ \ eA Ayatas, €vOa ovvyay t@ Neépwv, tov pev vior , > / 2:«9 > / \ ‘ Titov anéotetAev en’ *AdAcEavdpeias to méuntor 3 -~ Kal O€xatov® eéeKxeifey avactioovTa Taypa, Te / > > ‘ ‘ c / ‘ > pacas 8 avrtos tov “EAAjomovrov melos ei: / - > ~ ¢ - Lupiay adixveitar, kaxet tas Te “Pwyaikas duva \ \ ~ Hels OUVIyaAyE KAL GUXVOUS Tapa THY yeiTVLWVTWw / BaotAéwv cuppaxous. oe > apne a 9 (il. 1) “lovdatoe d€ petra rHv Keotiov mAny) eTNppEevol Tais adoK7yTOLs eEvTpaylats aKpaTet > c ~ ‘\ <4 -~ 7oav Opuyns Kal wonep expimilopevor TH TUX Tpoowtépw tov moAeuov e€jyov: av yobv ebtlew Ogov 7 paxyiwratov avtois abpoabévtes wp > , = lo pnoav ex *AckdAwva. mods €ativ apyaia TO c ~ lepoooAvpwv etkoot mpos Tols TEvTAaKOGloLs am 1 Destinon: mera Mss. ? xai déxarov Niese, etc., cf. B. iii. 65 (and Tacit. Hist. v. 1) kal 70 6€xaTov MSS. * He was sent by Claudius to Germany and subsequently 576 JEWISH WAR, IIT. 5-10 the honours of a triumph which cost him no personal exertion.” (3) Regarding, therefore, this record as of happy augury, seeing in Vespasian a man with the steadi- ness resulting from years ® and experience, with sons who would be a sure hostage for his fidelity, and whose ripe manhood would act as the arm of their father’s brain, moved, may be, also by God, who was already shaping the destinies of empire, Nero sent this general to take command of the armies in Syria, lavishing upon him, at this urgent crisis, such sooth- ing and flattering compliments as are called for by emergencies of this kind. From Achaia, where he was in attendance on Nero, Vespasian dispatched his son Titus to Alexandria to call up the fifteenth legion from that city ; he himself, after crossing the Hellespont, proceeded by land to Syria, where he concentrated the Roman forces and numerous auxiliary contingents furnished by the kings of the neighbouring districts. (ii. 1) The Jews, after the defeat of Cestius, elated unsuccess by their unexpected success, could not restrain their [)7¢wish ardour, and, as though stirred into activity by this Ascaion. gust of fortune, thought only of carrying the war further afield. Without a moment's delay their most effective combatants mustered and marched upon Ascalon. This is an ancient city, five hundred and twenty furlongs from Jerusalem,¢ but the hatred in a.p. 43 (aet. 34), to Britain, where his career of victory, which included the reduction of the Isle of Wight, was ‘‘ the beginning of his fortune”’ (Tac. Agric. 13; Suet. Vesp. 4). » Vespasian, born in a.p. 9, was now 57. ¢ About fifty-nine miles (the stade being rather longer than our “furlong ’’); the distance as the crow flies is just over forty miles. VOL. II U 577 JOSEPHUS €xovoa oradtovs, del dud pigous “Tovdators Yeye- vnuevn, O10 Kal TOTE Tals mpuTaLs Oppats eyylow 11 €d0fev. eEnyodvto de Tis Karadpop.ijs Tpets av- pes aAKnpv TE Kopupator Kal OUVEGEL, * Niyep TE 6 Ilepairns Kat o BaBvAwvios Sila mpos oist: 12 12 *lwavyns 6 "Eaoatos. 7 be “Ackddwy eTETELXLOTO ' ev KapTep@s, Bonfetas d€ mv ayedov Epnyos eppoupetro yap b710 TE omreipas meC@v Kat v0 pds tAns inméwv, AS eT HPXEV “Ayrabvios." 13 (2) Ou pev ovv 7oAv Tats oppats® ovvtovasrepov | odevoarTes ws eyyubev Coppnpevor Kai 7) Taphoay, 1406 be ‘Avrwvvos, ov yap tyyvoer péAAovaay € ert TH epodov avTav, mpoeknyaye Tous immeis, Kal ovder ovte mpos TO TAOos ovTE TI ToAMav brrodetoas TOV TmoAcpteov KapTep@s Tas TpwTas opuas dv: edeEato Kal TOUS emi TO TEtxos coppnevous av- 15 €aretAev. Tots be ™mpos epTretpous moAeuw a a7reLpos Kal meCots mpos immets, GOUVTGKTOLS TE 7pos Ty@pevous Kal mpos o7Airas e€npTupevous el: KQLOTEpoV OT AopEvors, fun@ Te mA€ov 7 Bovdy oTparnyoupevols Tpos edreets Kal vevpare mare 16 mparTovTas GVTLTAGOOpMEVOLS TTOVOS TV pddios“* ws yap avTa@v drag 707) ouverapaxOnaav at Tpara pahayyes, 770 Tips inmov Tp€TOVTAL, Kal TOL KaTomw attT@v emt TO Tetxos Pialomevois rept: PA: otveow the rest. + iryeuwr (6 TTY: P) PAM. PAL (corr.): dpyais the rest with Lat. (perhaps rightly). I retain with hesitation the text of PAM (Lat.): for mévos #w pados the rest have rovoidcw padiws, beginning the sentence with oi 6¢ and replacing the subsequent datives by nominatives. ee © we 578 JEWISH WAR, III. 10-16 with which the Jews had always regarded it * made the distance of this, the first objective selected for attack, seem less. ‘The expedition was led by three men of first-rate prowess and ability, Niger of Peraea, Silas the Babylonian,® and John the Essene.® Ascalon had solid walls, but was almost destitute of defenders, its garrison consisting of but one cohort of infantry and one squadron @ of cavalry under the command of Antonius. (2) The ardour of the Jews so accelerated their pace that they reached the spot as though they had just issued from a neighbouring base. But Antonius was ready for them; informed of their intended attack he led out his cavalry and, undaunted either by the numbers or the audacity of the enemy, firmly sustained their first charge and repulsed those who were rushing forward to the ramparts. It was a case of novices against veterans, infantry against cavalry, ragged order against serried ranks, men casually armed against fully equipped regulars, on the one side men whose actions were directed by passion rather than policy, on the other disciplined troops acting upon the least signal from their commander. Thus outmatched, the Jews were soon in difficulties. For, once their front ranks were broken by the cavalry, a rout ensued, and, the fugitives falling foul of those in their rear who were pressing forward to the wall, 2 Philo, Legat. ad Gaium, 205 (Cohn), mentions this irre- concilable feud; the Jews had recently devastated the town (B. ii. 460). It had since 104 8.c. been independent. ’ Both these distinguished themselves in the first engage- ment with Cestius, ii. 520; Niger was the governor, or ex- governor, of Idumaea, ii. 566. ‘ Recently appointed general for N.W. Judaea, ii. 567. 4 ala, a body of auxiliary cavalry. 579 JOSEPHUS , > / > , , , mintovtes GAAjjAwy oav mod€uoL, expt TaVvTES ~ =~ , ~ > rais T@v inméwv éuBodais ei€avtes eoxedacbnoav ava av TO Tedlov' TO b€ Hv TOAD Kal TGV i7- \7 maoysov. 6 87 Kal Tots “Pwpators ovvepyjoav ~ ~ > mAelatov eipydcato tay “lovdaiwy dovov: Tovs TE ~ ‘ yap devyovtas att@v POdvovtes eméoTpedov Kat Tov bd TOO Spduov auvetAovpévwv Svex7ratovTes > , > / » \ a» oa , ametpous avipouv, aAAo. d€ aAAovs Om TpETOWTO KukAovpevot Kal TepieAatvovtes KaTHKOVTLCOV pa- / A = 4 > , ‘ ” =~ 18 Olws. Kal Tots mev lovdaiors TO tdvov mAnGos epnuia mapa Tas aynxavias Katepaiveo, “Pw- pator 5° év tais eUmpaylais, KaiTEp ovres oiyou, Tv ToAEpiwv' Kal mepitocevew adds attovs vUT- 19 eAduBavov. Kai THv pev mpoodiAoverkovyvTwy Tots mTalcpaow aidot te duvyns Tayelas Kal peTa- ~ > / ~ A A , > e > Bodjs éAmté1, TOV dé yi KoTuavTwy €v ols Ev- TUYOUY, Traperewvev 1 paxn pexpe deiAys, € éws av- /, npebnaav pev pvpror tav “lovdaiwy tov dprBLov avopes Kat dUo TOV Wyepovwv, “lwavyns Te Kat 20 YiAas- ot Aowzot S€ tpavpatiat to mA€ov avyv TH ~ ~ > mepirermopevw Tov yenovwyv Niyept tHs *“ldov- watas els moAiyvnv twa, XaadAs* KaXeitar, ovv- ‘ x\/7 QC 7 \ A e ‘ ee | 21 éduyov. oAtyo. b€ twes Kai TOv “Pwyatwy ent THabe THS Tapatagews ETpwHnCaY. 22. (3) OF puny ot ‘lovdator pate A ovppopa kateaTaAnoay Ta Ppovnpara, uardrgov 8 avr av 70 7afos TIVELPE Tas ToAuas, drepopa@vres TE TOUS €v oat veKpous édeAXcalovto Tois mpoTtépois® 23 katopbapaow ent mAnynv devtépay. dvadAimovTes 1 Conj. Niese: rw rodéuw Mss. 2 PAM® Lat. (Challis) : LddXs the rest. 5 rpoyeveorépas PAM. 580 JEWISH WAR, III. 16-23 they became their own enemies, until at length the whole body, succumbing to the cavalry charges, were dispersed throughout the plain. This was extensive and wholly adapted to cavalry manceuvres, a circum- stance which materially assisted the Romans and caused great carnage among the Jews. For the cavalry headed off and turned the fugitives, broke through the crowds huddled together in flight, slaughtering them in masses, and, in whatever direction parties of them fled, the Romans closed them in and, galloping round them, found them an easy mark for their javelins. The Jews, notwith- standing their multitude, felt themselves isolated in their distress ; while the Romans, few as they were, imagined, in their unbroken success, that they even outnumbered their enemies. However, the former continued to struggle on under their reverses, ashamed of being so quickly routed, and in hopes of a return of fortune, while the latter were indefati- gable in pushing their success ; so that the combat was prolonged till evening, when ten thousand of the Jewish rank and file, with two of the generals, John and Silas, lay dead upon the field. The remainder, most of them wounded, took refuge with Niger, the one surviving general, in a country town of Idumaea, —ealled Chaallis.¢ The Romans, on their side, had but a few wounded in this engagement. (3) Far, however, from the spirit of the Jews being crushed by such a calamity, their discomfiture only redoubled their audacity ; and, disregarding the dead bodies at their feet, they were lured by the memory of former triumphs to a second disaster. @ Unidentified. 581 Second Jewish attack o Ascalon repulsed 24 no for) i) ~I 28 29 JOSEPHUS yoov ovd daov iacacbar ta tpavuata Kal TV dvvaw maoav émiavAdcEavtes opytAuTepov Kat TOAA@ 7AElous emaAwdpopovuv emt THY “AoKkddAwva. TapelmeTo om abrois peTa TE THS dmreuplas Kal TOV adAAwv mpos 7roAcpov cAacowparo 1) TpoTepa Tuyn Tod yap “Avtwriov tas Tmapodous T™po- AoxtcavTos aooKnToL Tais evedpais €UTEGOVTES KAL Um0 TaVY inméwv mpl els paxgy ovv7dacbat kucdwbertes, m7aAw mimTovat prev UTEP OKTAKLO- xtAious, of Aowrot S€ mavtes Edvyov, avy ois kai Niyep, moAAa Kata thy duynv edroAutas em derEapevos Epya, ovveAavvovrat ! TpOoKelpLevenv Tov ToAEpiwV els TWa TUpyoV oxupov KOUNS BeA- Cedex Kadovpevyns. ot d€ mept tov *“AvTwuor, ws pyre tpiBowro epi tov mUpyov ovTa bvo- dAwtov pnre CGvta Tov Wyepova Kal yevvatoTtaTov TOV ToAEtow TeEpiidotev, UTOTYLTpPaaL TO TetxOS. dreyopevou d€ Tod mupyov ‘Pwpatou bev ava- Xwpovar yeynbores ws dred Bappevov kat Niyepos, 6 6€ els TO peuxaitatov TOU Ppoupiou om Aavov KatamnO7oas €K TOU répyou" diacw Cera, Kal pe?” TIPEpas Tpets Tots yet dAodupyod mpos Kndetav avTov epevaow tzodbbeyyetar. mpoeAPaw d€ xapas avehntarou mavTas em Anpwoev “Tovdatous ws mpovola be0d awheis adtois atpatnyos els TA peAdovra. (4) Oveoraovaves d€ Tas Suvdpets avahaBav ek TIS ‘Avrvoxetas, 7 7 pnTpoTrodis € éoTt THs Lupias, peyefous te evexa Kat THs adAAns e€vdatpovias 1 ins. Destinon (after Lat.) : om. mss. 2 zupds conj. Destinon and Niese. 582 JEWISH WAR, III. 23-29 Without even leaving time for wounds to heal, they reassembled all their forces and, more furious and in far greater strength, returned to the assault on Ascalon. But, with the same inexperience and the same military disqualifications, the same fortune attended them as before. Antonius had _ placed ambuscades in the passes; into these traps they inconsiderately fell, and before they could form up in battle order they were surrounded by the cavalry and again lost upwards of eight thousand men. All the remainder fled—including Niger, who distin- guished himself in the retreat by numerous feats of valour—and, hard pressed by the enemy, were driven into a strong tower in a village called Belzedek.? The troops of Antonius, unwilling either to expend their strength upon a tower that was almost im- oregnable, or to allow the enemy’s general and oravest hero to escape alive, set fire to the walls. On seeing the tower in flames, the Romans retired 2xultant, in the belief that Niger had perished with t; but he had leapt from the tower and found ‘efuge in a cave in the recesses of the fortress, and shree days later his lamenting friends, while search- ng for his corpse for burial, overheard his voice yeneath them. His reappearance filled all Jewish 1earts with unlooked-for joy; they thought that sod’s providence had preserved him to be their reneral in conflicts to come.? (4) Vespasian had now set in motion his forces Vespasian issembled at Antioch, the capital of Syria, and a city fayane*s from vhich, for extent and opulence, unquestionably ranks Antioch t Ptolemais. * Unidentified. > He was murdered by the Zealots during the siege of lerusalem (B. iv. 359). 583 JOSEPHUS , > , > A =~ e ‘ ¢ , ’ Tpitov adnpitws emt THs tro “Pwyatois oixov- pevns €xovoa tomov, évba peta maons THs dias > , > ‘, b) ~ 4 »” / iayvos éxdexopevov abtod thy adiéw Kat *Aypiz- ‘ , / > fee A mav tov Paola Katednde, emi Irodepaidos 30 NTElyeTO. Kal KaTa TaUTHY UTavT@ow avTe TP / e ~ / /, dh ow ol TiS PadtAaias Léerdwpw VELOpLEvoL 31 peovoe TOV T7/0¢ etpyviKa dpovoovtes* ot Kat Tijs éauT av ow7nptas Kat THS “Pwyaiwy iaxyvos ovk ampovento. mpw adixécbar Ovdeomacvavov Kar: , / / A ‘ ” cevvew TadAw aioteis te Ed0cav Kat deEvas €AaBor , 32 Kal mapedeEavro ppoupav. TOTE YE pnv dao: ppovens exdeEdpevor TOV TyEpove mpobvpws ada: avTous UmEGXOVTO Kara Tov opodvaAwy ovp ‘ 33 paxous* ois oO oTpaTnyos afiaao. Tews 7 po‘). = / acdaAevav inmeis te Kat melovs mapadidwau daous aviéEew traits Katadpomats, et te “lovdato 34 7apakwotev, treAduBavev- Kai yap ov pLKpo > Ew) ed0KEL TO KLVOUVEvJLA TpOs TOV jLeAAOVTA TOAELO > ~ adaipebjvar trv Léerdwpw, peylotny pev ovoa ~ > THs VadtAaias wodAw, epupvotatw 8° émuteterye ~ b cpEevyy Xxwpiw Kat dpovpav oAov Tod €Avous €ao pevny. 35 (ill. 1) Avo 8 ovaas tas TaAtAatas, TH T ave Kat THhvY KaTW Tpocayopevopevny, TE pLLoxXe prev 7 Dowixyn Te Kal Lupia, Suopiler 6° amo pe dvoews 7)Atov [roAcpais Tots 77S Xwpas TEpuac Kal Kadppmdos, TO maha pev TadtAatwr, vov 36 Tuptev 6pos* @ Tpoatoxet r dpa," mods immewy oUTw mpocayopevopern bia TO Tovs Bd’ ‘Hpoddo: 1 So Lat. (cf. A. xv. 294, Vita 115): TaBoa, TaBara etc MSs. 584 JEWISH WAR, III. 29-36 third * among the cities of the Roman world. Here ae : : ic Spring). he had found, among others, king Agrippa awaiting his arrival with all his own troops. From Antioch Vespasian pushed on to Ptolemais. At this city he was met by the inhabitants of Sepphoris in Galilee, the Submissic only people of that province who displayed pacific phoris. sentiments. For, with an eye to their own security and a sense of the power of Rome, they had already, before the coming of Vespasian, given pledges to Caesennius Gallus, received his assurance of pro- tection, and admitted a Roman garrison ; 8 now they offered a cordial welcome to the commander-in-chief, and promised him their active support against their countrymen. At their request, the general pro- visionally assigned them for their protection as large a force of cavalry and infantry as he considered sufficient to repel invasions in the event of the Jews causing trouble ; indeed, it appeared to him that the loss of Sepphoris would be a hazard gravely affecting the impending campaign, as it was the largest city of Galilee, a fortress in an exceptionally strong position n the enemy’s territory, and adapted to keep guard over the entire province. (iii. 1) Galilee, with its two divisions known as Descriptic Upper and Lower Galilee, is enveloped by Phoenicia ° &#"!°* and Syria. Its western frontiers are the outlying territory of Ptolemais and Carmel, a mountain once delonging to Galilee, and now to Tyre; adjacent to Carmel is Gaba, the “ city of cavalry,” so called from the cavalry who, on their discharge by King Herod ¢ After Rome and Alexandria. > Cf. ii. 510 (Caesennius was commander of the 12th egion) with Vita 394 (Sepphoris asks for and obtains a zarrison from Cestius Gallus). VOL. I U2 585 JOSEPHUS Baorréws a7oAvo.evous inmeis ev atti kaTouKcev 37 avo «(Oe peonBptas Laprapetris Te Kal LKvbo mods péxypt tTav “lopdavov vapaTov. Tos eu & ‘Inmnvn te Kal Paddpors amoTepveTat Kal 73 TavAavitidu': tavtn Kat tis “Aypinma Baowrela: 38 Opot. 7a mpocapKtTia 8 attas Tupw te Kal Ti Tupiwy xwpa mepatodrar. Kal THS pev KATO KaAovpevns TadtAaias amo TiPepiados pexp XaBovrdy, is ev tois mapadtos Iltodepat: 39 yeito, TO PTKOS EKTELVETAL. mharbverau &° ame THS EV TO peyahy Tedlw KeyLev7)s KGUNS, Eadw kadetrat, Hexpt B npodBns, 7) Kal THS ave Pad Aatas els evpos apx7) péexpt Baka Kuwpys* aut 40 de 77 Tupiew viv opiler. pnkuverar de pexp Mypwé azo OedAdAa Keopns ‘lopddvov yelTovos. 41 (2) TnAtcaira: 8’ obca To péyebos Kal Toaov Tots eOveow adrodvrous KexukAwpevau 7pos mao. 42 del mrohepou Telipav avTécyov" pdx Lol Te yap é) vyTiwy Kal moMot PaAvAator TAVTOTE, Kal OUT detAia mote TOvs dvOpas ouUTE Acravdpia THY Xwpa KaTEGYEV, eme.07) Tiwy Te T40a Kal e0Botos Ka devopeat TavToLoLs KaTaguros, ws b770 77s ev meTelas mpokaAécacba Kal Tov yKLoTA yas PiAo 43 Trovov. TpoonaK7 On yoov timo Tav olknTOpw maoa, Kal HEpos auras dpyov ovdév, adda Ka aie TUKVAL Kal TO TOV KWULO@V 77AijBos TAVTAXOI ToAvavOpwrov dia tiv evOnviav, ws THV eAaxloTyie 1 TavAwvirids PA. ’Efak\wd PAL: Zadwé the rest, cf. Vita 227. * Cf. A.xv. 294; called Geba by Pliny, Nat. Hist. v. 19 75. 586 JEWISH WAR, III. 36-43 settled in this town.* On the south the country is bounded by Samaria and the territory of Seythopolis up to the waters of Jordan; on the east by the territory of Hippos, Gadara, and Gaulanitis, the frontier-line of Agrippa’s kingdom; on the north Tyre and its dependent district mark its limits. Lower Galilee extends in length from Tiberias to Chabulon, which is not far from Ptolemais on the coast ; in breadth, from a village in the Great Plain called Xaloth® to Bersabe. At this point begins Upper Galilee, which extends in breadth to the village of Baca, the frontier of Tyrian territory ; in length, it reaches from the village of Thella, near the Jordan, to Meroth. (2) With this limited area, and although sur- rounded by such powerful foreign nations, the two Galilees have always resisted any hostile invasion, for the inhabitants are from infancy inured to war, and have at all times been numerous; never did the men lack courage nor the country men. For the land is everywhere so rich in soil and pasturage and produces such variety of trees, that even the most indolent are tempted by these facilities to devote themselves to agriculture. In fact, every inch of the soil has been cultivated by the inhabitants ; there is not a parcel of waste land. The towns, too, are thickly distributed, and even the villages, thanks to the fertility of the soil, are all so densely populated ®’ Mentioned as on the southern frontier in Vita 227, “ I ought to have gone to Xaloth or beyond ”’ (to meet a deputa- tion coming from Jerusalem to Galilee); lying on the * flanks’? of Mt. Tabor, it is the O.T. Chisloth-tabor, Jos. xix. 12, modern /ksal. Josephus by “‘ length ’’ here means | the measurement from east to west, by “‘ breadth” that from south to north. 587 44 46 47 48 JOSEPHUS Umép TevtaKiaytAlovs mpds Tots pupiois exew olk7nTopas. (3) Ka@dAov 8’, el Kal T@ peyeer tis edarro- GELe TIS Iepaias TH PadwAaiay, mpoeouro 5° av 7H Svuvdper* 7 pev yap evepyos OAn Kai cuvexés* €oTw kapTogopos, 1) Mepata dé Todd pev pilav, EpnpLos d€ Kal Tpaxeta 70 mA€ov, mpos Te KapT@V TiEpe avénow dypinTépa (ro ye pay padbakov avTHs Kal 7d Popov, Kal Ta media d€vdpect TOL KiAo.s Kataduta 70 mAetotov te éAaiay [te]? Kat dp7reAov Kal powk@vas qoxyrac) Siapoopevy Xetappors Te Tots amo TOV op@v Kat mnyats aevvdots aas, el 707” exetvou cept pbivorev. unKos pev [ovv]* atris amo Mayapotrtos ets sein ae €bpos 5 amo DidadeAdetas pex pe “lopda- vou. t ILéAAn per, iy TpoetpyKapey, Ta pos pee “Spikeras, mpos Eomépav dé ‘lopdavy pe- onpBpwov 8 8° abris meépas n Mwafiris, Kat Tpos avatoAny ” ApaBia TE Kal "EoeBwvirib.,* mpos de Diradedrdyyy Kal Depaoors* amoTeMvET al. (4) H be Lapapetris xwpa peor pee Tis Tad Aaias €oTt Kat THs “lovdaias: apxopevn yap azo Ths ev T@ [peydAw|® mediw Keyrevns Lwatas’ 1 Destinon, cf. Lat. assidue: cuvex7js Mss. 2 é\aiav (om. te) PAM: eis €Xalav 7e the rest. 3 om. PAL. * Reinach after Schiirer (YeSwviridc): DeAwvircde or Tid- Swri7tdt MSS. 5 VR: Tepapas the rest. § om. PAL. 7 C: [nvews or Tnvéas the rest: the place is called T'jua(v) B. ii. 232, Twa%(s) A. xx. 118. * We may suspect exaggeration. There were 204 towns 588 JEWISH WAR, III. 43-48 that the smallest of them contains above fifteen thousand inhabitants. (3) In short, if Galilee, in superficial area, must be Peraea. reckoned inferior to Peraea, it must be given the preference for its abundant resources ; for it is en- tirely under cultivation and produces crops from one end to the other, whereas Peraea, though far more extensive, is for the most part desert and rugged and too wild to bring tender fruits to maturity. However, there, too, there are tracts of finer soil which are productive of every species of crop ; and the plains are covered with a variety of trees, olive, vine, and palm being those principally cultivated. The country is watered by torrents descending from the mountains and by springs which never dry up and provide sufficient moisture when the torrents dwindle in the dog-days. Peraea extends in length from Machaerus to Pella,® in breadth from Philadelphia ¢ to the Jordan. The northern frontier is Pella, which we have just mentioned, the western frontier is the Jordan ; on the south it is bounded by the land of Moab, on the east by Arabia, Heshbonitis, Phil- adelphia, and Gerasa. _ (4) The province of Samaria lies between Galilee Samaria : -and Judaea; beginning at the village of Ginaea ¢ Torna situate in the Great Plain, it terminates at the and villages in Galilee (Vita 235); the largest village was Japha (7b. 230), the largest town Sepphoris (7b. 232). > Including Machaerus, but excluding Pella (mod. Fahil) which was in Decapolis; Peraea is the Jewish province, not comprising the northern trans-Jordanic region (Decapolis). ¢ The O.T. Rabbah of Ammon, called Philadelphia after Ptolemy II Philadelphus, modern Amman ; it was in Deca- polis, but a neighbouring village was the scene of a bloody boundary dispute between its citizens and the Peraean Jews (A. xx. 2). 4 Cf. B. ii. 232 (Gema). 589 JOSEPHUS dvoua Kapns emAnyer ths “AxpaBernvav to7- apxtas: dvaw be TiS ‘lovdatas Kar ovdev Oud.- 49 dopos. dpporepac yap opewat Kal TmEedLddes, Ets TE yewpytav padOakat Kat toAvpopot, Kar ddevdpot TE Kal OTWpPAas OpeWAS Kal UEepov peotal, map’ Ogov ovdapob puoet dubades, vovrar d€ TO mA€ov- 50 yAukv de vaya may diadopws ev avrais, Kal bud mAnbos moas ayalis 7a KTHVN) mA€ov 7 Tap: aAAots yadaxropopa. _peyvorov ye pay TEK}LT|PLOV apeThns Kal evOnvias To anew avop@v éxatépav. 51 (5) Me@opuos 8 avtav 7) "Avovafov Bopxatos TpocayopevojLevT) Kopn mépas avrn Tis. ‘Tovdatas Ta Tos: Bopéav, ta votia 8 avras emt pnKoS jeTpoupevi)s optlet mpooxupotoa Tots "ApaBow Opots KOEN, kalovor 8 adrny *Tapdav' ot THE ‘Tovdaio. The Lat. has *‘ Anunath which is also called Borceas’’: Borcaeus is the modern Berkit, nine miles due south of Shechem. © Or, perhaps, “* at its greatest length.” 4 Or Iarda: perhaps the modern Tell Arad, sixteen mile nearly due south of Hebron. ¢ Strictly, rather to the north-east of the centre of Judaea. The usual Rabbinic tradition, however, was that (like Delphi to the Greek) Jerusalem was the navel (tabur) of the whole world, a position assigned to it in some mediaeval maps. See the Book of Jubilees, viii. 19, ‘‘ Mount Zion, the centre of 590 JEWISH WAR, III. 48-54 toparchy of Acrabatene.? Its character differs in no wise from that of Judaea. Both regions consist of hills and plains, yield a light and fertile soil for agriculture, are well wooded, and abound in fruits, both wild and cultivated ; both owe their productive- ness to the entire absence of dry deserts and to a rainfall for the most part abundant. All the running water has a singularly sweet taste ; and owing to the abundance of excellent grass the cattle yield more milk than in other districts. But the surest testi- mony to the virtues and thriving condition of the two countries is that both have a dense population. (5) On the frontier separating them lies the village Judaea. called Anuath Boreaeus,® the northern limit of Judaea; its southern boundary, if one measures the country lengthwise,° is marked by a village on the Arabian frontier, which the local Jews call Iardan.4 In breadth it stretches from the river Jordan to Joppa. The city of Jerusalem lies at its very centre,’ for which reason the town has sometimes, not inaptly, been called the “ navel ”’ of the country. Judaea is, moreover, not cut off from the amenities of the sea, because it slopes down towards the coast on a ridge extending as far as Ptolemais. It is divided into the navel of the earth,’ Talm. Bab. Sanhedrin, 37 a, with other passages cited by Charles (on Jub. viii. 12); the idea was based, inter alia, on Ezek. xxxviii. 12. * A difficult clause. Not ‘‘ having a coast extending as far as Ptolemais,”’ for the maritime plain was not in Jewish possession; and Ptolemais, in Phoenician territory, was far north, not only of Judaea, but of Samaria. The reference, it seems, is to the central mountain chain, which, sloping westwards to the Mediterranean and extending northwards through the Judaean plateau and Mt. Ephraim, terminates in Mt. Carmel, a little south of Ptolemais:; perhaps also to the view obtainable therefrom. 591 JOSEPHUS dpxet pev BaatAcvov Ta ‘lepooodAvpa Tpoaviaxovea Tips TTEpLotKOU maons @omrep 7 Kkepady GW)LaTos* at Aowral d€ pet’ adrHy Ounpyyrat" Tas Tomapxias, 55 Dodva devTépa Kal pera TaUTH "AxpaBera, Odpva mpos TAUTALS kat Avdda, “Appaods Kal [Teddy Kat “Idovpata Kat ’Evyaddat kal ‘H peidevov 56 Kal ‘lepixods: pel? as ‘Tapvera Kal ‘lon TOV TTEPLOLKWY adnyobvra, Kam TavTals 7 TE Tapa- Avro Kal Taviavires Bavavaia te Kal Tpaxw- vites, at Kal Tis “Aypimma Baothetas elou jLotpat. 57 apxopev7) d€ azo AiBdvov 6 Opous Kat T@v ’lopdavov my@v 7 Xwpa. [Lex pe Tis mpos TiBepiadu® Aipns evpuveTau, amo oe K@pns kadoupevns Apdas pexpts “lovAvddos exretveTat TO pAKos. oixodat 588° avr puyddes “lovdatot te Kai Xvpor. Ta pev 87) mept tHs “lovdaiwy te Kai mépiE ywpas ws eviv padvota ovvTopws amnyyéeAKkapev. Se" = Oo —> 59. C(iv. 1) ‘H 8& d26 Ovdeoractavotd zepudbeica Lemdwpitais Porfeva, xiAvor prev tmzets eaKio- xtAvou d€ melot, HAakidov yiAvapxyotvtos at’rav, ev TO peyddAw mediw oTparoTedevadpevor bu aipovvTal, Kal 70 peev meCov ev 7H mOAEL 7pos dvAakyy eT se 70 0° inmirov emt THs TapepnPodAjs xaTa has possibly dropped out. 2 apos Sone Niese: mpos TiSepiada or TiSepiados the rest. 2 Or * allotments.’’ Viewed from the Jewish standpoint they are xAnpovxia (cf. B. v. 160 7 “Efpaiwy kAnpovxia and often in A. of the allotments of the tribes in Canaan), from the Roman standpoint, for administrative and revenue- collecting purposes, torapxyia:. Pliny, Hist. Nat. v. 14. 70, mentions the division of Judaea into ten toparchies ; he omits Idumaea and Engaddi, inserts Joppa (incorrectly), and sub- 592 JEWISH WAR, III. 54-59 eleven districts,? among which Jerusalem as the capital is supreme, dominating all the neighbour- hood as the head towers above the body ; in the case of the other minor districts the divisions coincide with the toparchies. Gophna is the second, then come Acrabeta, Thamna, Lydda, Emmaus, Pella,? Idumaea, Engaddi, Herodion, and Jericho. To these must be added * Jamnia and Joppa, which have jurisdiction over the surrounding localities, and lastly the territories of Gamala, Gaulanitis, Batanaea, and Trachonitis, which form, moreover, part of Agrippa’s Kneton kingdom. That kingdom, beginning at Mount aoe Libanus and the sources of the Jordan, extends in breadth ¢ to the lake of Tiberias, and in length? from a village called Arpha/’ to Julias’; it contains a mixed population of Jews and Syrians. Such, in briefest possible outline, is my description of the country of the Jews and of their neighbours. (iv. 1) The supports sent by Vespasian to the people The Roms of Sepphoris” consisted of a thousand cavalry and ae six thousand infantry under the command of the taraeee tribune Placidus ; the troops at first camped in the “" Great Plain and then divided, the infantry taking up quarters in the town for its protection, the cavalry stitutes (correctly) for Pella Betholethephene (= Bethleptepha, B. iv. 445). ® See previous note. ¢ Josephus here appends to the four main provinces of Jewish territory (1) the only two maritime towns whose )opulation was predominantly Jewish, (2) Agrippa’s king- lom in the north, also containing a large Jewish element. 4 From north to south. ¢ From east to west. ’ Unidentified (east of Trachonitis). ° Bethsaida Julias at the head of the Sea of Galilee. » Resuming the narrative of §§ 33 f. 593 JOSEPHUS ; , TF A € , ~ A 60 avAilerat. mpoiovtes be Exatépwhev auvey@s Kat Ta mépi€ THS ywpas KaTaTpéyovtes preyaAa Tovds ‘ ‘ >] ’ / ~ A mept Tov lwonmov exakovuv, atpesovvtas TE KATA , 1 ” / \ / e / 7oAeus' eEwbev Anlopevor Kat mpolgovtas omoTE 61 Gappyjcevay avakomtovtes. wpunoe ye ppv ‘lo- anmos emt Thy mOoAW aipjoew eAricas, Hv avdTos > ~ \ mpw atoorTnvat LTadwAaiwy eéretyicev, ws Kal € , , + ‘ \ = > ’ Pwpators dvodAwrov etvar: 610 Kat ths €Amidos > , = , \ ~ , adrnpaptev, tod te BialecBar Kai Tod petameiew , > / e / / 62 Lemdwpitas aabevéorepos etvpefeis. mapwEvvev ~ ‘ - oe \ ” d€ waddov tov moAcmov emi THY YWwWpav, Kal OUTE / ~ ~ ~ € vUKTwp ouTe eB” HuEepav opyhn THS emBodAjs? ot ~ ~ ~ A ‘Papator di€Aimov Syobvtes attav Ta media Kat ~ ‘ duapmalovtes TA ETL THS XWpas KTHpATA, Kal - hoot. A / , KTELVOVTES [LEV GEL TO payyLov, avdpaTrod.iCopevor ~ \ ¢ 63 6€ Tovs aobeveis. mupt d€ 7 TadAtAata Kat aipare = 4 ‘ “ ~ meTAnpwto maca, mdfous Te obdevos 7 GUpdhopas > , \ ametipatos Avi pia yap Kataduy7 SiuwKopevois at ~ > a / > timo tod “Iwonmov tevyiabeicat oXders Hoav. / \ ~ > 64 (2) ‘O b€ Tiros mepawwGeis amo tis “Ayaias >] A > / , / bal \ ~ eis THY “AXdeEavdpecay wWKvitEpov 7) KATA yeLyu@vos er / \ 77? a ” / wpav, tapaAapPaver ev eh qv eotadTo divapw. / ‘ > cuvtovw d€ ypwyevos mopeia Sia Tayous eis ~ ~ > ~ ‘ 65 IItoAeuatda aduxvettar. KaKket KataAaBwv Tor ‘ = ” = , > \ ‘ matépa Svat Tois aya avT@ taypaow, jv de Ta A \ \ / / emLonoTaTa TO TéuTTOV Kat TO Séxatov, Cevyvuai ~ / 6670 aybev tm’ attod mevteKaidéeKaTov. TovToLS 1 text Niese: arpeuodvra ras Te méecs MOSt MSS, 2 Destinon: é7iSou7js Mss. 594 JEWISH WAR, III. 60-66 maining in camp. Both divisions made constant lies and overran the surrounding country, causing rious trouble to Josephus and his men : if the latter mained stationary in their cities, the Romans waged the surrounding district; whenever they entured out, the Romans beat them back. Josephus id, in fact, attempt an assault on the city in hopes F capturing it, although he had himself, before it yandoned the Galilaean cause, so strongly fortified as to render it practically impregnable even to the omans ; consequently his hopes were foiled and he und it beyond his power either to compel or to arsuade Sepphoris to surrender.* Indeed he drew ywn fiercer hostilities upon the country ; for the omans, enraged at his enterprise, never ceased, ght or day, to devastate the plains and to pillage e property of the country-folk, invariably killing | capable of bearing arms and reducing the in- ficient to servitude. Galilee from end to end ‘came a scene of fire and blood ; from no misery, 1 calamity was it exempt; the one refuge for e hunted inhabitants was in the cities fortified ‘ Josephus. (2) Meanwhile Titus,® after a swifter passage from thaia to Alexandria than is usual in the winter ason, had taken command of the forces which he d been sent to fetch, and by a forced march soon ached Ptolemais. There he found his father with ; two legions, the most distinguished of all, the ich and the tenth, and now united to them the eenth which he had brought himself. These A similar, though apparently distinct, attack of Josephus Sepphoris (before the arrival of Vespasian) is recorded in ta 395 ff. > § 8. 595 Josephus unsuccess- fully attacks Sepphoris. Titus joins Vespasian at Ptolemais, Total strength of the Roman forces, JOSEPHUS eimovTo OKTWKALOEKA oTEipat: mpoceyéevovto 4: - / Kat amo Katoapelas mévte Kal imméewv An pia 67 mevte 8 ETEpar TOV amo Lupias inmméwv. Tv omeip@v at deka pev elyov ava ytAlous melous ¢ \ ‘ - a? AVE , \ / at 6€ Aowral dexatpets ava é€axoaious pev meLlous 68 immets 6€ ExaTOV eikooWw. ouxvov d€ Kal Tap tav Baowréwv oun x Oy CULPLAXLKOV, “Avruoxov pe kat “Aypimma Kat Loaiuov TapacXopevev av diaxtAlous melovs To€dTas Kat xtAlouvs immeis, TO APM / / / c ~ > de “ApaBos MadAyou xyAtous méudbavtos immeis er - e ‘ a meCois mevtakioyiAlois, @v TO 7A€ov Haoav To€oTa 69wWs THY madcav divayw ovveEapiBnovperwy Ta ~ e / ‘ \ >] a > ’ BaotAtka@v immeas Te Kat TeLovs ets E€ abpoileahc pupiadas diya OepamovTwy, ot map7rAnfets pe \ eizovto, dia d€ ovvacKnow TodAeuiKny ovK ¢ ~ , amoTaGCOWTO TOD paxlwov, KaTAa peV elpyyyy « ~ ~ 7 > \ / tais pedAetats tav SeoToTa@v aet otTpedopuevo > ’ / e ZxuD > auyKxwéuvevovtes 8 ev moAd€mols, Ws pT euTrerpi > ~ ~ ~ ~ unr aAKkh twos mAnv Tay SeoT0Tav éAattobaba 70 (v. 1) Kav tovrw pev otv @Bavyaoar tis ¢ ‘Pwpaiwv 76 mpounbés, katacxevalopevwy éavto TO OlKETUKOV ov povov eis Tas Tov Blov Suaovir : 71 aAAa Kat 7pos Tovs TroA€jLous XPNTLOV. el 0€ T avT@v Kal eis tHv aAAnv otvta€w THs oTpaTu 2 The cohort was the tenth part of a legion, normal numbering about 600 men. > Antiochus IV, king of Commagene; Soemus, king Emesa (B. ii. 500 f.). The items supplied work out at not far short of t fh An exact computation is impossible owing to u 596 JEWISH WAR, III. 66-71 legions were accompanied by eighteen cohorts ¢ ; ive more cohorts with one squadron of cavalry came so join them from Caesarea, and five squadrons of savalry from Syria. Of the twenty-three cohorts, ‘en numbered each a thousand infantry, the remain- ng thirteen had each a strength of six hundred nfantry and a hundred and twenty cavalry. A urther considerable force of auxiliaries had been nustered by the kings Antiochus, Agrippa, and Soaemus,” each of whom furnished two thousand mmounted bowmen and a thousand cavalry; the Arab Malchus sent a thousand cavalry and five housand infantry, mainly bowmen. Thus the total trength of the forces. horse and foot, including the ontingents of the kings, amounted to sixty thousand,° vithout counting the servants who followed in vast umbers and may properly be included in the cate- ory of combatants, whose military training they hared ; for, taking part in peace time in all their asters’ manceuvres and in war time in their dangers, hey yielded to none but them in skill and prowess. (v.1) One cannot but admire the forethought Digression hown in this particular by the Romans, in making Roman heir servant class useful to them not only for the army. inistrations of ordinary life but also for war. If ne goes on to study the organization of their army 4 2rtainty as to the strength of the squadrons (alae) of cavalry. he legion= about 6120 men. If the alae are reckoned at JO men each, the total is 55,720; if at 1000 men, it amounts » 58,720. 4 This remarkable chapter, a first-rate authority on the oman army in the first century, should be compared with ye passage which probably suggested it—the more detailed igression of Polybius (vi. 19-42) on the army of three 2nturies earlier. 597 JOSEPHUS > /9 , \ laa € , > \ ATLOOL, YYWOETAL THY TOOTNVOE TYELOVLaY GUTOV ~ ~ ~ \ 72 apeTHs KTHpa Exovtas, od SMpov TvUyns. ov Ya, b) ~ > \ ~ ee ¢ / »9> > avtois apy7 T@v omAwy [6] moAEquos, odd En A 7 dia povas Tas ypelas Tw xElpe KWotaow ev Eipny > / + mponpynKkotes, GAN wonep avpreduKoTes TOL ~ ’ omrAois ovd€éTOTE THS acKicews ayPavovow €xke / 73 xelplay ovde avayévovow Tos Kaipovs. at peA€To > > A“ PAN! ~ ‘ > / > 4 8° attois ovdev THs Kata adAnjfevay edrovia > dé tAN’ @ e / / amod€ovow, a EKAOTOS OONpEepat oTpaTLwTy, / / / > / / maon mpotvpia Kabdzep ev moAduw yupvaleta a \ s \ , , ” \ 74 810 Kouddtata tas payas diadepovaw: ovte ya atagia diackidvyow abrovs amo tis ev eet avr / »” / Ly od CA ~ / Ta€ews, ovte d€os e€iaTrnaw, ovte Samava Tovo: ~ ~ ¢ eveTat O€ TO Kparetv adel KaTa TOV ovx opote 75 BeBatov. Kai ovK av dpdprou Tis €lTwY TAS ju pedetas atT@v ywpis atwatos maparages, Te 76 mapardéers d€ peO”’ alywatos pedétas. ovdE ye > > ~ 77 ‘ ao > 4 e€ émidpou7ys evdAwtor moAepiou: omy 8 eupdrAwow ets exbpav yhv, od mpw amrorT 77 paxns 7) TELxlca oTpatomedov. TO de ovK cikaix »> \ > f > / > \ / nn > / otd€ avupadov eyeipovow, ovde TavTES 7) aTAKTU / > > > 4 > / “ 7 diaAaBovres, GAN’ et prev avajados wv Ty: = > ‘ ~ \ y@pos, e€opadrilerar: Siaperpeirar d5€ mrapeufo 78 TeTpaywvos avtTois. Kal TeKTOvWwY TAOS Emer T@v TE TpOs TV Sounow epyareiwv.' 79 (2) Kat tO pev evdov els oxnvas dradapBe 1 rare... €pyateia MVRC. 2 Polybius, vi. 42, contrasts the practice of Greeks a 598 JEWISH WAR, III. 71-79 as a whole, it will be seen that this vast empire of theirs has come to them as the prize of valour, and not as a gift of fortune. For their nation does not wait for the outbreak of Their war to give men their first lesson in arms ; they do not oe aaa sit with folded hands in peace time only to put them in motion in the hour of need. On the contrary, as though they had been born with weapons in hand, they never have a truce from training, never wait for emergencies to arise. Moreover, their peace manceuvres are no less strenuous than veritable warfare ; each soldier daily throws all his energy into his drill, as though he were in action. Hence that perfect ease with which they sustain the shock of battle : no confusion breaks their customary forma- tion, no panic paralyses, no fatigue exhausts them ; and as their opponents cannot match these qualities, victory is the invariable and certain consequence. Indeed, it would not be wrong to describe their manceuvres as bloodless combats and their combats as Sanguinary manceuvres. The Romans never lay themselves open to a sur- The camp prise attack; for, whatever hostile territory they sn death may invade, they engage in no battle until they have tion. fortified their camp. ‘This camp is not erected at random or unevenly ; they do not all work at once or in disorderly parties ; if the ground is uneven, it is first levelled ; 4 asite for the camp is then measured out in the form of a square. For this purpose the army is accompanied by a multitude of workmen and of tools for building. (2) The interior of the camp is divided into rows a Romans in constructing a camp; the former follow the lie ®of the ground and spare themselves the trouble of entrenching. 599 JOSEPHUS vovow, e€wlev 8 6 KUKAos Telyous opw éenéyet, 80 mUpyos €€ toov diacTHpaTOs KEKOOpNMEVOS. €7t d€ THv petamupylwy Tovs te d€vPeXeis Kal Kata- méAtas Kat AboBdAa Kat av adetipiov dpyavov 8l7iéacw, mavta mpos tas Bodas eroa. mvAat S€ €voiKodopodvTat Téaoapes Kal’ €xactov Tov meptBodov KAtwa, Tpos TE €la0dous Tav droluytuw evpapeis Kal 7pos Tas €kdpouas avTa@v, el Kar 82 evelyou, wAaTEtaL. pupoTopotar d evd.ablétws ciow TO oTpaToTedov, Kal pécas ev Tas THY TyE“ovwy oknvas TiHevtat, pecaitatov d€ ToOUTWY TO OTpAaTH- 83 yiov vaa@ TapamAjoov: womep de ev axediw mohes Kal ayopad Tis amodeiKvuTaL Kal XEtpore xvas xwplorv, Oaxot te Aoxayoits Kali ta€iapyois, ony 84 Sixalouev, et Tiwes SiadepowTo. Teryilerar de CG mepiBodos Kat Ta €v at’Ta@ mavta Oartov émwwolas mAnGer Kal emioTHuNn TOV TovovvTwr: el 8 émrelyot, Kal Tappos wbev mepipaAAetar, Babos tetpa- T™HXUS Kal edpos ton. 85 (3) Dpa€apevor 8 adAtLovtar Kata ovvtagers exaoto. pe aovxylas Te Kal KOopov. mavta & avtots Kai TGAAa pet edTa€las avveTar Kal aoda- Aelas, EvAeia TE Kal emoiTLGpos, Ef SéoWWTO, Ka. 86 dpela KaTa cuvTakets ExaOTOLS. OSE yap Seimvor 7) apiotov, o7oTe GeAjcevav, abteEovavov éxdoTw macw 8 opod, tovs te Umvous adtois Kal Tas dvvakas Kat tas ec€eyepoeis addAmuyyes mTpo- @ 6fuSedeis and xararéXra, species of catapultae, mechanica§, contrivances for discharging arrows by means of a wind lass; .6086da, ballistae, for discharging stones with high angle fire. > The praetorium, 600 JEWISH WAR, III. 79-86 of tents. The exterior circuit presents the appear- ance of a wall and is furnished with towers at regular intervals ; and on the spaces between the towers are placed “‘ quick-firers,”” catapults, “‘ stone-throwers,”’ ¢ and every variety of artillery engines, all ready for use. In this surrounding wall are set four gates, one on each side, spacious enough for beasts of burden to enter without difficulty and wide enough for sallies of troops in emergencies. The camp is intersected by streets symmetrically laid out ; in the middle are the tents of the officers, and precisely in the centre the headquarters of the commander-in-chief,® re- sembling a small temple. Thus, as it were, an improvised city springs up,° with its market-place, its artisan quarter, its seats of judgement, where captains and colonels? adjudicate upon any differ- ences which may arise. The outer wall and all the buildings within are completed quicker than thought, so numerous and skilled are the workmen. In case of need, the camp is further surrounded by a fosse, four cubits deep and of equal breadth. (3) Once entrenched, the soldiers take up their paity juarters in their tents by companies, quietly and in jontine of xood order. All their fatigue duties are performed with the same discipline, the same regard for security : che procuring of wood, food-supplies, and water, as ‘equired—each party has its allotted task. The 1our for supper and breakfast is not left to individual liscretion : all take their meals together. The hours or sleep, sentinel-duty, and rising, are announced ¢ Cf. Polyb. vi. 31 0 weév eis dyopay yiverar TOTOos 6 8’ ETEpos W TE Tapleiw . . . WOAEL TapaTAnciay exer THY Sidbeow. ¢ Perhaps. centurions (\dxos=a century ii. 63) and ribunes (Reinach). But ragiapyo. appear to be distin- ‘uished from xiNiapxot in § 87 and in A. vii. 26. 601 JOSEPHUS onpatvovaw, ovd €oTw 6 Te ywetar Siya map- 87 ayyéAuatos. tno 6€ THY Ew TO OTpAaTLWTLKOV jLEV €ml TOUS EkaTovTapyas EkaoToL, mpos Se Tods x'Avdpyous obto. avviacw aomacopeva, pe av T™pos Tov nye“wova THV OAwY ot Ta€iapyo. TavTes* 886 6 adtois to te €€ Efovs onpetov Kai TdAAa mapayyeAuata diadidwow' diadépew eis Tovs UmoTeTaypevous. 6 67) Kam Tapatagews mpdT- Tovtes éemiatpedov7at [te] tayéws, Wwa® déor, Kai mpos Tas edddous avtois® Kal mpos tas avakAnaets Umoxwpotaw abpoor. 89 (4) “Eéiévar 5€ tod otpatomédov dSéov dtzo- onpatver ev 7 odAmyE, npewet 5° ovdeis, addr Gpa vevpate Tas pev akyvas avaipotow, mavtTa 8 90 e€aprvovTat mpos TtHv e€€odov. Kat madrlw a adAmuyyes wbroonpaivovaw mapeckevacba. ot 8 €v Taxel Tois Te opedow Kai Tots trolvytou emfévtes tiv amooKkevyy €oTaow womep ep UoTAnyos e€opyav e€roy.or, Uromysmpacilv Te 701 THv Trape“BoAnv, ws avrois pev ov padd.ov Exel maXdw terxicacfar, 17 yeévoito 8 exeivo ToTE Tot 91 woAeplois ypyoy.ov. Kal Tpitov 8 opoiws® a adAmyyes mpoonpaivovaw tiv €€odov, emomeEp yovoar tovs dv’ aitiay twa Bpaddvavtas, ws pw 92 tis aztoAer bein [ris |’ Ta€ews. 6 TE KApvé deEvo 1 PAM: déidwow the rest. 2 RC=‘' where”: +e the rest. ® Text doubtful. 4 ip P: ad’ Naber. 5 om. Destinon (so apparently Lat.). 6 Havercamp with one ms.: éuws the rest. 7 ins. Bekker with one ms. 602 JEWISH WAR, III. 86-92 y the sound of the trumpet ; nothing is done without word of command. At daybreak the rank and file eport themselves to their respective centurions, the enturions go to salute the tribunes,? the tribunes ith all the officers ® then wait on the commander- i-chief, and he gives them, according to custom, the ratchword and other orders to be communicated to he lower ranks. The same precision is maintained n the battle-field: the troops wheel smartly round 1 the requisite direction, and, whether advancing to he attack or retreating, all move as a unit at the ‘ord of command. (4) When the came is to be broken up, the trumpet Breaking yunds a first call; at that none remain idle : im? inthe istantly, at this ak they strike the tents and march. iake all ready for departure. The trumpets sound second call to prepare for the march: at once they ile their baggage on the mules and other beasts of urden and stand ready to start, like runners breast- ig the cord on the race-course. They then set fire » the encampment, both because they can easily mstruct another {on the spot], and to prevent the 1emy from ever making use of it. A third time the umpets give a similar signal] for departure, to hasten le movements of stragglers, whatever the reason r their delay, and to ensure that none is out of his ace in the ranks. Then the herald, standing on }* Cf. Polyb. vi. 36. 6 (at daybreak the inspectors of night- ntries report to the tribunes). ® ratiapxo.=either ‘‘ officers’ generally, including cen- rions and tribunes (Reinach), or perhaps “** legates,”” 7.e. mmanders of the legions, for which, however, érapyos is ed in § 310. © Polybius, vi. 40, similarly describes three trumpet-calls fore the march: (1) lower tents and collect baggage, (2) id beasts of burden, (3) march. 603 JOSEPHUS TO ToAcwapxep TapaoTas, El mpos moAcmov Etat ETOULOL, TH Tar ple yAdaon Tpis avaTruvOdvera KaKeEtvou TOGAUTAKLS av7 Bo@ow péya Te Kal 7™po Oupov, eroysor A€yovtes eivar, dbavovaw Se 7d eTepwT@vTa, Kal Twos apyiov mvevpatos 70 mytrAdpevor. TH Bor ovveEaipovow tas de€ias. 93 (5) “Emecta mpoiovtes odevovaw jnovyh Kal pet KOGLLOUV TGVTES, WOTTEp EV ToA€ wp THY tolav Take EKQOTOS duAdcowy, ot prev meCol Oipagw [re Tedpaymevor Kal Kpdveow Kal Haxatpopopobvr 94 audotépwhev. paxpotepov 8 atta@v To date Eidos ToAA@: 70 yap Kata [7o]' de€vov omBaps, 95 00 mAé€ov exer TO KOS. dé€povar S° of prev TE Tov otpaTnyov emtAektou melo Adyxnv Kal aad. 7 d€ Aon dadayE Evordv Te Kat Gupedv emipyKi mpos ois mplova Kat Kodwov, anv Te Kal méAeKU mpos d€ iuavTa Kat Spezavov Kat advow, HwEepa TE TpLOV epdd.ov" ws oAlyov amodetv TaV ayOc 96 Popova Opewy Tov mreClov. Tots dé inmeba pedxarpa jeev eK deEi@v pakpa Kal KOVTOS em pnKns ev xetpt, Oupeds de Tapa mAeupov imme mAaytos, Kal KATA ywpuTov Tapypryvrat Tpets mAetous aKkovtes, TAaTeis pev aixpds, ovK am déovtes b€ Sopdtwv péyebos: Kpavy dé Kat Odpak 97 Opmotws Tots meLois a7acw. ovdevt. b€ omdrc dvadAarrovow ot Tepl TOV oTpaTnyov EKK PLT TOV eV tats iAats imme. KAjnpw d€ TOV Ta’ puatwy aet To Aayov ayetrar. 1 P: om. the rest. 2 About 9 inches. On the monuments this order reversed, the poniard (pugio) being on the left; simi 604 . JEWISH WAR, III. 92-97 he right of the war-lord, inquires three times in their ative tongue whether they are ready for war. Three imes they loudly and lustily shout in reply, “ We re ready, some even anticipating the question; and, yorked up to a kind of martial frenzy, they along vith the shout raise their right arms in the air. (5) Then they advance, all marching in silence and 1 good order, each man keeping his place in the anks, as if in face of the enemy. The infantry are armed with cuirass and helmet and Arms and arry a sword on either side ; that on the left is far Se 1e longer of the two, the dagger on the right being o longer than a span.* The picked infantry, forming 1e general’s guard, carry a lance ? and round shield, ° 1e regiments of the line a javelin? and oblong uckler®; the equipment of the latter further icludes a saw, a basket, a pick and an axe, not to ention a strap, a bill-hook, a chain and three days’ tions, so that an infantry man is almost as heavily den as a pack-mule. The cavalry carry a large sword on their right side, and of long pike in the hand, a buckler resting obliquely “°Y*" 1 the horse’s flank, and in a quiver slung beside em three or more darts with broad points and as ng as spears ; their helmets and cuirasses are the me as those worn by all the infantry. ‘The select valry, forming the general’s escort, are armed in ecisely the same manner as the ordinary troopers. 1e legion which is to lead the column is always lected by lot.’ lybius, who omits the poniard, states that the sword is rn on the right (vi. 23. 6). ” Hasta. ¢ Parma. t Palam: & Seutum. ' According to Polyb. vi. 40. 9 the order of march was verned by a daily rotation. 605 JOSEPHUS 98 (6) Tovadrar pev obv at ‘Pwyatwy zopetai 7 Kat Katadvoeis, mpos b€ OmAwv diadopai, ovde de am poBovAevtov ev Tats peaxars ovde avr oxEd.ov, aAAa yon ev det TavTOS Epyou mpodye 99 Tots doxGetor 5° €merau 7a Epya” Tap 0 Ké odddXovra: pev iKLoTAa, Kav TTAlowor Sé, padia 100 avaAapBavovo. ta oddAwata. ayotvTat Te TE amo TUXNS emiTEVypaTwY apeElvous Tas ETL TO 7 poBovdevbetow duapaptias, ws Tov pev avre peatov Kadod dededlovtos els am popnGevav, TI oKxéwews 5é, Kay aTVXIGN mOTE, Tpos TO p 101 abs KaAny exovons pede nv’ Kal TOV fev avr patwv ayabdv od tov AaBovta aiziov eivat, Té d€ Tapa yvwpnv tpooTecovTwy oKvOpwrav Tape pvbiav 76 ye mpoonkovtws BeBovAciobar. 102. (7) Ilapackevalovar peéev otv ev tats peAéra Tav oTAwy o8 Ta cwpata povov adda Kat T yuyas aAKipous, mpocacKkodvTar b€ Kal TH Hope 103 of Te yap vouor map adtois od AimoTakiov pov aAAa Kal pacravns oXrlyns OavariKol, ot oTpaTiyot TOV vopoy poBepurrepo. Tais yap Tp. Tous ayabovs Tyats pvovTat To’ dSoKeiv Op 104 pos TOUS KoAalopevous. tocovTov 8 atta@v mpos Tovs ayepwovas tretOjviov, ws Ev TE E€lpy KOOMov €ivat Kal é€ml mrapatdgews Ev GMpa T 105 6Anv otpatidv. ovtws att@v ovvadets* pev rd€ets, eVoTpogor & elaly ai meptaywyal, o€ei 6° dkoai pev mapayyéeAuacw, opens be onpeto 106 Epyows de yetpes. obev dpacar ev Gael TAYE Bpadvrator b€ mrabeiv elow, o0d’ Eatw O70v OT 1 tod Dindorf. 2 L, cf. Lat. copulati: aopadets or adeXecs the rest. 606 JEWISH WAR, III. 98-106 (6) Such is the routine of the Roman army on the Tactics. narch and in camp, such are the various arms which hey bear. In battle nothing is done unadvisedly or eft to chance: consideration invariably precedes ction, and action conforms to the decision reached. Jonsequently the Romans rarely err, and, if they do nake a slip, easily repair their error. They consider, noreover, that a well-concerted plan, even if it ends n failure, is preferable to a happy stroke of fortune, yecause accidental success is a temptation to im- srovidence, whereas deliberation, though occasionally ollowed by misfortunes, teaches the useful lesson 1ow to avoid their recurrence. They further reflect hat one who profits by a happy accident can take no redit for it, while disasters which occur contrary to ll calculations leave one at least the consolation that 10 proper precautions were neglected. (7) By their military exercises the Romans instil Discipline. ato their soldiers fortitude not only of body but also f soul; fear, too, plays its part in their training. ‘or they have laws which punish with death not 1erely desertion of the ranks, but even a slight eglect of duty ; and their generals are held in even reater awe than the laws. For the high honours ith which they reward the brave prevent the ffenders whom they punish from regarding them- elves as treated cruelly. This perfect discipline makes the army an orna- Rome owe: 1ent of peace-time and in war welds the whole into {,f™P" single body ; so compact are their ranks, so alert efficient 1eir movements in wheeling to right or left, so“"'”’ juick their ears for orders, their eyes for signals, their ands to act upon them. Prompt as they conse- uently ever are in action, none are slower than they 607 JOSEPHUS Bévres* 7 mAnBous jaonOnoav 7) oTparnynwaren| 7) dvoxwpias, GAN’ ovde tvxNS" kat yap TAUTNS 107 avrois TO Kpateiv BeBavotepov. ols obtv BovdAr pev apyet mpatews,* emeTar de Tots BeBovdAev: peevois _OTparos ore Opaorrpios, TL Oavpacrov el mpos €w prev Evdparns, wkeavos dé mpod éoTrepay, peonuBpwov dé AiBins To moTaTovy Kat mpos apktov “lotpos Te Kal "Pijvos TH nNyewovias opot; deovTws yap av Tis eElmoL T: KT] A TOV KTHCApLEVvWY EAaCooP. los. (8) Tatra pev odv deEQABov od} ‘“Pwpatou® ETaWWeoaL TMpoapovpEevos ToOGOUTOV, OaoV Eis T Tapapviiay TOv KEeyeipwevwv Kal els aToTpOTTT 109 Tv vewrepilovtwy: etn 8 av Tots ayvootow Ta diroxadovvTwy Kal mpos euTrEetpias 7) aywyn THE ‘Pwyaiwy otpatias. eénaveyu 3° Bev emi tad eeéBnv. = ~ ’ 110 (vi. 1) Odveomacvavos jLev apa TW mad. Tir diatpiBwv téws ev TH I1roAcuwatdu cuvéraccerv TC , e \ \ , / duvapets, 0 S€ tHv TadiAaiay xatatpexywv I[lAc KLOos emel TOAD prev TAAOos avnpijKer TAY KATE , a > > ome , AapBavopevwv, tobto 8 Av To acbevéorepov Tad 11] Aatwy Kat tats duyais® €vamTroKdpLvov, opa@v ( ~ ~ 3 oupdedyov det TO padyypov els Tas UTO TOD ‘Iwan 1 PAL: cvoraytes the rest. 2 rapatraiews PAL. 3M (margin): guA\axats or Yuxais the rest. * The motive here admitted is significant. As has be said elsewhere (vol. i. Introd. p. xi), the Jewish War, penn in Vespasian’s former palace by his pensioner, was probab of the nature of a manifesto inspired by his imperial patro} 608 JEWISH WAR, III. 106-111 n succumbing to suffering, and never have they been cnown in any predicament to be beaten by numbers, yy ruse, by difficulties of ground, or even by fortune ; or they have more assurance of’ victory than f fortune. Where counsel thus precedes active yperations, where the leaders’ plan of campaign s followed up by so efficient an army, no wonder hat the Empire has extended its boundaries m the east to the Euphrates, on the west to the rean, on the south to the most fertile tracts of sibya, on the north to the Ister and the Rhine. One aight say without exaggeration that, great as are heir possessions, the people that won them are reater still. (8) If I have dwelt at some length on this topic, ay intention was not so much to extol the Romans s to console those whom they have vanquished and 9 deter others who may be tempted to revolt.4 ‘erhaps, too, any cultured readers ® who are un- equainted with the subject may profit by an account f the organization of the Roman army. I will now 2sume my narrative at the point where I digressed. (vi. 1) Vespasian was detained for some time with Unsuccess- is son Titus at Ptolemais, consolidating his forces. pi attack?! feanwhile Placidus © was scouring Galilee and had Jotapata. egun by killing large numbers of those who fell into is hands, these being weak civilians who were ex- austed by flight: afterwards, observing that the mbatants always took refuge in the cities which id intended as a warning to the East of the futility of further position.’ The danger of a rising of the Parthians or of e Jews of Babylon (ii. 388 f.) was a constant menace. ® rv pioxadovvtwv: ef. Polybius vi. 26. 12 tis yap otrus Tiy aTeOLKWS TpOs Ta KANG KTH. oS O9). VOL. II a 609 JOSEPHUS gov Tetxiabeiaas OAcis Wpynoev el THY dxupw lis Ta7qV avTa@y ‘lwramaray, OLO[LEVOS a epodov pe atpyjcew padiws, peya de KA€os at7@ Tapa ToCp nyeLoow KaKetvols ogedos els 7a ‘owra Tap é€ew" Tpooxwpycew yap dee tas daAdas mode 1127 77S KapTepw7aris otxomerys.” 7oAU AS pay bu TapTev THs eAmidos* emov7a yap abtov ot “lwraf TATHVOL mpoarabopevor mpo HS mOXews eK déyovTat, kat Tots ‘Pasprators ouppayevtes adoK TOL 5 7ohKoi Kal TpOSs paxnVv ETOLUWLOL, mpobvpot Te wh dv Umép Kwoduvevovans TaTploos Kai yuvatK@v KO 113 Téxvwv, TpéTovTaL Tayéws. Kat ToAAods peek TiTpwmakovot Tov “Pwyaiwy, exza de avarpodarg dua TO pnjre drakTov atT@v Thy vToXxwpyat yeveobar Kal Tas 7Anyas emuoAatous medhpayt péevwv TavTolev tev cuparav, tovs Te “lovdator moppwlev BadrrAcew mA€ov 7 cup7AéKecbar Gappei 114 yupvatas omAitais. é€mecov b€ Kal tev *lovdaia Rl Tpeis avdpes Kal eTpwOycav oAlyor. [lAdKidos pe obv THs emt THY TOAW Opis atovwrepos evpeDe. Pevyet. 115 (2) Oveczaciavos b€ eipynpévos adtos euBadre} els TH PadvAatay eehavver TS IlroAepaitde le diataéas TH oT pazuav OOEVELW Kaba ‘Pawpato l 116 €Bos. Tous pev YE ysAovs TOV eTUKOUpOV KOR TofoTas mpodyew exeAevoev, ws avaKomTOLEV TC e€amwatious TeV Nea emiopopas Kat 8 epevvm@ev Tas vmomTovs Kal Aoxadobar dvvapev UAas, ois etmeto Kal “Pwyatwy o7dAttiKn potpel 117 weloi Te Kai immeis. tovtos ad’ Exdorys EKaTO 1 MVRG, cf. iv. 128: éxouévns PAL. 610 JEWISH WAR, III. 111-117 Josephus had fortified, he proceeded to attack the most formidable of them, Jotapata. He expected to have no difficulty in capturing it by a sudden assault, and thus to procure for himself a high reputation with his chiefs and for them a considerable advantage for the future campaign; for, once the strongest town had fallen, terror would induce the ‘est to surrender. In this hope, however, he was yreatly deceived. Forewarned of his approach, the yeople of Jotapata awaited his coming outside the ‘own and burst unexpectedly upon the Romans. 3eing a large body, well prepared for battle, and cindled by the thought of the danger threatening heir native city, their wives and their children, they juickly routed their opponents and wounded a large tumber of them. They killed no more than seven, recause the Romans retired in good order and, their odies being completely protected, received only uperficial wounds, while their Jewish assailants, ghtly equipped and opposed to heavy - armed 2gulars, kept their distance and did not venture to ame to close quarters with them. The Jews on qeir side had three killed and a few wounded. lacidus, thus finding himself tco feeble for an assault n the town, beat a retreat. (2) But Vespasian, impatient to invade Galilee him- Vespasian If, now set out from Ptolemais, after drawing up his inte Gah into Galilee ‘my for the march in the customary Roman order. Soran he auxiliary light-armed troops and archers were march. ‘nt in advance, to repel any sudden incursions of ie enemy and to explore suspected woodland suited r the concealment of ambuscades. Next came a mtingent of heavy-armed Roman soldiers, infantry id cavalry. They were followed by a detachment 611 JOSEPHUS , , , / , e ~ A apyias nkoAovGovw bé€xa tHyv Te €avT@y oKevTpy ‘ \ , ~ ~ , \ >) 118 Kat Ta PETPA TIS mrapepPoAns PepovTes, KAL [ET ¢ / \ ~ , aUtoUs odo70LoL Ta TE OKoALa THS AEewdhdopou , 8 ~ A , ‘ \ Katevduvew kat xfayadobty za dvcBaTa Kat Tas ; as « / e \ eumod.ous UAas mpoavakomTew, ws py) TaAaiTw- ~ ~ 4 / a 119 potto SvoTopoby TO oTpaTevpa. KaTomw de ToOU- , ~ ‘ ‘ ~ > A e / Twv Tas Te ldlas Kal Tas THY Um avdToVv HyELovwr > ‘ \ A > ‘ "4 ‘ erafev amooKevas Kal GuxyVOUs em TOUTOLS TPpOs 5 ~ e / , a“ \ ] / 120 aoddActay THv inméwv. pel” ots avdtos cEjAavve | ~ ~ e / Tous Te emAéxtous Tav mel@v Kal inmnméwv Ka ‘ / ” e > . = \ wD tovs Aoyyodopous exwv. etmeto 8 abt@ 70 td101 ~ / e / ‘ ¢ / TOU TAYpaTOS immLKOV" iOLoL yap EKaOTOV TAaypaToO: ~ e \ ¢€ ~ 12letkoot mpos Tots eKxaTov inmmets. TovTors 8 > / e A ¢ / / > a nKoAovbovv ot tas eAemoActs deportes apeis Ka , ‘ , ¢ / 1227a Aoiza LANXaVHATA. PETA TOUTOVS NYEMOVE ‘ ~ ” ‘ / ’ / TE KAL OTELP@V Ezapyxou vy xLtAtapyots, EmLAEKTOV . ~ ” ” ¢ ~ 123 wept ofGs oTpatiwwTas ExovTEes* ETMELTA al ONpato / 4 > / a 4 a c Tepiiaxyovoat Tov aeTov, Os TavTos apyet “Pw / , ~ praiots taypatos, BactAevs TE olwrav anavTw ‘ b] / ” a“ \ \ ~ e / Kat aAkyswtatos wr: 6 67) Kal THs aWyEepmovia , > A \ Q 7 27? a ” ” Tekpnpiov avtots Kat KAnduwy, ep ovs av twou ‘ ~ / - ~ \ ¢ ~ > / 124 rod Kpatyoew SdoKet. Tots b€ lepots KoAoVHor c / \ / b) ~ ¢ / ot oaAmiyKTal, Kal KaTomWw avTav 7 daday& 7 ~ > 7 / / otidos eis €€ mAatUvaca. TovToLs TapeizeETO TI e€ > ” \ /, >] 7 exatovtaoyos €€ Ebous tiv Ta€w emLaKOTOUpEVo: r. > , , v 12570 6 olkeTLKOV EKdoTOU TaypaTos dmav TO = ‘ > ‘ = ~ melois elmeTO, Tas amocKevas TMV oTpaTiwT - > ~ ‘ ~ / »” éml Tois opedow Kal Tois vzaolvyio ayovTe 612 JEWISH WAR, III. 117-125 composed of ten men from each century, carrying their own kit and the necessary instruments for marking out the camp; after these came the pioneers to straighten sinuosities on the route, to level the rough places and to cut down obstructing woods, in order to spare the army the fatigues of a toilsome march. Behind these Vespasian posted his personal equipage and that of his lieutenants with a strong mounted escort to protect them. He himself rode behind with the pick of the infantry and cavalry and his guard of lancers. Then came the cavalry units of the legions ; for to each legion are attached a hundred and twenty horse. These were followed by the mules carrying the siege towers ¢ and the other machines. Then came the legates, the prefects of the cohorts and the tribunes, with an escort of picked troops. Next the ensigns surrounding the eagle, which in the Roman army precedes every legion, decause it is the king and the bravest of all the birds : t is regarded by them as the symbol of empire, and, whoever may be their adversaries, an omen of victory. These sacred emblems were followed by che trumpeters, and behind them came the solid solumn, marching six abreast. A centurion, accord- ng to custom, accompanied them ® to superintend the order of the ranks. Behind the infantry the ervants attached to each legion followed in a body, ‘conducting the mules and other beasts of burden vhich carried the soldiers’ kit. At the end of the @ For carrying battering-rams: in iii. 230 the word Aer odcs Seems to mean the battering-ram itself. > Reinach thinks that a centurion for each legion must be ntended. 613 JOSEPHUS / A / ~ / e / »” 126 kaTomw b€ TavTwY TOV TaypaToV oO ptabuos 6xAos, > \ ‘ > , > , , ois ovpayoi zpos aaddAevay nKoAovbovv meCot Te 7 =~ U Kal omAitat Kal TOV immewv avyvot. 7 e 4 \ ~ 127. (3) Ovtws oddevcas Ovdeomactavos HETQ TIS / > x o > ~ ~ duvdpews els Tovs Opovs adixvetrar tHS Tad- , , ’ Aaias, evba KataotpatoTedevadpevos wpynjrevous ~ > els moAEov tovs oTpaTwiTtas KaTtetyev, eE7t- / ~ detxvtpevos TE Tiv oTpatiav eis KaTamAn€w Tots > ' moAepiou Kal jleTavolas Katpov did0Us, EL mpc / , a A \ A , paxyns petaBadowTo: apa b€ Kal mpos troAvopKiar ~ , > ~ 128 Twv €pupLaTwv e€nptveto. jJLETAVOLAV prev ovv T7S \ ~ > amootagews odfeis 0 otpatnyos oAAois evetp: -~ e A A 129 yaoato, KatamAnfw 6€ madow: ot pev yap mep tov “Iwonmov €otpatotedevKotes 00K aTwHey TH: / \ / \ / ; oar Lemhuwpews [mapa 7oAw Tapw xadovpernp j,’ ee ” <4 »” mAnovalovta tov 7oAEov WKOVGaY GooV TE OUTE 4 / / > / Tous ‘Pwyatovs cuppi€ovtas odicw, od ovo; ‘ , > \ \ \ > ~ \ > \ m™po paxns, aAAa Kat mpw deity tovs exOpovd: ~ / > e > 130 duacKkldvavtar dvyj. Katadeiwerar 6 oO “lwon > xs\/7 \ \ e »~ / mos pet oAlywv, Kal KaTiOav ws ovTe déxecba / \ Tovs moAeuious apKkeTny exo dvvayw Kal TE 7 / / mTwKor Ta dpovnpata Tov “lovdaiwy aopevot FT A / \ / av, €l TLOTEVOWWTO, Ywpotev ol 7AELOUS ETL OTTOVOGS 29 / \ ” \ \ ~ / / 131 €dedier prev On TEpt TavTOs Tov’ moAgmou, T > / / ~ Pd ” 5° ws Toppwratw xwpilecbar TOv Kwdvvwv expe 1 om. PAL Lat.; perhaps a gloss from Vita 395, 412. 2 éxee PM. ¢ Apparently the rest of the auxiliary cohorts, of whom - 614 JEWISH WAR, ITI. 126-131 -olumn came the crowd of mercenaries,? and last of ull for security a rearguard composed of light and 1eavy infantry and a considerable body of cavalry. (3) Proceeding with his army in this order Ves- Josephus, yasian reached the frontiers of Galilee. Here he his troops, established his camp and restrained the ardour of jftires te nis soldiers, who were burning for the fray, being sontent to parade his forces before the enemy, with a view to intimidating them and giving time for recon- sideration, if they wished, before an engagement, to Jesert their friends.® At the same time he made reparations for besieging the strongholds. The reneral’s appearance on the scene in fact aroused in nany regret for their revolt, and in all alarm. The roops under the command of Josephus, who were ‘amping beside a town called Garis, not far from sjepphoris,° discovering that the war was upon them, nd that they might at any moment be attacked by he Romans, dispersed and fled, not only before any ngagement, but before they had even seen their oes. Josephus was left with a few companions ; e saw that he had not sufficient forces to await the nemy, that the Jews were crestfallen, and that the jajority of them, if they could gain the enemy’s onfidence, would gladly capitulate. Already he ad fears for the ultimate issue of the war; for the 1oment he decided to remove as far as possible from ortion only has been mentioned in § 116. Similarly, in olyb. vi. 40. 6-8, “ the left wing of the auxiliaries’ bring up ie rear; if an enemy attack in the rear is expected the picked auxiliaries’ are transferred to that quarter from ie van. ® Or, perhaps, “‘ come to a better frame of mind.” ¢ Twenty furlongs from Sepphoris ( Vita 395, where Garis called a village). 615 JOSEPHUS vev, avadaBuv te Tovs ovppetvavtas eis TiBeprad Katadevyet. 132 (vil. 1) Oveozaovavos 5€ TH moAce Tav TaBa- pov* eveAB anv aipet Te KaTa TpwTyv Epodov avbrHp. 133 Paxton 7AxjGous Epnuov KataAaBwv, Kat zap- eAbe elow mavtas 7Bndov avatpet pndepds TON ‘Papato WAcktas éAcov TOLOULEV DV pices [TO Tpos 70 €Ovos Kai wy nLy THs KaTa TOV Kéorvor 134 av7T ay Tapavop.as. eum pn ow 5° ob povov avTH tiv mO0Aw, GAAG Kal Tas TéplE Kpas TAaGaS TE KA moAlyvas, as pev mavteA@s éexAcAeyspeévas, €orTu 6° as abtos €€avdpa7odilopevos. 135 (2) ‘O 8 “laanmos qv mpos aodadevav etrer Tow avtos evémAncev d€ous Karaduyav" ot yap amo Tis TBepiados ovK av, el ca m™pos TO 74 dmeyverKel TOV ToAepov, Tpanjvat moTe avTo 136 WovTo. Kal KaTa TOUTO ye ov SinudpTavov avTo TIS yvwuns’ €wpa pev yap mot peer Ta "Lovdaiw zéAous, Kal piav atT@v 7O0et owTypiav, el peta Badow7o. adros d€ Kaizep ovyyvwobncecbat map ‘Pwyuatois mpoodoKk@v, ouws tebvavart padAdro etAeTo zoAAaKis 7) KaTampodovs THVv TaTpida KC Ty eumatevbetoav av7@ otTpatnyiav wvBpic 138 edrvxetv Tap” ois mode pow e7eudhln. ypader ovv Tois ev TéNeu Tov ‘lepocoAduev du€yvw wer axpipelas Ta Tpaypata, ws prt emt peile e€dpas tiv TOV ToAcuiwv iaxdyv ablis eis Sed kakiloito, pnTe evdeeatepov anayyetAas Kav PET 1 Niese after Lat.: 6€ mss.: 67 Bekker. 2 Gfroerer: Taddpwv or Taéapéwv mss. Gadara was iff: Decapolis and pro-Roman (B. iv. 413): Gabara was principal city of Galilee, due east of Ptolemais (Vita 123). * From Lat.: 6é mss. 616 13 ~I JEWISH WAR, III. 131-138 he risk of a conflict. Accordingly, with the remnant f his troops, he took refuge in Tiberias. (vii. 1) Vespasian’s first objective was the city of zabara, which he carried at the first assault, finding t deprived of effective combatants. Entering the ity he slew all males who were of age, the Romans howing no mercy to old or young, so bitter was their atred of the nation and their memory of the affront vhich had been done to Cestius. Not content with etting fire to the city, Vespasian burnt all the illages and country towns in the neighbourhood ; ome he found completely deserted, in the others he educed the inhabitants to slavery. (2) The arrival of Josephus filled with alarm the ity which he had chosen as his refuge, for the people f Tiberias felt that he would never have fled, had e not abandoned all hope of success in the contest. n this they correctly interpreted his opinion ; for e foresaw the final catastrophe for which the wtunes of the Jews were heading, and recognized vat their only hope of salvation lay in submission. s for himself, although he might look for pardon om the Romans, he would have preferred to suffer thousand deaths rather than betray his country id disgracefully abandon the command which had 2en entrusted to him, in order to seek his fortune nong those whom he had been commissioned to rht. He decided therefore to write to the autho- ties at Jerusalem an exact statement of the position affairs, neither exaggerating the strength of the remy, which might subsequently lead to his being unted with cowardice, nor underrating it, for fear VOL. II See 617 Vespasian captures aod destroys Gabara. Josephus writes to Jerusalem for instruc- tions. JOSEPHUS /, ” d , 1 o bal 5a 139 vorjcavtas tows Opactverev,, Wa TE 7 omovdds hal ~ aipovpevo. Tayéws avtiypawow, 7 Todeped > =~ , eyvwkotes mpos ‘Pwyatovs a€iopayov avT@ TEL , riti & 5 ath) 3 ’ , 140 wou dUvapw. 6 pev obv tTad7’ emarteiAas TEuTE A / / 61a Tdyous emt ‘lepocoAvpwv tovs Ta ypaypaTe Koutlovtas. \ 141. (3) Oveomwactavos 5€ Wpynuévos e€atpety 77 > ‘ , lwramatav, mémvoTto yap «is avtyy mAetoTov ~ »” e s- T@v ToAepiwv ouptedevyevar Kat aAAws opunTHy plov iayupov ovoav atta@v, méumer meLlovs TE KO ~ = ‘ > \ inmeis tovs mpoefopadiobytas TiHVv oOdov opewt e / ‘ 7 / \ ‘ -~ bmdpyovoay Kal meTpwWdy, SVaBaTov be Kat weCots e =~ > - , 42 inmetow 6 apunxavov. ot pev ovv TEecoapai nuepas e€eipyaoavto Kat zwAateiav qvor~av T ~ ~ > ¢ > otpatia Aewhopov: tH méumTH 5 O ‘lwanmo: . , au7n 5 jw “Aptepiciov pnvos pia Kal etka > / > - dbaver mapeABaw ets tHv “lwramdtay €K 77 / ‘ , -~ > / > / TiBepiados Kai memTwKoTa Tots “lovdatoi éeyetp 143 ra dpovipata. Ovdeoracrave dé tis edayyeAilete THv petapaow Tod avdpos avtopodos Kat Ka > nmevyev el THY TOAW Ws PET EKELYNS alpynooVvT ~ > / ’ / ‘ > / e , macav “lovéatav, et AaBou tov “lesonmov broxelpio 1446 8 adpmdoas wonep peyiotov evTvxnma 77 ~ > ayyeAiay Kat mpovota Geod tov avvetwratov ecive doxobvTa Tv TroAEuiwy oldjmevos Els €ELpKTT > , = 207 \ \ ' avfaiperov mapeAGetv, edlews pev adv xtdALo 1 LC: @pacivaev the rest. * The distance from Gabara to Jotapata seems to 618 JEWISH WAR, III. 139-144 of encouraging them to hold out when possibly in- lined to repent. If the magistrates intended to negotiate, they were asked to reply to that effect without delay ; if they decided to continue the war, they should send him a force capable of coping with the Romans. Having written a letter to this effect, he sent it by express messengers to Jerusalem. (3) Vespasian was impatient to make an end of Josephus Jotapata, having heard that it was the refuge to which most of the enemy had retired, and that it was, noreover, their strong base ; he accordingly sent a yody of infantry and cavalry in advance to level the oad leading to it, a stony mountain track, difficult or infantry and quite impracticable for mounted roops.? In four days their task was completed and | broad highway opened for the army. On the ifth, which was the twenty-first® of the month Artemisius, Josephus hurriedly left Tiberias and ntered Jotapata, his arrival raising the dejected pirits of the Jews. A deserter brought to Vespasian he welcome intelligence of the general’s movement, nd urged him to hasten to attack the city, because s fall, could he but secure Josephus, would amount 2 the capture of all Judaea. Vespasian caught at his information as a godsend, regarding it as by rod's providential ordering that the man who was 2puted to be the most sagacious of his enemies had qus deliberately entered a prison; he instantly ightly underestimated in Vita 234 as ‘‘ about 40 stades ”’ ; is six miles due south. ® There is some doubt about this figure, which it is difficult -reconcile with the statement that Jotapata was taken on e first of Panemus (§ 339) after a siege of forty-seven days 316). The 2ist of Artemisius, according to Niese’s calcula- on, was the 8th of June, a.p. 67. 619 enters Jotapata : Vespasian invests it. May-June A.D. 67. JOSEPHUS ~ / \ > inmedow méuter LAdKidov Kat dexaddpynv At: Bovtwov, avdpa Tv emiojuwv Kata xeipa Ka auveow, Tepikatacxety KeAcdoas THY TOAW, ws A / \ eT? 4 pt) AaBor Siadpas 6 “luwonzos. 145 (4) Adros 6€ peta piav tyépav avadaf8ai mdoav Hv SUvayw elmeTo Kai pexpe detdAn: 146 Odevcas mpos tiv “lwranatavy adixveirar. ava AaBwv S€ tiv oTpatiay els TO TpOoapKTLOV AUTH pépos ev TwWe Aodyy oT patomedeveT at SuéXOvT atadious énTa THs Toews, TEL PULEVOS ws pa iota Tots Troe pious evavvoTTos elvat T7pos EK 147 wAnéw: 7) Kal Tapayphua Tooav’TH TOUS *lovdatou KATEGXEV, WS fLNdEva TOD Telyous ToAunGaL 7pO ~ ¢ ~ > ’ \ \ > / 148 eAGciv. “Pwyator 8 edOds péev anwxvycav mpod 7 > wl ~ Baretv, 80 GAns wdevKdTes uéepas, SuTAW Se T ~ ‘ / dadayye KukArodvtat tiv méAWw Kai tpityv c&whe TepucTaow THv inmov, mdoas anodpaccovTe 149 a’tots tas €€dd0us. Todt’ €v atoyvwcer owt, , / \ > , ‘ , 2¢O' plas mapw&vve tovs *lovdatous mpos toApav: ovde yap avayKns ev ToAduw paxiwrepov. ire ~ , \ >, e , ~ 150 (5) Tevopévns 5€ pe yépav mpocBoAns 7 pev mpa@tov “Jovdaio. Kata ywpav pevovT avtetyov, avtikpv Tav ‘Pwyaiwy éotpatomeder 151 koTes' mpo Tob Tetyous: ws be Odeoracrave ToUTols prev Tovs To€oTas Kal odevdovATas KE mav To T@v EexnBdAwy mAAIos emioTHoas em , > A \ \ ~ ~ , tpepev Baddew, adtos d€ peTa THV TeLAyv els 1 The Lat. translates éortparomedeuxérwr. * Aebutius, in the service of Agrippa, had at an ear stage of the war been entrusted with the oversight of 620 JEWISH WAR, III. 144-151 dispatched Placidus and the decurion Aebutius,? a man of marked energy and ability, with a thousand horse, with orders to invest the town and prevent Josephus from escaping secretly. (4) Vespasian followed them the next day with all his army and, marching until evening, arrived before Jotapata. Leading his troops up to the north side of the city he encamped on a hill seven furlongs distant from it, seeking a position as conspicuous as possible to the enemy in order to intimidate them. In fact the spectacle had such an instantaneous effect on the Jews that none ventured outside the walls. The Romans, after their full day’s march, were not prepared to make an immediate attack, but they surrounded the city with a double cordon of infantry, and posted outside these a third line of cavalry, blocking all means of exit. This manceuvre, cutting off hope of escape, stimulated the Jews to deeds of gallantry ; for nothing in war so rouses the martial spirit as necessity. (5) Next day an attack was made. At first those of the Jews who were encamped opposite the Romans yutside the walls ® merely held their ground against che enemy; but when Vespasian brought up_ his archers, slingers, and all his other marksmen in full ‘orce and gave orders to shoot down these opponents, while he himself with the infantry pushed up the sreat Plain and had an encounter with Josepbus (Vita (14 ff.) ; his previous acquaintance with Josephus doubtless ieccounts for his selection on this occasion. ®» The Jews may well have had a camp extra muros in the ‘arly days of the siege; this must have been rapidly driven nas we hear no more of it. The Latin has, “‘ the Jews nerely held their ground opposite the Romans who were mcamped outside the walls.” 621 First fighting at Jotapata. JOSEPHUS mpocartes avewbe.’ Kal’ 6 TO TEtxyos Hv evddAwrTor, detcas 6 “lwonmos mept 7TH moAcL mpomnda Kat 152 obv att@® wav To Tt&v ‘lovdaiwy ARBs. cup- meoovtes be Tots “Pwpaiois abpdot Tob ev Telyous avéatetAav atvtovs, 7oAAa 8° emedeikvuvto yeipa@v épya Kat ToAuns. ovK eAdoow® ye pV dv edpwv 153 avtémacxov' ocov yap avtovs 1 Tihs owrTnpias amoyvwats, TocovTo Tovs “Pwyatouvs aidws map- EKPOTEL, Kal TOUS pev euTrerpia peT aAKAS TOUS d€ Opacos wrrdile Ta Oupe OTpaTnyoupEevous. 154 mapataéapevor Se du oAns nepas vuKTi dua AvovTar, TpwaavTes pev TAetaTous ‘Pewpatev, dexatpets 8 avedovtes: atta@v 8 Emecov pe dexaem7Td, Tpavpatias 6° e€yévovto €€axdator. 155 (6) Th 6° votepaia [ipépa| maw mpooBaa- Aovoat tots “Pwpators éemeEeAPovtes Kai odd Kap: TEPUTEPOV avrimapeTagavro, Bappahecdrepor pev €k Tov mapa Adyov a avrvoxelv TH mpotépa® YEVEVNHEVOL Xpwpevor d€ Kal Tots ‘Papators axe €epors 156 t70 ‘yap aidots ets opyny e€exaiov7o, TO pt 157 TAXEWS VUKGV 1TTAV TyOUpevor. Kal HEXpL TEULTITYS nuépas mpocBoAat pev eyivovto ta&v ‘Pwpatan ad.dAermTor, exdpomat b€ Tov “lwranatnvav xa TELyYOaXla, KapTEepwTEepat, Kat ovTE “lovdator Tp T@v TOAEulwy ioydv KaTwppwdovv ovTE “Pwpyato mpos TO THs TOAews SvadAwTov améKapvov. 158 (7) "Eorw 8 “Iwranmdta adAnv oAiyou naa 1 conj. with Naber: dvwOe (sic) Mss.: dvwéec Niese. 2 Zraccov PL. 3 mporepaia Niese. 2 The phrase @pacos ordifecv comes from Soph. El. 995 f. a play of which there are other reminiscences in Josephus. cf. Wux7s dgedetv B. iii. 212, Soph. El. 980. 622 JEWISH WAR, III. 151-158 slope at the point where the wall offered little diffi- culty, Josephus, alarmed for the fate of the town, made a sally with the whole multitude of the Jews. Falling in a body upon the Romans they drove them from the ramparts and performed many signal feats of prowess and daring. However, they suffered as much loss as they inflicted, for if the Jews were emboldened by despair, the Romans were no less roused by shame; on the one side were skilled experience and strength, the other had recklessness for its armour,? and passion for its leader. The battle lasted all day, and night alone parted the combatants. Of the Romans very many were wounded and thirteen killed. The Jewish casualties were seventeen killed and six hundred wounded. (6) On the following day, when the Romans returned to the attack, the Jews made a fresh sally and offered a much more stubborn resistance, from the confidence inspired by their unexpectedly successful resistance on the previous day. But the Romans on their side proved more resolute opponents, being enflamed to fury by shame and regarding a lack of instant victory as tantamount to defeat. So for five days the Romans incessantly renewed their assaults, and the garrison of Jotapata their sallies and their yet more stubborn defence from the ram- parts, the Jews undaunted by their enemy’s strength, the Romans undeterred by the difficulties which their objective presented. (7) The town of Jotapata ® is almost entirely built au ’ Modern Jefat, Talmudic Jodaphath (according to the Mishna it was an old town, walled since the time of Joshua) : in the hills to the north of the plain of Asochis, midway between Gabara (N.) and Sepphoris (S.). 623 160 161 162 163 JOSEPHUS KpnLvos, ex pev t@v adAwv pep mavTobev papayEw ametpots amoTomos, ws Tay KaTidetv TELpwLEvenV Tas oes mpoeEacbevetv Tob Babous, amo _Bopéov de mpoatry) HOvoy, Ka? 6 Ajyovre 7@ oper wAayiws' mpocéKtioTar.” kal totto 8 G6 "Tonmos epmrepietAnder retxiley | THY TOA, ws daxaradyazov evar modelos TI bmep auras akpuperav. KkukAcdfev 8 adAots opeow KkaAu7To0- per, mplv etoadiKot7o Tis els abriy, TravTeAds aoparos fv. €ixe pev ovv ovTwWSs OXUpOTHTOS *lwrazatn. (8) Ovecmactavos 5€ TH TE dvcer TOD ywpiov Kat tats tToAyas tov “Jovdaiwy avtiptAoverk@y éyvw Kaptepestepov amtecbar tis moAvopKias, Kal mpoaKaAreadevos Tovs Um adttov Wyeu“ovas €Bov- AeveTo mEepi THs mpooBoAjs. Sd€av 5€ yHoar Te mpoa.tov Too Telyous, emt ovyKomidny vAns EKTEUTEL TAY TO OTpaTEvPA, KAaL KOTEVTWY TO Tept tiv 7OAW opa@v, ovvadtobetans Te apa Tots EvAoiws amelpov yeppados, ot pev mpos adAewpay tay v7eplev adiepevwv BeAOv yéppa diatetvavtes Umép xXapakwuatow €xovv v7 advtois, ovdev 7 puxpa BAamtomevoe Tals amo tod telxouvs BodAats, ot d€ Tovs TAnGiov Oyfous avacT@vtes yHv avTots adiadeintws mpoaédepov, Kat Tpiyy Sinpnuevew apyos 1v ovdeis. ot 6€ “lovdator métpas Te peyadas amo TaV TELY@v Tols OKETAGpaoW avTa exndiecav Kat mav eidos BeAdv: Fv b€ Kal pH duKvovupevev ToAvs 6 Wodos Kai PoBepos €umrdd10 Tots epyalopevors. 1 ML: wiayiw the rest. 2 rpocexreiverat P*ALM: for text cf. B. v. 148. oe eS = = 624 JEWISH WAR, III 158-165 on precipitous cliffs, being surrounded on three sides by ravines so deep that sight fails in the attempt to fathom the abyss. On the north side alone, where the town has straggled sideways up a descending spur of the mountains, is it accessible. But this quarter, too, Josephus, when he fortified the city, had enclosed within his wall, in order to prevent the enemy from occupying the ridge which commanded it. Concealed by other mountains surrounding it, the town was quite invisible until] one came right up to it. Such was the strong position of Jotapata. (8) Vespasian, pitting his strength against the nature of the ground and the determination of the Jews, resolved to press the siege more vigorously ; he accordingly summoned his principal officers to deliberate with him on the plan of attack. It was decided to erect earthworks against the accessible portion of the wall, whereupon the whole army was sent out to procure the necessary materials. The mountain forests surrounding the town were stripped, and, besides timber, enormous masses of stones were collected. Then one party of soldiers spread screens of hurdles over palisades, as a cover from missiles from above, and thus protected constructed the earth- works, suffering little or no injury from their assailants on the ramparts; while others pulled to pieces the adjacent mounds and kept their comrades constantly supplied with earth. With this triple division of labour not a man was idle. The Jews, meanwhile, launched from the walls great boulders upon the enemy's shelters with all sorts of projectiles, the crash of which, even when they failed to penetrate, was so loud? and terrific as to impede the workers. 4 Or ‘‘ continuous.”’ 625 The siege begun. JOSEPHUS \ us A > 166 (9) Oveozaciavos b€ ev KUKAw tas adernpious > ¢ pynxXavas emioTHoas, Ta TavTa 8 Hw Eexatov €&n- Kovta opyava, BadXew éxéAevoev tovds emi Tod 167 tTetyous. oOuod 8 ot te KataméATar tas Adyyas aveppotCovy Kat Tadavtiator AiBor péyeBos ex TaV / > 4 -~ \ ~ > / meTpoBoAwv eBaddovto, mip te Kat 7AAAos abpowy ~ ~ > / aA oloT@V, amep ov pLovov TO Telxos avemiBatov Tots > ‘ > / 3 A \ A > ‘ a lovdatois emzoinoev, adda Kai THY EevTdS Sons b] ‘ ~ > , 168 ePixvelToO ywpas’ Kai yap Kai to Tov *ApaBuw ~ =~ / ~ tofoT av _ TA Bos aKovTLoT a Te Kal odevdovnTat 169 mavres aya Tots LNXavTwacw eBaAAov. ov pny etpyopevor THs Kabvmepbev apvv7s npemouv* EKTpe- / xovtes yap Anotpikwrepov Kata Adyous TEpLéoTwY Te TOV epyalopévev tas aKémas Kal TOUS yupvoU- févous €maov, Kat Kal? 6 mapetkouev éxetvou Seppirovy Te TO y@pa Kai 7a Xapaxwpara ovv 170 Tots YEppous eveiimpacay, _ HEXpL ouveis Oveoma- oLavos Tv duatpeow TOV Eepyav aitiav elvat THs BAaBns, Ta ‘yap var Hara Tots ‘lovdators 7™poo~ BoAjs TapetXev TOTOV, Evol Ta OKETMaOpMATA, Kal cuvadletans aja abtots THs Suvayews aveipyOnoav ~ > at Tav “lovdaiwy mapadvaets. > ‘ \ ~ / ” A -~ 171 (10) “Eyecpopevov d€ Tod xwpatos Ady Kat Tats , ¢ ‘ ¢ eva Aeow ogov oumw 7Anovalovtos, dewov Oo "lebonmos vopicas El .punodev avTyenXxavycarto TH \ 7OAEL OwTpLor, ovvabpotler TEKTOVAS kau TO TELXOS 172 exeAevoev tibotv. tav & advvatov eivar dayéeve > 7 / / / / otkodopetv tocovTois BéAeat BadAopévous, oKémnv 173 avtois emwoet Towavde: Spuddxtovs my€acbat * Vegetius ii. 25 reckons 55 catapults to a Jegion in his time (end of 4th century): this would give 165 of these engines to Vespasian’s army of 3 legions (Reinach). 626 JEWISH WAR, III. 166-173 (9) Vespasian now had his artillery engines— numbering in all one hundred and sixty *—brought into position round the spot and gave orders to fire upon the defenders on the wall. In one tremendous volley the catapults sent lances hurtling through the air, the stone-projectors discharged blocks of the weight of a talent,® fire-brands flew, and there was a hail of arrows, with the effect not only of driving the Jews from the ramparts, but of rendering untenable all the space behind them which came within range of the missiles. For the artillery fire was reinforced by a simultaneous volley from a host of Arab archers, javelin-men, and slingers. Though checked in their defence of the ramparts, the Jews did not remain ‘inactive. Parties of them sallied out in guerilla fashion, stripped off the enemy’s shelters and assailed the workmen thus exposed ; and, wherever the latter fell back, they demolished the earthworks and set fire to the palisades and hurdles. At length Vespasian, on tracing the cause of this injury to the separation _ of the earthworks (as the intervals afforded the Jews a loophole for attack) united the various shelters and simultaneously closed up his troops, with the result that further Jewish incursions were repressed. (10) The embankment was now rising and almost Counter: on a level with the battlements, when Josephus, Saeentin thinking it shameful if he could not devise some jeishten counter-measures to save the town, summone masons and directed them to increase the height of the wall. On their protesting that building was im- possible under such a hail of missiles, he invented the following protection for them. Palisades were, by his |} ° About three quarters of a hundredweight, if the Attic commercial standard is followed. 627 JOSEPHUS KeAevoas éeumeTaacar te Bupaas veoddpovs Body, ws avadéyowTo péev Tovs amo TaV TeTpoBoAuwy AiBovs KoAmovpevat, Teptodtcbavor. 8 an’ atbradv [kai] ta Aoura BéAn Kal 7O mip bo THs iKkpwados 174 €lpyo.to, mpoaviotnow Tav TteKTovwv. tbh oils aodadds éepyalopuevor bv Auepas TE Kal vUKTOS TO TElxyos Tyelpay els ElKOGL TXELS TO Vibos, Kal auxvovs pev TUpyous evwkodopynoav avT@, Kap- 175 tepav dé exadEw edypudaavto. tobto Tois ‘Pw- palos On THS moAEwWS evTOS OlopeEvois e€tvat TOAAiy emroinoev abupiav, Kal Tpds TE THY EemtlvoLaY tod “Iwonmov Kal 7o mapdoTnua tTav emt THS moAews KateTAadynoav. 176 (11) Oveomacvavos 5€ Kal mpos TO mavodpyov TOU oTpaTnynpmatos Kal mpos Tas TOAWas Tap- 177 wévveto tTOv “lwranatnvav: maAw yap avabapor- cavres emi TA TELyiau“@ Tots ‘Pwpatous eme€€Oeov, Kat Kal? nLEepav eywovTo oupTAoKkat KaTa Adxous emivoud TE AjoTpuKn 7Ta0a Kal TOV 7 pooTUXOVTwY 178 apmayat Kat TOV aduv epyov mupToAngers, ews Ovcomac.avos avatatoas TH oT paTuay paxns dueyvw mpooKkablelopevos onaver TOV emitndetwv 179 atpety TH 70Aw: 7) yap dvayKalopevous Tats amoplais tkeTevoewW avTOV 7 EXPL TAVTOS amavia- 180 ducapevous diadbapnoecbar AO moA¥ TE pdoow abrois 7€iov ypioecbar Kata THVv paxnv, et dia- Auta adbfis exteTpvywpevois emimécor. Ppoupetv 67) maoas atta@v éxédevoev tas e€ddovs. 181 (12) Tots dé aitov pev mAAGos tv Eevdov Kat TOV 2 Reinach quotes Vegetius iv. 15, showing that this method of defence was known to the Romans. 628 JEWISH WAR, IIT. 173-181 orders, fixed to the wall, and over these were spread hides of oxen that had just been flayed, to catch in their folds the stones hurled by the engines, while the other projectiles would glance off their surface and their moisture would extinguish the flaming brands.2_ Under this screen the builders, working in security day and night, raised the wall to a height of twenty cubits, erected numerous towers and crowned the whole with a stout parapet. At this spectacle the Romans, who imagined themselves already masters of the town, were greatly disheartened ; the ingenuity of Josephus and the perseverance of the inhabitants astounded them. (11) Vespasian was no less provoked both at the cleverness of this stratagem and at the audacity of the people of Jotapata ; for, emboldened by their new fortification, they recommenced their sallies against the Romans Every day parties of them came into conflict with the besiegers, employing all the ruses of guerilla warfare, pillaging whatever fell in their way and setting fire to the rest ® of the Roman works. This continued until Vespasian, ordering his troops The sieg to cease fighting, resolved to resort to a blockade and aaa he to starve the city into surrender : the defenders, he blockad reckoned. would either be reduced by their privations to sue for mercy or, if they remained obdurate to the last. would perish of hunger Moreover, if it came to a battle, he counted on obtaining a far easier victory, if, after an interval. he renewed his attack upon exhausted opponents He accordingly gave orders to keep a strict guard on all the exits from the city. (12) The besieged had abundance of corn and of * ve. apparently other than the embankments which had been protected by the method described in § 170 (Keinach). 629 183 185 186 187 188 JOSEPHUS wv > GAAwy Any adds amavTwv, Evdera 8° vdaTtos ws av ~ \ ~ > myyns pev ovK ovons Kata THVv TOAW, TO 8 ~ —_ > 6uBpiw Svapkovpévwy Tav ev adbrH> amaviov d et \ ‘ /, mote TO KAiwa’ Bépous veTat. Kal KaTa TAUTHY , \ tiv wpav ToAopkoupevwy abvpta Sewn mpos THY ~ > ” rod Sibovs emwoav Fv, aaxaddAdvTwrv dn ws / > / a c \ > oA kabdnav emAeAoimdtos vdatos: 6 yap ‘lwanzos ~ -~ > tiv Te TOAW op@v Tav GAAwy emiTHdELwWY EUTOPOV Kal Ta dpoviata yevvaia T@v avdpav, BovAdpevos te map €Amida Tots ‘Pwpatous exteivar THY ToALop- , ‘ on , 5 Kiav, wéTpw TO TOTOV abTois dreverpev [edHEws }.” € 4 A ¥ 4 / >? / c / of 8€ TO Tapevecbar yaAeTUwWTEpov evdetas bmeAap- Bavov, Kai 70 pr) adteEovovov atta@v mA€ov exiver \ » ‘ / > ” »” / tiv OpeEw, kat Kablamep eis Eaxatov 75n dtipous , mporjKovtes amékapvov. Staxeipevor 6° ovTwS OvUK id / ~ éAavOavov tovs ‘Pwyatouvs: amo yap Tod KaTavTous ‘ A A“ éwpwv avtovds Umép TO TEelyos ef Eva auppEeovTas © ’ ; ~ 7OTm0v Kal peTpovjLevous TO VOwp, Ep Ov Kal TOIS > / ; /, \ > / o€vpeAdgaw e€txvovpevor TOAAOvS avijpouv. (13) Kat Otveomacvavos pev ovk eis wakpav TOV s ” =~ / exdoxeiwy Kevwbév7rwy Amilev bo THs avayKns ’ ~ , \ / ce \ > / ait@® rapadobjccoba tyv moAW: 0 de ‘lwanmos kAdca tiv éeAmida tavTyHvy at’7T@ mpoatpovpevos / euBpeEar KeAever mAEloTOUs Ta twaTLa Kal KaTa- / ~ Kpeuaoar mept tas emadr€ers, wore mrepippetabar nav e€amivns TO Tetxos. mpos TodT abupia Ta ‘Pwpatwy Kai KatamAnéis iv Oeacapevwy eis yAevnv tocobtov mapavaXicKovras vdaTos ovs oOvdE moTov exew UreAapBavov, wore Kal TOV oTpaTnyoV > > anroyvovta tiv du evdelas dAwow tpémecBar maAw ! +4-70070 Hudson with one ms. (Lat. illo tractu). 2 diéveruev ebGéws PA: diéveuev eddéws L: dcéveuer the rest. 630 JEWISH WAR, III. 181-188 all other necessaries, salt excepted, but they lacked Lack of water, because, there being no springs within the Water: @ town, the inhabitants were dependent on rain-water ; system. but in this region rain rarely, if ever, falls in summer, which was precisely the season at which they were besieged. The mere idea of thirst filled them with dire despondency, and already they were chafing, as though water had entirely failed. For Josephus, seeing the abundance of the city’s other supplies and the courageous spirit of its defenders, and desirous to prolong the siege beyond the expectation of the Romans, had from the first put them on water rations. This control system appeared to them harder than actual want; the constraint of their liberty only increased their craving and they became as limp as though they had already reached the last extremity of thirst. The Romans were not ignorant of their plight: from the slopes above they could see over the wall the Jews flocking to one place and - having their water doled out to them, and, directing their catapults * upon the spot, killed numbers of them. (13) Vespasian expected that the water in the cisterns would ere long be exhausted and the city reduced to capitulate. ‘To crush this hope, Josephus had a number of dripping garments hung round the battlements, with the result that the whole wall was suddenly seen streaming with water. ‘The Romans were filled with dismay and consternation at the spectacle of all this water being wasted as a jest by those who they supposed had not even enough to drink. The general himself, despairing of reducing the place by famine, reverted to armed measures and ® Greek ‘* quick-firers ’’ (§ 80). 631 JOSEPHUS 189 mpos omAa Kat Biav 6 dy Tois “Tovdalors 6 emJuplas Tv" ameyvwKoTEes yap €avTovs Kal THY moAw mpo Ayod Kai duibns Tov ev toAguw Pavatov 7povvTo. i909 (14) ‘O peévtor ye “lwonmos ampos tHde TH OTPATHYHPATL KAL ETEPOV ETEVONGEV Els TEPLOVOLAY 191 adt@: dia Twos yapadpas dvaBatov Kat dra Tov v770 tav dvAakwv aperovpevns KaTa Ta 7pos dvaw HEpT) 77s dapayyos EK TEL TV TWAS ypappata TE ™pos ous TBovrero Tov e€w ‘lovdatwv Suevéupato Kat map avt@v eAauPavev, mavtos Te émiTydElov Tav ava TtiHv moAWw eémAcAotmoTwy edmOopyaer, 192 €pmew 7a moAAa mapa tas dudaKkas KeAevoas Tois e€iovow +Kal Ta v@ta KadvUmTEW vaKeow, ws Et Kal KaTldot Tis avTovs vUKTwp, davtaciay map- éxotev KUVOV, LEXpL ovvaroopevor Ti emvo.av ot dpovpot Teptiaxovow THY xapadpay. 193 (15) Kat 768 o ‘lewonmos: pev THD 7oAw ovK els pakpav opav avOéEew, év aTopy d€ THY €avuTov' GwTnplav €l péevor, Spacuov dua Tois dvvatots eBovAeveTo. cvvarcbopevor d€ to mAnfos Kat mepiyubev auT@ Kaz 77 BoAouy un adas TE pudetv 194 én adtT@ ove KELLEVOUS €lvat yap TH mOAeL Kau GwTnplas pev €Amis Tapapévwr,? mavtos ayw- viconevouv dt abtov mpobvpws, Kav adAdaw 4é, 195 mapapvbiay. mpeTew O GUT@ pnTE puyew TOvs €xOpovs unt eyxatahimety TOUS pidovs way a7o- mdav womep xeysalopevys vews. els Nv ev yadrvn 196 mapyAbev’ éemiPanticew yap avtois tHhv mod, 1 gaurdv PA. 2 ‘Text uncertain: Herwerden reads ¢Amiéa rapauévovta. 632 JEWISH WAR, III. 189-196 force. That was just what the Jews desired ; for, having given up all hope for themselves and the city, they preferred death in battle to perishing of hunger and thirst. (14) After this stratagem, Josephus devised Wet merlect another to procure himself supplies in abundance. {> cbtars There was, leading down to the ravine on the west S"pPlies. side, a gully so difficult to traverse that it had been neglected by the enemy’s outposts; by this route Josephus succeeded in sending letters, by some of his men, to Jews outside the city with whom he wished to communicate, and receiving replies from them ; by the same means he stocked the town with all necessaries when its supplies began to fail. The messengers sent out had general orders to creep past the sentries on all fours and to wear fleeces on their backs, in order that, if they were seen at night, they might be taken for dogs. However, the guards eventually detected the ruse and blocked the gully. (15) Josephus, now recognizing that the city could josephns not long hold out and that his own life would be ate endangered if he remained there. took counsel with ment. the principal citizens about the means of flight. The people discovered his intention and crowded round him, imploring him not to abandon them, as they depended on him alone. If he remained, they urged, he would be their one hope of the town being saved, as everyone, because he was with them, would put his heart into the struggle ; were capture in store for them, even then he would be their one consolation. Moreover, it would be unworthy of him to fly from his foes, to desert his friends, to leap in the storm from the vessel on which he had em- barked in a calm. For his departure would wreck 633 JOSEPHUS \ ” A / ~ 3 , pindevos ete Tots TroAElows TOAUA@VTOS avOictacba., du dv av Bapootev oiyomeévov. - > \ 197 (16) ‘O b€ *Iwdonmos 76 Kal? atrov aodares bmoateAACpevos brép attav edacKev Troretacbar 198 +> ” 5 : , \ \ ” yoo ON > be , 98 rnv E€odov: péevwv ev yap elaw ovT av wheAjoat TL peya owlopevovs, Kav aAiokwvtat, cuvaTo- A ~ > \ \ ~ / ” ActoBa TEPLTTOS, exdUs de THs mohopktas eEwbev 199 avTous wodbedAjoew péytoTa: TOUS TE yap €K THS Xwpas DadiAatous cvvabpotcew 7) 7 7AXOs Kal ‘Pa- peatous éTépw modAduw THs ToAEws atbtT@y avtt- 200 TEpLOTacEL. ovx opav dé, Ti TmapaKkabelopevos ~ ~ ¢ avTots ypyoy.os ' ein viv, mAnv et py “Pw- ~ “ peatovs trapo€vvwv waAdov émt tiv ToAvopKiav, ous \ / ~ ~ _ / >? > > mept mAeioTtov movetofar AaBety atrov: et 8 ex- ~ ¢ ~ dpavta mU0owT0, moAd THs emt Thy TmOAW OpyAS 201 avicew. ovK emebev dé tovtots,? adda padAdov ~ ~ / e€exavoev TO mAnOos adbrod mepiéxecbar- mardia ~ > / yoov Kal yépovtes Kal yUvaia peTa vyTiWwY dduUpO- ~ - / feva mpooemimTov a’T@ Kal Tots Toow éeurAeKo- A x ~ \ 202 revoe TravTes elxov7o, Kal pera KWKUT@Y KOWWVOV opiov THS TUXNS pevew ixétevov, o0 bbdvw Tijs exeivou CWT rmptas, éwovye Soxetv, ad’ €Amidu THs eauT av: ovdev yap 7&lovv metcecbar dSewov *lw- G1)7T0V [LevovTos. / ~ 203 (17) ‘O 6b€ meloueva ev tketynpiav Tatra / / \ " / \ > > ~ vojucas, Pralopevw d€ dpovpav, moAd 6 avTod 1 ins. Niese. 2 L Lat.: rovvous or av’rovs the rest. 2 efyovro Kal wera kwkuTay: a reminiscence of Hom. JI. xxii. 408 (the mourning over Hector) du¢i 6€ aol kwxuTe 7 etxovto kai oluwyy xara dorv. There is a similar scene in Vita 210 ff. 634 JEWISH WAR, IIT. 196-203 the town, as none would have the heart to resist the enemy any longer, when he whose presence would have given them courage was gone. (16) Josephus, suppressing any allusion to his own His | safety, assured them that it was in their own interests Beant that he had contemplated departure ; for his presence in the town could not materially assist them if they were saved, and if they were taken what end would be served by his perishing with them? Were he, on the contrary, once clear of the siege, he could from outside render them the greatest service, for he would promptly muster the Galilaeans from the country and, by creating a diversion elsewhere, draw off the Romans from their city. He failed to see how his presence at their side could assist them in present circumstances, or have any other effect except to spur the Romans to press the siege more vigorously than ever, as they attached so much importance to his capture ; whereas, if they heard that he had fled, they would considerably relax the ferocity of their attack. Unmoved, however, by these words, the multitude only clung to him more ardently : children, old men, women with infants in their arms, all threw themselves weeping before him; they embraced and held him by his feet, they implored him with sobs % to stay and share their fortune. All this they did, I cannot but think, not because they grudged him his chance of safety, but because they thought of their own; for, with Josephus on the spot, they were convinced that no disaster could befall them. (17) Josephus suspected that this insistence would not go beyond supplication if he yielded, but meant that watch would be kept upon him if he opposed their wishes. Moreover, his determination to leave 635 JOSEPHUS THs els THv aToAeupw Opps Kal 6 TOV ddupopéevwv 204 €xAacev olkTos, evel TE Eyvw, Kal THY KOLVIY THS moAews amoyvwow omAcduevos, “ viv Kawpds, eimwv, ‘ apyecBar payns, ot éAmis ovK €oTL owTnpias* Kadov evKAetav av7ikataAAaéapevov Tod Biov Kai dpacavTa TL yevvaiov els prvjunv owvyeva@v 905 TEGElV, em Epya TpémeTAL. Kal mpoeADwy peta TOV paxywratwv dvecKidva TE TOUS Ppoupovs Kal pexpe TOU oTpatomédou Tov ‘Pwpatwv KQTETPEXEV, Kai TaS pev ETL THV YwuaTwy Séppets, als Um- eoKyVvowv, dveo7a,, Tots d€ Epyous eveBaddev mp. 206 7H a efs opolus Kal TH TpiTy | Kai €ml oUvXVaS nepas Kal vUKTAS ToAELaV ovUK E€Kapvev. 9907. (18) Odeomactavos 6€ ta&v' “Pwpatwy Kakov- pévwv tais ekdpoyats, tpemeofai te yap wtro ‘lovdatwy ndodvTo Kal Ttpamévtwy emdiwKew Bapet tHv omAwv joav Bpadeis, ot te ‘lovdaior mpl te mafetv aet Sp@v7es avédevyov els THY 208 7OAW, Tots prev omAitats tas Oppas atTa@v ék- KAivew exéAevoev Kal p71) cupTAéKecbar Gavatdou 209 avOpwrmos ovdev yap aAKkiuwrepov elvar Tis amoyvwaews, mepiaBevvucbat b€ att@v Tas oppmas 210 ckom@v a7opoupevas, womep UAns TO Tip Tpod: nkew ye prnv kat ‘Pwyatots pet’ aadadreias Ka TO viKav, ws av odK €€ avayKyns ToAcphotaw, adde 211 mpooKTwpevois. tots d€ TaOv *ApaBwv tokdracs Kal Tots amo THS Luplas odevdov7jtats Kat Ado: Boros ta moAAa tods “lovdatovs avéaoteAdev npewer © ode THV adeTnpiwy opyavwy To TANGos 212 ot d6€ ToUTOLs ev Eikov KaKOUpeEvoL, TOV SE TOppU 1 4 7e msa.: om. Lat. 636 JEWISH WAR, III. 203-212 them was greatly shaken by compassion for their distress. He therefore decided to remain, and,making the universal despair of the city into a weapon for him- self,* “ Now is the time,” he exclaimed, “ to begin the combat, when all hope of deliverance is past. Fine is it to sacrifice life for renown and by some glorious exploit to ensure in falling the memory of posterity !”’ Suiting his action to his words, he sallied out with Jewish his bravest warriors, dispersed the guards, and pene- seit trating to the Romans’ camp, tore up the tents of skin under which they were sheltered on the embankment, and set fire to the works. This he repeated the next day, and the day after that, and for a series of days and nights indefatigably continued the fight. (18) The Romans suffered from these sallies, for they were ashamed to fly before Jews, and when they put the latter to flight the weight of their arms impeded them in the pursuit, while the Jews always did some mischief before the enemy could retaliate, and then took refuge in the town. In view of this, Vespasian ordered his legionaries to shun these attacks and not to be drawn into an engagement with men who were bent on death. “ Nothing,” he said, “is more redoubtable than despair, and their im- petuosity, deprived of an objective, will be extin- guished, like fire for lack of fuel. Besides, it becomes even Romans to think of safety as well as victory, since they make war not from necessity, but to increase their empire.” Thenceforth he relied mainly on his Arab archers and the Syrian slingers and stone-throwers to repel the Jewish assaults ; the greater part of his artillery was also constantly inaction. Severely handled by the engines, the Jews @ Cf. § 153 note. 637 JOSEPHUS BaAdopevey evooTépw _ywopevor TpogeKewTo Tots}® ‘Papatous xaAremrot Kat wux7s Kal Tw pLaTos adet- dobvres eudxov7o, ek Ovadoxis €EKaTEpOL TO KE- Kunkos €avT@v avadapufavortes. >] A QA ¢e / ~ /, ~ 213. (19) Oveomactavos de ryovpevos TH pnKer TOD xpovou Kat rats Sten ee: Syren aay Si TOV 214 ey TOV KpLov. 6 ne eorly drreppeyeOns d0K0s toT® vews TapamAjows: eoTopwrar de mayet a.dipw Kat akpov eis Kpiod mpoTounv, ad’ ot 215 kal Kadcirar, TeTUTWpEVW. KaTaLwpeiTar bE Ka- Nots poéoos WoTep amo mAdoruyyos ETEpas doKod, oTaupots exarepubev edpatots dmeoTnpryLevys, 216 avewSovpevos d€ b70 7Ajfovs avdpav els TO KaTo- aw, Tav att@v Gbpows mdAw els Tovpmpocbev emt- Bp.cavtwy TUnTEL TA TELyN TO TpoavexovTe avdypw. 217 Kal ovdeis OUTWS KapTepos TUpyos 7 7EpiBodAos Trarvs, Os Kav Tas Tparas mAnyas evéyKy’ Kat- 218 (ayvoev® Tips eTTUILOVT]S. €mt TavTHVy T1V metpay C oTpaTynyos TaV ‘Papatey peteBawev Bia 7H mow édciv oneddwv, ws 70 mpooxabelecbai 219 PAaBepov jv “lovdalwy odK hpepwovvTwy. ot pe ovv TovUs Te KataméATas Kal 7a Nowra TOV ade- THplwv, ws e€uxvotro T@v éml Tob Telyovs Kw- Avew TELpWLEVw, eyytov mpocayayovres éBaAdov: dpolws b€ acuviyytlov of to€dTar Kat odevdovATar. 220 Sia 5€ taita pndevds Ta&v TepiBdAwy emiPHv ToA@VTOS, Tpoonyov eTepor Tov KpLov yeppows ve Sunvexéou Kal Kabdrepfev medpaypevov déppeu 1 Niese: éveyxeirv or évéyxat MSS. 2 xaricxtcer VRC. * Cf. Soph. El. 980 yuxjs agpecdncavre with note on § 153. 638 JEWISH WAR, III. 212-220 gave way, but once past the reach of their adver- saries’ long-range projectiles they flung themselves furiously on the Romans and fought desperately, prodigal of life and limb,® one party after another relieving their exhausted comrades. (19) The length of the siege and the sallies of the enemy made Vespasian feel that the position was reversed and himself the besieged ; so, now that the earthworks were approaching the ramparts, he de- cided to bring up the “ ram.” This is an immense beam, like the mast of a ship, reinforced at its ex- tremity with a mass of iron in the form of a ram’s head, whence the machine takes its name. It is suspended at its middle point by ropes, like the beam of a balance, to another beam which is sup- ported at either end by posts fixed in the ground. A large body of men first draw the ram backward and then, all pushing together with all their weight, heave it forward so that it batters the wall with the projecting iron. And there is no tower so strong, no wall so thick, as, even though it sustain the initial impact, to withstand the repeated assaults of this engine. Such was the expedient to which the Roman general had recourse, being impatient to carry the city by storm, as the long blockade, coupled with the activity of the Jews, was proving injurious. The Romans now brought forward the catapults and the rest of their artillery within range of the Jews on the ramparts who were endeavouring to beat them off, and put these engines into action; the archers and slingers simultaneously advanced. While the fire of these troops would not permit any to venture on the ram- darts, another party brought up the ram, protected dy a long line of hurdles, over which was a covering 639 The battering- ram appli JOSEPHUS mpos TE QUT@V Kal TOD pHYaVyUATOS aoparevay. 221 kal KaTa Ty mpuwtTny TtAnynv SecetoOn pLev TO Telyos, Kpavy7 de peyloTn mapa Tay evdov npby Kkabarep €adAwKoTwv 7107). 222 (20) [loAAakis 6€ els Tov adrov matovTos'! TO7OV ‘lwontos op@v daov ove KkaTappip0nadjevov TO TELXOS, codi Cera T™pos* oXtyov tHv Biav 700 223 UNnXavnLatos. oaKKous ayvpwv mAnpwaavras € eKe- Aevcev xabiydv Kal? 6 depojevov aei Tov KpLov Opa@ev, ws mAdloitd te 7) euBodAr Kai Sexopevoe 224 ras mAnyas exkevotev ™m xavvornte. TouTo mA«- ony Svar piBry TApeayev Tots ‘Papators, Kal’ 6 pev 7 pémrovev THY UNnXavyVy avriTrapayovTeny, Tous GakKous Ta@V Urepfev, ttoBadAovTwy Te* Tals Eep- BodAats, ws pendev KAT avTiTUTLAaY Brarreobau TO 225 Tetxos* Ews avTemiwonoarTes KovTous ot “Pwpator pakpovs Kal dSpémava dyoavres em” akpwy Tovs 226 adKKous améteuvov. éevepyod Sé€ ovTw THs €«Ae- moAews yevouevns Kal TOD TelXous, veoTmayes yap 7, evd.dovr TOS: 7107, To Aowzov emt Thy €K TrUpOs 227 apvvay ol mepl TOV "[wonmov wpyuncav. arsapevor de ogov avns etxov vAns Tpxobev eve Jeovow, Kal Ta TE uynxavnpara Kal Ta yéppa Kal Ta 228 xwuaTa Tw ‘Papatey dreTipTpacay. ot Oe Kak@s emeBonfovv, mpdos te THY TOAMaY avTa@Y KatamemAnyotes Kat t7o THs dAoyos Tas apvvas Niese: maiovres, maiovra(s) Or maiovrac MSS, 2 xar PA. 2 Niese: 6é€ Mss. 2 Sacks of rags (centones) were used by the Roman (Veget. iv. 23, quoted by Reinach). > Or * continually.” © The €\éwoMs, here used for the ram, was originally th 640 JEWISH WAR, IIT. 220-228 “skin for the greater security of themselves and of reir engine. At the first blow the wall was shaken id a piercing cry arose from the interior of the town ; though it had already been taken. (20) Josephus, seeing that under the repeated Counter. ows constantly directed upon the same spot the all was on the verge of collapsing, devised a method ‘paralysing for a while the force of the machine. e directed that sacks filled with chaff * should be t down by ropes at the place which the ram was seen om time to time 8 to be battering, with the object ‘deflecting the head and deadening the force of the ow by the soft cushion which received it. This riously retarded the Romans, for, wherever they imned their engine, those above retorted by opposing ieir sacks beneath the strokes, and so the wall iffered no injury from the impact ; until the Romans vented a counter-device of long poles to the ends ‘ which were attached scythes, with which they it the cords supporting the sacks. The engine ® wing thus recovered its efficacy, and the newly uilt wall already showing signs of giving way, ysephus and his comrades, as a last resort, had ‘course to fire. Snatching up®@ all the dry wood hich they could find, they rushed out from three aarters of the town and set fire to the engines, icker shelters, and props of the enemy’s earth- orks. ‘The Romans did little to save them, stupefied y their opponents’ audacity and outstripped by the ume given to a movable tower, invented by Demetrius, with veral stories for the carriage of artillery and troops (cf. § 121). 2 aWauevor: cf. apduevor wip mad, § 234. The meaning kindle *’ (so Reinach) is usually expressed by the active -rew, though the middle is used for “* set fire to ’’ (a build- g), B. v. 287 trav épywy Rrreto TO TUp. VOL. II Y 641 devices fe) f the besieged : they set fire to the Roman engines. JOSEPHUS dbavopevor: Enpas yap vAns, mpos de aopdAro T€ KQL loons, ETL be Belov, duim7aTo TO TOR emwolas TaxLov, KQL 7a TOAAD Kapare TETIOVY, peva Tots ‘Papatous €ml putas wpas EVE LETO. 2299 (21) "EvOa Kat avip tis eLepavn, “Tovdata Aoyou Kal pevqpens a€tos* Lapatov' pev mats ™ ‘EAealapos 6° €xakeiro, LaBa’ de Tar pis avr 930 THs ~TadcAatas: ovTos brreppeyeOn® méTpav apo. jevos adinow azo 70d TElyous E77 Tipp éAézroX jeTa TooauTNs Bias, wate atoppyéat THY Kedar TOU NXAVTLATOS, nv Kat KaTamno7oas eK Leow aipetat Tw@v TOAEULWwY Kal pera TmoAAjs adele 931 émt TO Teixos edepev. oKo7os b€ Ta0W TO éxyOpois yevopevos Kal yupv@ TH owpate 7c 7mAnyas deEdwevos TEVTE [LEV diaTretpeTau BeAcor 232 7 pos ovdev de TOUTWW émoTpadets, OTE TO TELX( aveBy Kal TeptomsTos Taow THs edroAwias €or TOTE iAvamruspevos imo Tav Tpavpar oy peTa TC 233 Kplod Ka7TémEGEV. aptoTot pet avdTov edpavyac adeAdot S00 Netelpas Kai Didimzos, amo ‘Povpc KOPNS, PadcAator Kal avtol, {ov|}* mpoToaat pe els TOUS amo tov dexaTov TAYHATOS, TocoUTW ( poilw Kal Bia Tots ‘Papators cuveTrEcov, ws a appréat TE was ra€eis Kal tpeacba Kab” ods € opp7jaevav dmavras. 234 (22) Mera ToUTous Q TE ‘lesonzos Kal 4 Aowrov 7Ajj8os dpdpevor 7 op 7ahw Ta pnxavr jeara Kal TAS vrodvcets dpa Tots Epyous wPHybc Too TE TéumTOV Kal TOD SexaTov TpaTevTos Ta) 1 Yapuiouv PAL. 2 So or Laf8aa or LaaB the mss.: Niese suggests Tafa, known town of Galilee. 642 JEWISH WAR, III. 228-234 lames in their efforts to rescue them ; for fed by dry inder, with the addition of bitumen, pitch, and ulphur, the fire flew in all directions quicker than hought, and works which had cost the Romans such evere labour were consumed in a single hour. (21) On this occasion one Jew who made his mark Jewish leserves record and remembrance ; his name was ileazar, son of Sameas, a native of Saba in Galilee. zifting an enormous stone, he hurled it from the wall t the ram with such force that he broke off its head ; hen, leaping down, he carried off this trophy from he midst of the enemy and bore it with perfect omposure to the foot of the ramparts. Now become target for all his foes, and receiving their hits in his efenceless body, he was pierced by five arrows. ut, without a thought for these, he scaled the wall nd there stood conspicuous to all the admirers of his ravery ; then, writhing under his wounds, he fell eadlong with the ram’s head in his hands. Next 9 him those who most distinguished themselves ‘rere two brothers, Netiras and Philip, also Gali- reans, from the village of Ruma?: dashing out gainst the lines of the tenth legion, they charged ve Romans with such impetuosity and force that qey broke their ranks and put to flight all whom ley encountered. (22) Following in the wake of these men, Josephus nd the rest of the people, with fire-brands in their ands, again sallied out and set fire to the machines, iaelters and earthworks of the fifth legion and of @ Modern Rumah, a few miles from Jotapata on the south ‘the Plain of Asochis. * otros bmeppeyédn M (Lat.): trepueyébn 6€ or brepueyéOn 1e rest, # ins. M Lat.: om. the rest. 643 heroes. JOSEPHUS e ‘ \ / ‘ A »” puatos, ot Aowmol b€ dOacavtes Kal TA Opyava K -~ AA / A \ / /, 235 Tacav vAnv Katexwoav. rept Se detAnv madw as > , aVAOTIOAVTES TPOOTyov TOV KpLOV 7) TpOTrETTOVI}KEL -~ ~ > , 236 TUTTOMEVOV TO TELXOS. evda tis TaYV A[LUVOLLE- > , ? ~ / A b] \ / vwv am avtod BadrAe tov Ovdeomaciavov. Bede Ka7Ta TOV Tapaov TOO Todds Kal TITPWOKEL peE > , / A \ ~ emiToAaiws, mpoekAvcavtos TO BAnbev tod sia: / A aTiaTos, peyiotov dé GBopuBov everoinoev Tots c e ~ 237 ‘Pwpatois: mpos yap TO aia tapaybévtwy Tar / , ~ ~ mAnatov Pin dua TavTos ene. TOD oTpaTov, Ka ~ ‘ e / > > / THs moAopKias of mAElouvs adéjsevor pet exTAn b] 238 €ews Kai Séovs emi Tov otpatnyov ovvefeov. 7pe \ ~ \ ~ de mavrwy Tiros delcas mept TH Tatpl TapHv ~ ~ \ ws To TAnbos Kat TH Tpos Tov Tyovpevoy edvot ~ ~ / ~ ta Kal TH TOU TaLdds aywvia ovyxvoivar. paar e \ LEvTOL TOV TE ViOV O TaTI/p SEdLOTA Kal THY OTpA 239 Tiav emavoev Tod BopiBov- t&v yap adyndovw e7avw yevopevos Kal maaw Tots éemtonpevots 8: > \ > ~ / / 5 , avtov 6¢0Avar omovdacas yaXetutepov *lovdator b] ‘ emnyeipe’ Tov mOAEmov: ExacTOsS yap ws TLYLWpPO = ~ / Tov oTpaTynyod mpoKxwoduvevew 7TOeAev, Kat Bo ~ \ \ ~ a TapakpoTtobvtes aAAijAous emt TO TEtxYOS WPL. e \ \ \ > / / I] 240 (23) Ot be wept tov “Idonmov, Kaimep en aAAnrots mintovtes tO TOV KatameATiK@Y Ko Tov TetpoPdAwy, Opws ovK ameTpéTOVTO TO / Telyous, aAAa Tupi Kal ovdjpw Kal méTpois TOD € ‘2 ‘ / A ‘ > / »” U70* Ta yéppa Tov Kpiov emiBpiBovtas eBadAAor 1 éxijpev PA; for text cf. B. v. 98. 2 Destinon, Holwerda: ézi mss. a § 233. 644 JEWISH WAR, III. 234-240 the tenth which had been routed?#; the other legions hastily buried their machinery and all com- bustible materials. Towards evening the Romans re-erected the ram and brought it up to the spot where the wall had been weakened by its previous blows. At this moment, one of the defenders of Vespasian the ramparts hit Vespasian with an arrow in the sole “02. of the foot. The wound was slight, the distance having broken the force of the missile, but the in- cident created a vast commotion among the Romans : the sight of blood alarmed those immediately sur- -ounding Vespasian, the news at once spread through che whole army, and most of the soldiers, abandoning the siege, came running towards their general in sonsternation and terror. ‘The first on the spot was Titus, with grave fears for his father, so that the roops were doubly agitated, both by their affection or their chief and by the sight of his son’s anguish. dowever, Vespasian found little difficulty in allaying oth the fears of his son and the tumult of the army. Mastering his pain, he hastened to show himself to ul who had trembled for his life, and so roused them o fight the Jews more fiercely than ever. Each vished to be the first to brave danger in avenging vis general, and, with shouts of mutual encourage- nent, they rushed for the ramparts. (23) Josephus and his men, though falling one Fierce nigh ipon another under the hail of missiles from the peel oF ‘atapults and stone-projectors, still were not driven rom the battlements, but with fire, iron,® and stones sontinued to assail the soldiers who, under cover of heir wicker shelters, were propelling the ram. How- > Usually=‘“‘ sword-blade’’: here probably iron arrow- reads are meant (Hom. Jl. iv. 123). 645 JOSEPHUS 241 Kal 7vvov jrev ovdev 7 puiKpov, adtot 8 adia- NeimTws EmimTov bro pL} Brerropevev Kkallopw- 242 wevot- avTol Te yap b70 77s oeTepas TEpt- Aapropevor droyos oKoT os Hoav Tots Tohepiows EUoUVOTITOS, wo7ep ev Tpepa, Kal TOV opydveny 7oppwlev 7 BreTopevew dvodvAaKrov Hv TO 243 BadAopevov. 7 yodv' trav d€vBeAdv Kal KaTa- meAta@v Bia moAAovs apa OunAauvev, Kal TOV 76 THS ~AXaVAS adiewevwv weTp@v o poitlos evrahfer TE dméoupev Kal yeovias amebpumte: TUpyow 244 avopav pev yap * ovTws iaxyupov atidos 6 py BEXpIS eoxarys OTpuVvvuTaL dahayyos Bic 245 7€ KAL peyeBer TOD Aifov. pabor e av Ts 71) TOU pnXavTwaros aAknv ek TOV el THE TH VUKTOS yevopeve: mAnyets yap Tus am avToi TOV mrepi TOV ‘Tesonmov EoT UT UY ava 70 TELXo: avapdoceTa, THv Kedadny t7o THs TéTpas, K TO Kpaviov amo tpiav eodevdovnibn atadiwy 246 yuvaikos Te pel uepay éeyKtpovos mAnyeion Tv yaoTépa, mporjer d€ veov €€ oikias, e€éceice eb 7loTdd.ov TO Bpepos: TOOaUTH WV 1 TO 247 AvfoBorov ia. TV ov opyavev PoBepurepos 248 poilos, Tav be BadAopevev ay 6 pogos. em addAnAoe dé eKTUTOUY ot VeKpol KaTa Tob Tetxou puTTopevot, kal dew7 ev Evdobev Kpavy7 yuvatKe TYyEtpeTo, OUvIXOUY | oe eEwbev ofwaryat dovevo 249 wévwv. atwat. 6 é€ppeiro mas 0 mpo THS pa 1 Niese: re ofv Mss. 2 Niese: om. PA*L: A? has oféevi, the other mss. ins. ov 7v before or after ofrws. 2 § 80. > i.e. the AcGo8drov, Lat. ballista, § 80; Reinach identi 646 JEWISH WAR, III. 241-249 ever, their efforts had little or no effect, and they vere incessantly falling, because the enemy saw them vithout being seen ; for, with the glare of their own ights all round them, they formed as conspicuous a nark for the enemy as in broad daylight, while they ound difficulty in avoiding the projectiles from the sngines which they could not see in the distance. [hus the missiles from the.“ quick-firers ’% and satapults came with such force as to strike down vhole files, and the whizzing stones hurled by the ngine ° carried away the battlements and broke off he angles of the towers. Indeed, there is no body of troops, however strong, which the force and mass of these stones cannot lay low to the last rank. Some ncidents of that night will give an idea of the power Examples; f this engine. One of the men standing on the wall a yeside Josephus had his head carried away by a stone, &sines. ind his skull was shot, as from a sling, to a distance of three furlongs ; a woman with child was struck on he belly just as she was leaving her house at day- yreak, and the babe in her womb was flung half a urlong away. So mighty was the force of these tone-projectors. More alarming even than the mngines was their whirring drone, more frightful than he missiles the crash.¢ Then there was the thud of he dead falling one after another from the wall. fearful shrieks from the women within the town ningled with the moans of the dying victims with- mut. The whole surrounding area in front of the fight- he “‘ engine ”’ as the onager, another form of stone-projector, yut apparently not invented till later. ¢ Josephus is prone to exaggeration. 4 Tt seems unnecessary to correct doBepwrepos to PoBepos ir doBepwratos with Reinach, who renders “‘ Terrible aussi tait le sifflement des machines et le fracas de leur ravage.” 647 JOSEPHUS mepiPoAos, Kat mpocPatov b7o mTwWUaTwWY T 250 Tetxyos eylveto. hoPepwrepav 8 éezolovv tiv Bor TepinyouvTa Ta Opn, Kal ovdev em eKeEivns TH VUKTOS OUTE Els aKONS OUTE Els OPews KaTAaTAnEU 251 ameetmeTo. mAcioTou ev ve Tav emi tTHS “lwta mars dywveloprevor yevvates eTEGOV, metorou ) eyevovTo Tpavjatiar, Kal pods Tept 77 ewby dvdAakny evdldwar Tols pnxYavypace TO Tetxo: ad.areintws TumTOpevov: ot be dpakdpevor Tot owpaat KaL Tots omAats 70 karappipbev avt wxvpwoay, Tp BAnOrva Tas ETLPaTrplous UT TA ‘Pwpatwv pnyxavas. 253 (24) ‘Yao 6€ tHv €w Odecmactavos emt TH KkaTaAnbw THs moAews oUVAyev THY OoTpaTLa oXyov amo Tob vuKtTepwod movov d.avaTavoas 254 BovAdpevos 6° amo Tav Katappipfévtwy Tepe Oom7aGat TOUS ElpyovTas, TOUS Lev yevvaLoTaTOU TOV inmewv atoPjoas |Twv inmmwv |' tpiyn dreTake KATA TA TETTWKOTA TOU TELyoUS, TaVvTOUEV TEedpay fkevous Tots O7AoLs Kal TOUS KOVTOUS mpoloxoVTas ws omote tas éniBatnpiovs BaddAovev pnxava 255 KATApYoWTO TIS €laddou: KaToTmW Sé adta@v Eetake tov melod TO akpavotatov, To be AoizOov immKE av7imape€eTEWwev T@ TELYEL KATA TAGQV THY OpELwy, pos TO wydeva THY avadevyovtwy ek THS aAwoewh 256 Svadabetv. Katomw d€ tov’Twv TEpLeoTnaev TOU tofoTas exew KeAevoas eTouta ta BéAn po adeow, Opolws d€ Kal apevdovntas Kal TOUS € 257 TOV EnXavnaTav, eTEpous de KAtwaKas dpapmevou mpoodéepew emavw Tols aKEepalos Telyeow, W’ c hs oO Li) 1 om. as gloss Destinon; cf. iil. 449. 648 JEWISH WAR, III. 249-257 ng line ran with blood, and the piles of corpses formed 1 path to the summit of the wall. The echo from he mountains around added to the horrible din; in ‘hort nothing that can terrify ear or eye was wanting m that dreadful night. Multitudes of the defenders f Jotapata fell in valiant fight, multitudes were vounded; and not till towards the hour of the aorning watch did the wall, after incessant battering, }uccumb to the machines. The besieged, however, locking the breach with their persons and their Hveapons, threw up a makeshift defence before the ftomans could lay the gangways for the escalade. (24) Vespasian, having allowed his troops a brief espite after the fatigues of the night, reassembled hem soon after daybreak for the final assault. His bject was to draw off the defenders from the breach. Vith this intention, he ordered the bravest of his avalry to dismount and marshalled them in three ivisions * opposite the ruined portions of the wall ; rotected by armour from head to foot and with unces couched, they were to be the first to enter the Jown the moment the gangways were laid ; behind nese he placed the flower of the infantry. (The rest }f the cavalry were deployed all along the mountain i) de facing the ramparts, to prevent the escape of a ingle fugitive when the town was taken.®) Further 1 the rear he posted the archers in a semicircle, ith directions to have their arrows ready to shoot, #long with the slingers and the artillery, under similar 4irders. Other parties were then told off to bring up idders and plant them against the wall where it was * Or “ three deep.” ” As Reinach suggests, § 255 appears to be a parenthesis, nd § 256 follows, in the order of battle, immediately after 254. VOL. II ¥2 649 A breach the wall. Prepara- tions for t escalade. JOSEPHUS ’ A pev tovrovs KwAvew Tre_pwpevor KaTaAiTOLEV TIV rey a“ = / e ‘ > €mi tots Katappidbetow dvdAakrv, ot Aoiroi 8 e > > , / ~ ~ ” a. tz abpowv Bialopuevor THv BeAdv elEwow TIS €laddou. ~ / yl A 258 (25) ’Twonmos d€ ouvieis' TV émivowav emt peev TOU pevovTos: TelXous ovv Tots KEKLLNKOGW loTnOL TOUS ynpavovs ws pach TavTT PAaBnoopevous, els 6€ Ta Tapeppwyora TOO Tetxous tous duva- TWTATOUS Kal TpOo TavTwY ava E€ avdpas, peO @v Kal avtos els TO mpoKwodvvevew exAnpwoato = > ~ 7¢g 259 exeAevoev Te pos prev TOV aAaAaypov TOV Taypa- Twv atodpdéa Tas akods, ws av p17) KaTatrAayetev mpos b€ to TAAG0s tav BeAdSv ovvoKAdcavtas Kkadvisacbar Kabvmepfev tots Aupeois, troxwpyioa / «i Te mpos oAtyov,® Ews tas dapétpas Kevwowow oO / / \ \ > / \ 260 ro€otar- BadAcvtwy db€ Tas éemiBarnpiovs pnxava: ~ ~ / avtovs mpom7dadv Kat dia TeV idiwy dpyavw amavTadv tots moAeplous, aywrilecbai te ExaorTo > e e \ / > > c e A > ovx ws vmep awlyooperyns, aA\’ ws tbmEp am / »” ~ /> > / / 261 oAwAvias 75 THS TaTpidos apvvopevov, AapPaver# te 7po odfartudv odaynoopevous yépovtas KO TeKVa Kal yuvatkas avaipeOnoouéevas* tro TO > ~ a b) 4 \ \ >] \ ~ I é €xfp@v doov ovdémw, Kai Tov emt Tails peAAovoat cupdopats Fupov mpoadicavtas evadetvar Tots dpo Govow avrds. 262 (26) “Eragéev pév obv ovtTws ExdaTEepov: TO > \ > = ~ -~ apyov amo THs 7oAews TAHOos, yUvara Kal Taide: 1 guweis MVRC. 2 xateppwyéra PAML. 3 apos dXiyov} Kar’ édéiyov ** little by little’’ L Lat. (perhay rightly). 4 cipeOnoouévous (-uévas) P(AL): capi Lat. 650 JEWISH WAR, III. 257-262 still intact, in order that some of the besieged, in the attempt to repel them, might be induced to abandon the defence of the breach, and the remainder, over- whelmed by a hail of missiles, be forced to give way. (25) Josephus, penetrating this design, entrusted Josephus’ the protection of the intact portions of the wall to [Ses the fatigued and older men, expecting that there troops. they would come to no harm; but he placed at the breach the most vigorous of his men, and at the head of each group six men,? drawn by lot, among whom he aimself drew for his place ® to bear the brunt of the oattle. He instructed his men, when the legions raised their war-cry, to stop their ears, so as not to se frightened ; when the volley of missiles came, to srouch down and cover their bodies with their gucklers, and to fall back for a while, until the archers had emptied their quivers ; but, the instant che gangways were laid, to spring on to them them- selves and confront the enemy by means of his own nstruments.° “‘ Let each man fight,” he continued, “not as the saviour of his native place, but as its avenger, as though it were lost already. Let him victure to himself the butchery of the old men, the ,ate of the children and women at the hands of the “Voe, momentarily impending. Let the anticipation %f these threatened calamities arouse his concen- yerpetrators.” (26) Such was the disposition of his two divisions. §3ut when the crowd of non-combatant townsfolk, 4 Meaning a little doubtful. These leaders are the “powaxo. mentioned in § 270. > Cf. § 263 (7 &daxev). ¢ “The engineer hoist with his own petard’”’ (Hamlet, I. iv.). 651 JOSEPHUS ce > / a \ 7 \ , ws efeacavto tpizAj pev dadayy. thy moAw eCwopevyny, ovdev yap cis THY wayyy peTaKeKivynTO ~ / ~ A \ ~ / ta@v mada dvdAak@v, mpos b€ Tots BeBAnpeévors TELYEOW Tous ToAcpLous Evdyjpets Kai tiv Kab- umepbev opewny apr rOpEV TV omAois, Ta TE Pedy Tots To€OTals UmepavexovTa" TOV ’ApdBov, voTa- Tov Twa KwkvuTov dAwoEews ovv7iXnoav, ws ovK ametAovpevwy ett THY KaK@v GAN’ 7d TapovTwr. Cie vor? ‘ \ A c \ , 263 0 be Idonros TOS) HEM URES, COS, OnAvvorev olKTw Tas oppas T@v adetépwv, KatakAcler Tats otKtas per ametAns movxalew keAevoas: avTos 264 Oe emt Tav eperpbevrwy al edaxev Tapyet. Tow bev ovv Kal? etepa Tpoapepovor Tas kAipaKas oO Tpooeiyev, aTeKapadoxe O€ THY Opuiv TOV Berd. _~ <= ¢ - > @ \ ~ / 265 (27) “Opod & ot te cadmxKtal THY Taypatw amTdavTwy ovviyycav Kat Sewov émndAddAakev oTpatia, Kat mavTolev adiepévwy amo ouvOnparo 266 T@v BeAdv to Gas UTETEMLVETO. Heyyy HEVOL Y pay tev ToD ‘lworzov TpooraypaTay of av ab7t@ Tas Te akoas mpos 7Hv Bony Kal Ta Gwpat ‘ 267 mpos tas adéceis edpakavto, Kat BadAdvrwy Ta pnxavas eme€edpapoy bi: abtav mpw émBinvar tov o / / ; 2 7 > ~ 268 BaAddovras, oupmAcKopevot Te’ TOls aviovow TaVv- Tola Kal XEtpav Eepya Kal poxas eVvaTEDELKYUVTO, TELPWLLEVOL Tapa Tas eaxaTas ovpopas He) xet- pouvs daiveobar tov ev axwdvve 7T® KaTa of@ 269 dvdprCopevenv wate ov TpoTepov am EppiyvevT 270 7G 10 tay ‘Pwpate mpw 7 meelv 7) dag ctpat. 6° ot pev Exapvov dSinvex@s apvvopevor Kat TOD 1 conj.: émavéxovra MSS 2 ve uqv LVRC. 2 § 148. 652 JEWISH WAR, III. 262-270 women and children, beheld the city encircled by a triple cordon of troops—for the Romans had not shifted for the battle any of the guards which they had posted at the outset,7—when they saw, moreover, at the foot of the ruined walls the enemy sword in hand, and above them the mountain-side gleaming with arms and higher still the arrows of the Arab archers pointed at the town, they shrieked aloud, a last shriek, as it were, at their capture, as though the catastrophe were no longer imminent but already upon them. Josephus, fearing that the wailing of the women might unman the combatants, had them shut up in their houses, ordering them with threats to hold their peace. He then took up his allotted position at the breach, and, regardless of the ladders which were being brought up elsewhere, breathlessly awaited the hail of arrows. (27) And now the trumpeters of all the legions Hand-to- simultaneously sounded, the troops raised a terrific ae shout, and at a given signal arrows poured from #428ways all quarters, intercepting the light. Mindful of the injunctions of Josephus, his comrades screened their ears from the shout and their bodies from the volleys ; and, as the planks were laid, they dashed out across them, before those who had laid them ‘could set foot on them. In the ensuing hand-to- hand fight with their mounting enemy, they dis- played all manner of feats of strength and gallantry, endeavouring in the depth of calamity to prove themselves not inferior to men who, without the same interests at stake, were so courageous. None relaxed his struggle with a Roman until he had killed him or perished. But whereas the Jews, now be- coming exhausted by the incessant combat, had none 653 ho ~! — 276 JOSEPHUS TpopaxXous auetBew ovK €xovTes, TO KEKUNKOS de 7Tav ‘Popatov axpaidveis dved€XOVTO Kal TAaXEws avTt TH atrofiacbévtwy eméBawov €repor, mapakeAevodmevot te aAAjAow Kal mAevpav pev EVWOAVTES, tots de Bupeots KabdmepBev ppaga- pevor avidos dppykTov eyevov70, Kat Kabldamep ev CUpaTe 7do7 7H dahrayye tovs “lovdatous av- wloivtes 769 700 Tetxous eméBawwov. (28) “O de ‘lwonzos ev tats dpnxaviats ovp- Bovdov AaBev THY avayKny, 7 8 €o7Ww Sewn mpos €mivotav, GTav av77V amoyvwaots epeBiln, Céov éAatov exeAevoev KaTayely THY GUYnOTLKOTWY. Ob 6’, ws Tapeckevacpevoy ExovTes, peTa TAXOUS moAAot Kai 70Av mav7obev tav “Pwpaiwv KaTEXEOV ouveTagievt Tes Kal Ta ayyeta Spaccdpeva TH B€pyn: TOUTO Kavopeveny 7av “Pwpatwy diecxédacev THY 7akw, Kal weve dewey adyn dove amexvAwdobvto TOU TELyouUs" paora ev yap TO €Aaov amo kopudijs péxpe 70d & 70 7 Tas mavorrAias diéppet TOD owpa- tos GAov, Kat 77v adpka ddroyos ovdev EAaccov eee Gepuawopevov te dvUoer Tayews Kal wvyopevov Bpadews dua THY mldoTHTAa. Tots Oe Gespagi Kal Tots Kpaveow EvOcOE LEVY amadrayn THs Kavcews ovK HV, 7 O@vTES d€ Kal cuvEt- Actpevor Tais ddynddow amo TOV yepupupdTaw EmimTov* ol Oe Tparevres eis TOUS ogeTépous 7™poo f.alopevous edyeipwrot Tols KaTOTW TLITPWOKOVGL 7oav. (29) ’ExéAerzev' & ovre “Pwpyatovs ev cat Kako7paylais taxvs ovTe Tovs “lovdaious atveaus, 1 éréhurev PA. @ See § 258. 654 JEWISH’? WAR, III. 270-276 to replace their foremost champions,? in the Roman ranks the exhausted men were relieved by fresh troops, and when one party was driven back another instantly took its place ; the assailants cheered each other on, and, side linked to side, with their bucklers protecting them above, they formed an invulnerable column,? which with its united mass, like one solid body, pushed the Jews before them and was even now mounting the ramparts. (28) In this critical situation, Josephus, taking Scalding. counsel from necessity,—ready as she is in invention Ra when stimulated by despair,—ordered boiling oil to be poured upon this roof of close-locked shields. His men had it ready, and at once from all quarters deluged the Romans with large quantities, flinging after it the vessels, still scalding hot. This broke their forma- tion ; the Romans, burning and in excruciating agony, rolled headlong from the ramparts. For the oil instantaneously penetrated beneath their armour from head to foot, spreading over the whole surface of their bodies and devouring the flesh with the fierce- ness of a flame, this liquid being, from its nature, quick in absorbing heat and, from its fatty properties, slow in cooling. Encumbered with their cuirasses and their helmets, the victims had no escape from the scalding fluid: leaping and writhing in anguish, they dropped from the scaling-bridges. Those who turned to fly were blocked by their romrades pressing forward to the assault and became an easy mark for Jewish assailants in their rear, (29) But, in the midst of these trials, the Romans showed no lack of fortitude, nor yet the Jews of 2 'The testudo formation (cf. B. ii, 537), 655 JOSEPHUS > > € A / > ‘ / e ~ aA’ ot pev KaimEep olKTpAaA TacxYOoVTAas Opavres Tovs Kataxyvlevtas Ouws els Tovs KaTaxEoVTAS ~ € edepovTo, TOv mpo avTod Kakilwy EKaoTOS ws ae FF i) »* - PA e \ > 5 ~ S0A 277 emodtov OvTa THS pUuns': ot be “lovdator d0Aw devTépw Tas mpooBacets* avTav encapadioy THAW edOiy & UToX€ovTes® Tats caviow, 7s* evoAvafavovres 278 UmeaUpovTo. Kal ouTE TOV T PETTOLEVWV ouTe TOV mpooBawovTwy® tis apOos euevev, GA ot pev em avT@v vumTiaCopevor Tov emiPaTynpiwy pnxavav auvevatovvTo, 70AXoi 8° emi TO XDpa KaTémUNTOV. 279 €malovro 8 bmo tev ‘lovdaiwy ot meoovTes: > ~ = ~ 4 ecdaApevwy yap tav “Pwyaiwy otro., THs KaTa - ~ ‘ ‘ xeipa avupmAokis éAeviepwhévtes, eis tas BodAas ’ / 6 ‘ 4 /, > ~ An 280 evatoxouv.® moAAa 5€ Kaxovpévous ev TH mpooPoAy 4 TOUS OTpaTLWTAas 6 OTpaTHyOS TeEpt SeiAnv aveKdAeL. 281 Emecov b€ TovTwv peév ovK GAtyot Kat rA«lous , ~ ~ erpwhnoav, TOv 8 amo THs “lwramatyns ameBavov »” 7, prev €€ avdpes, Tpavyatiac 6 wbrep TpiaKoatous , c 282 dvexopicbnoav. etkads pev Aaioiov pyvos 7 TapaTatis 7. ‘ Sys oe ~ ‘ 283 (30) Odeomacvavos 6€ emi Tots cupPeBnKoor THY « oT patuav Tapapvdovpevos, ws @vjovyevouvs ewpa 284 Kal ov 7 po7pom7)s adn’ epywv Seopevous, poa- vpacat pev 7a Xwpara, mUpyovs Od€ Tpeis, TEVTHKOVTA TOOMV TO Vibos ExacTOV, KaTAGKEVACAL KeAcvoas mavtofev odijpw Kexadvppevous, ws t / \ / A ~ > / dkovtiatas Te Kal tTo€dTas Kal THY adeTypiwv cpyavwv Ta KovdoTepa, mpos d€ ToOvS pwpya- / / a \ / A 286 Aewratous odevdovnras* Ol py Kkalopaevor dua 70 vos Kal Ta BwpaKia ta&v TUpywv eis Ka- =. , \ ox ie a , ” ¢ \ 287 opwyevous Tovs €emt TOD Telyous EBadAov. ot Be pire KaTa Kopons depopevwyv TOv BeAdv exxAwew padiws Suvapevor pte Tovs adavets aptvecbat, Kal TO pev visos TOV TUpywv ducédiKTov Opa@vTes \ A ex xetpos Béder, mupt d€ Tov wept avdtois oidnpov avaAwrov, edevyov amo Tov Telyous Kal mpoao- / , >? / \ ¢ \ ce, | 288 BadAew metpwyevois émeE€eov. Kal ot pev emt ~ A / THs “Iwramdrns avtetyov ovTws, avaipovpevol TE > ~ \ Kal’ 7pépav moAAot Kat pndév avTiKakodv Tovs moAepious, OTL 47) ETA KWOUVWY avElpyewW EXOVTES. \ \ ‘ ’ \ ¢e / ’ \ 289 (31) Kara 6€ tas atras nyéepas Oteomaovavos > ~ ~ emt Twa TOV THS lwramatns aoTvyertovwv modAw, ~ ~ > "lada Kadeirat, vewrepilovoay Kat tov “lwra- ~ > / maTnvav mapa dd€av avreyovTwy émapomevny, Tpatavov ovta rod dexaTov Taypatos nHyepova EKTELTEL Tapado’s avT@ yxtAtous pev tmmets. 290 welods dé SicyAlous. oO O€ Tiv pev mdoAW dv~0- dAwrov KkatadaBuv, mpos yap TO doer Kaptepo Tuyxavew ovoa Kal OuTA@ wepiBorw TeTELyLaTO, 7po- ~ , > / annvrynKoras be Tovs e€ ab tis ETolpous Els maxN >] \ / \ \ > / > / idwv ovuBddder Kat mpos odAlyov avtTioxovtTas 291 ediwKev. ovpduyovtTwy dé els TO Tpa@Tov TeEtxo: ot “Pwyato. Kata mddas mpooKeipmevor ouvvero 999 / e / be LA > ‘ PS) , 2€mecov. opuyncavtas b€ mdAw eis oO devreEpoi * The father of the future emperor of that name. > Japhia of the O.T. (Joshua xix. 12), modern Yafa, som ten miles south of Jotapata and two miles south-west o 658 JEWISH WAR, III. 285-292 them, besides the lighter artillery, the javelin-men, archers, and the most robust of the slingers. These troops, being screened from view by the height of the towers and their breastworks, opened fire on the besieged who were plainly visible to them on the wall. The Jews, finding no means of avoiding the projectiles directed at their heads or of avenging themselves on an invisible foe, seeing these lofty towers inaccessible to missiles thrown by hand and protected against fire by their iron casing, abandoned the wall and made sallies against any who attempted to renew the escalade. Thus did Jota- pata continue to hold out ; day by day many of its defenders fell ; powerless to retaliate on the enemy, they could only hold them at bay at peril of their lives. (31) In the course of these days Vespasian dis- patched Trajan,* the commander of the tenth legion, with a thousand horse and two thousand foot, against a town in the vicinity of Jotapata, called Japha,?® which had revolted, encouraged by the surprising resistance of their neighbours at Jotapata. ‘Trajan found a city presenting formidable difficulties, for in addition to its naturally strong situation, it was protected by a double ring of walls. However, its inhabitants ventured to advance to meet him, pre- pared, as he saw, for action; he charged them and, after a brief resistance, routed them and started in oursuit. They burst into the first enclosure, whither zhe Romans, following hard on their heels, penetrated with them. But when the fugitives rushed on to the Nazareth, here called a “‘city,’’ but elsewhere described as ‘the largest village in Galilee,” Vita 230; at one time the jieadquarters of Josephus (7b. 270). 659 Capture of Japha | Trajan an¢ Titus. JOSEPHUS - > , ~ ‘ e , ’ Teiyos amokAelovow THs Tohews ot adérepou, Set- 293 OOVTES ay ovveroBddwow ot roAéepor. feos 8 nv apa 6 ‘Papatous 7a TadAaiwy maby yapilo- fLevos, Os Kal TOTE TOV THS TOAEWS Aadv avTavdpov, wv xepow olkelais exkAerobevta, mpos amwAcay EK- ~ ~ / 294 dotov dov@aw é€yOpois mapéotncev. éeumintovtes ~ > yap afpoo. tais mUAats Kai moAAa tovs én ad- = ~ , T@V ovopaoTt KadobyTes ev péoais ameodatTov- 295 70 Tals ikeolais. Kal TO pevy mpa@Tov avtois = ¢ / ‘\ / > »” ¢ Telyos ot moAepwoL, TO SevTepov 5 ExAcroav O18 296 odeTepor’ precor Se Toiv Svoiv KaTeAovpevou TeEpt- . ~ \ Bokov Bulnv, zoAdoi pe Tots adAnAwy, mroAAot d€ Tots lous TTEpLeTrELpOVTO Eideow, drretpou de t7o ‘Pwpaiwy emuTToOv ovde Goov els apvvay avabappobvres: pos yap TO katarreTAjx Aa Tous moAeptovs Tas uvyas abt@v éxhacev *) 1) T@V OLKELWYL 297 7podocie.. mépas eOvnaKov ov ‘Pwpatous adda Tots tOtous* KATAPLEvOL, HEX pL TaVvTES amwAovro pvpvo. 298 Kat ducytAvon Tov dprBpov 6 ovtes. Kevny de Paxton Aoytloprevos ctv 71 7O0AW oO Tpaiaves, el d« Kal TWES evoov elev, olopevos pndev avrous ToT: cew v7o déous, aveTiber 7@ oTpaTny@ THY dAwow Kal oveiAas ayyeous mpos Oveomacvavov qTEtre méepipar Tov viov avtod® Titov éembjoovta TH vik / c \ \ e , / / 299 TeAos. 0 6€ ovpBaddy tzoAcizecbal twa OVO ~ / [eTa OTpaTias TOV viOV émiméuTEL TEVTAKOGIW e / ~ ‘ 300 Lev immewv, xiriwy dé meldv. 6 5€ mpos TH / > , \ / ‘ / 4 4 7oAw ede ba taxous Kai dvaTdéas THY oTpaTia 1 om. PL: the word recurs in B. vi. 326. 2 oixeias P. °C: éavrod VR, suum Lat.: advo the rest. Sell sl) aie ta De 5 ge) ee aha eee ee * Cf. the message of Joab to David at the siege of Rabbat§,... 660 JEWISH WAR, III. 292-300 second wall, their own fellow-citizens shut them out, for fear of the enemy forcing their way in at the same time. God, and no other, it was who made a present to the Romans of the wretched Galilaeans ; it was He who now caused the population of the town to be excluded by the hands of their own people and delivered them to their murderous foes, to be ex- terminated to a man. Vainly did the swarming crowds batter the gates and implore the sentinels by their names to let them in: while their supplications were on their lips they were butchered. ‘The first wall was closed to them by the enemy, the second by their friends. Cooped up and huddled together between the two ramparts, they fell, many impaled on their comrades’ swords, many on their own, while prodigious numbers were slain by the Romans, with- out even having the heart to defend themselves ; for to their terror of the enemy was added the perfidy of their friends, and that broke their spirit. Cursing, in their dying moments, not the Romans but their own people, in the end they all perished, to the number of twelve thousand. ‘Trajan, judging that the city was bereft of combatants or that any who still remained within would be paralysed by fear, decided to reserve for his chief the credit of capturing the place. He accordingly dispatched a message to Vespasian, requesting him to send his son Titus to complete the victory. The general, conjecturing that some work still remained to be done, sent with his son reinforcements consisting of five hundred cavalry and a thousand infantry. Titus rapidly marched to the city, drew up his troops for battle, of Ammon, 2 Sam. xii. 26 ff.; this courtesy was common to Jews and Romans. 661 301 304 305 308 JOSEPHUS ae 4 ~ ~ emt pev Tod Aatod Kepws tov Tpaiavov iotnow, re. \ ‘ \ ” : a ‘ \ avTos de TO deEvov Exwv eEnyeito mpos THY moA- ’ =~ ~ opkiav. T@v d€ otpatiwta@v KAiaKxas mavtobev ~ ’ = T@ Telyet Tpoodepovtwv mpos oAtyov ot TadAtAaior 7 > Kabumepbev auvvduevor' Aeizovaw Tov mepiBodov, > > , -~ emimnonoavtes 8 of mept tov Titov THs pev > / ” TOAews eKxpaTnoav tayéws, mpos 5é Tovs Eevdov > a , avTois avatpagevtas KapTepa ayn ovppyyvuTac’ Kal yap ev TOis OTEVWwTOIs Ot SuVaTOL TpoGeTLTTOV \ ~ ~ = Kal G70 T@V OlKL@VY al yuvatkes €BadAov av TO mpootvxov avtais. Kal péxpe wev €€ wpa avteixov 4 ~ ‘ paxopevor, Samavyfévtwy S5€ Tay paxipwy TO a - \ Aotzov mARGos ev te Tois UmaiMpois Kat KaTA Tas ? / ¢ ~ oikias ameodattrovTo, véo. TE Opod Kal yépovTeEs: 3O\ \ ” e U U , a ‘ oveev yap appev vreAcidOyn diya vynmiwv, a peta ~ ~ > > yuvatk@v €€nvipatodicavto. Tav prev ovv av- > \ =~ 4 aipeevrwy ava te THv TOAW KaTL THS TpoTEpas / \ / A - mapatagews apiOuos puvpiot mpos Tots mevTa- U xg \ > > / / e \ KioxiAloits Hv, Ta 8 aiypadAwra ducxihia EéKaTov \ / ~ / \ / , Kal TplaKovTa. TobTO auveBy 70 TaBos LadtAatous / / meumTyn Kat eikads Aatoiov pyvos. - > / (32) "Epewav b€ obd€ Lapapets ametpatou ovp- ~ > / \ i] . \ ‘ / dopav: abpocbévtes yap emi to Tapileiv xadov- ~ a A \ / fLevov Opos, O7Ep adtois EaTW ayLov, KaTa ywpay \ ” , sali > a ” , § rev Eptevov, ToAEmLov O° eiyev azetAnv 7 TE GUVOOOS ~ ‘ A ~ avT@v Kal Ta dpovipata. Kat ovde TOls yeliTVL@aL ~ / ‘ \ c / Kakois é€awdpovilovto, mpos de tas “Pawpaiwv \ ~ > evmpaylas év adoyiotw thy Kata odas acbéveravs 1 Destinon: duuyduevoe MSS. 2 PA: 79 kata ogas acdeveig the rest; text doubtful. 662 JEWISH WAR, III. 300-308 posting Trajan on the left wing, and himself taking command of the right, and Jed them to the assault. As the soldiers were bringing up Jadders to every portion of the wall, the Galilaeans, after a brief defence from that quarter, abandoned it ; the troops of Titus thereupon scaled the ramparts and were instantly masters of the town. But within the walls, where the inhabitants had rallied to meet them, a desperate struggle ensued: the able-bodied fell upon the Romans in the narrow alleys, while from the houses the women pelted them with whatever missiles came to hand. For six hours the contest was maintained ; the more efficient combatants were at length exterminated, and the rest of the popula- tion was then massacred in the open or in their houses, young and old alike. For no males were spared, except infants ; these, along with the women, the Romans sold as slaves. The slain, whether in the city or in the previous action, amounted in all to fifteen thousand; the captives numbered two thousand one hundred and thirty. This disaster befell the Galilaeans on the twenty-fifth of the month Daesius.@ (32) The Samaritans, too, did not escape their share of calamity. Assembling on their sacred mountain called Garizim, they did not move from the spot, but this mustering of the clan and their determined atti- tude contained a menace of war. They had learnt nothing from their neighbours’ calamities; the successes of the Romans only made them ridiculously conceited of their own feebleness, and they were @ 13 July, a.p. 67 (according to Niese’s reckoning). 663 Massacre of the Samarita on Mt. Gerizim Cerealius JOSEPHUS @dovv Kal peTewpot Tpos Tapaxyy dmmpxov. 309 eddxet d€ Oteotactavea dbacar 70 Kona Kal Tas Oppas avT@v dmoréuvecbar Kal yap et’ dpovpats 7 Lapapettes oAy) duetAn7t0, TO ye* aAnbos Tav 310 edn Avior wy Kal 7) ovvragis 7) ay poBepa. Kepeadcov ovv Emap Xov evra TOU TEUTTOV TdypLaTos: pe? e€akooiwy inmewy Kat Tmel@v tTproxyiAiwy mépTrer. 31l roUTw mpocPatvew prev TO Opos Kal ouUvaTTEW paxnvy ovK aodares edo€ev ToAAdv Kabdrepfev Tov ToAchIiwv ovTwr, KUKAWodpeEVvos bE TH SvYapeEL macav tiv Umopetov du Ans avToUs edppovper TIS 312 Nuépas. avveBy b€ VdaTtos amopovpéevwvy Tav Lapapewv exddcy7jva. tore Kai Kadua Sdewwov wpa & Hv Bépovs Kat Tav emiTHdSetwv TO TARBOS 313 GmapacKevov’ ws Twas’ pev avlyuepov tro" tov diovs amolaveiv, moAAovs b€ THs ToLadTHS amwaAeias To SovAevery mpoatpoupevous ‘Pwpatous 314 mpoaguyelv. e€ wv oavuveis 0 KepedAtos Kai Tovs ETL Guppevovtas wU7o0 Tov Sewdv Kateayotas evavafaiver TH Oper, Kat THY SUvapw ev KUKAw mepioTioas Tots woAepiows TO pev TpaTov emt de€.as mpouKadetro Kat owlecbar mapexddAe, dia- 315 BeBatovpevos aoddAevay 7a ozAa pifaow. ws 3 ovK ezreiOev, TpooTecaw AT EKTELVED mavTas, xtAlous efaxoalovs é7l puplois ovtas: eSdouy kal e(KaOL Aataiov pnvos ezpax4. Kal TOLaUTaLS fev GUp- dopats Papapeirae EXPT/TaVTO. 316 (33) Tdév 6’ ava ta “Iwramata Kaprepotvtwy 1 M (Lat. etsi): om. PA: dei the rest. 2 M (Lat. tamen): ve the rest. 3 rods P. * Bekker: a7é mss. 664 JEWISH WAR, III. 308-316 eagerly contemplating the prospect of revolt.4 Vespasian accordingly decided to anticipate the movement and to curb their ardour ; for, although the whole district of Samaria was already occupied by garrisons, this large assemblage and their con- federacy gave ground for alarm. He therefore dispatched to the spot Cerealius,? commander of the fifth legion, with a force of six hundred cavalry and three thousand infantry. This officer, considering it hazardous to ascend the mountain aad engage in battle, as the enemy were in such strength on the summit, confined himself to surrounding Fene entire base of Garizim with his troops and kept strict guard during the whole day. The Samaritans happened to be short of water just at the period of a terrific heat-wave ; it was the height of summer and the multitude had not laid in provisions. The result was that several died of thirst that very day, while many others, preferring slavery to such a fate, deserted to the Romans. Cerealius, concluding therefrom that the rest, who still held together, were broken down by their sufferings, now ascended the mountain and, having disposed his troops in a circle round the enemy, began by inviting them to treat, exhorting them to save their lives and assuring them of security if they laid down their arms. These overtures proving ineffectual, he attacked and slew them to a man. eleven thousand six hundred in all ; this was on the twenty-seventh of the month Daesius ° Such was the catastrophe which overtook the Samaritans. (33) Meanwhile the defenders of Jotapata were Es Jotapata. 2 The historian’s animus against the Samaritans appears elsewhere, notably in A. ix. 290 f. > Sextus Cerealis Vettulenus. ¢° 15 July, a.p. 67 (Niese). 665 JOSEPHUS ‘ , > U ~ 7 > , Kal tap eAmida Tots dewois aVTEXOVTUW TED capakoor? pev néepa Kal €Poopn Ta YoOpara 317 TOV ‘Papate U7epypln TO TELXOS, avroporet b€ Tis mpos Tov Oveozac.avov THs avdTAs Huépas THY Te oAyoTnTA THY emi THS TOAEWsS eEayyéAAwY Kal 318 tiv aocbéverav, Kal ws aypumvia OSinveKet Kat / > NA Ar 8 8 / x 8 \ \ Haxars emadArAois Sedarravypévor Svvarol pev elev ovd€e Pralopevous ETL pepe, Kat dokw 5° av 319 dAotev, €l Tis emBoizo° TEpt 4p TI eaxyaTnv gvdakyy, Kal’ qv aveow te Tov Sewdv eddKoUv €xew Kat Kablanretar padtota KekoTMpevwv éw- ‘ A / A \ / Owos Umvos, Katadaplavew Edackev Todvs dvAakas, ouveBovAcvey TE KaTA TAUTHY THY Wpav éemeAOetv. ~ > oy A > ¢ , ¢ > / / 3207@ 8 Hv pev bu vmovoias 6 adrtdopodos, TO TE ‘ > / \ 2 7 ~ > ‘ ‘ m™pos adAxjAous muo7ov €ldoT. TOV “lovdaiwy Kat 321 TI mpos tas KoAdoes vmeporpiar, €melo7) Kal T pore pov Anbbets TiS TOV amo Tijs "lwramarys mpos macav aikiay Bacdvwv avtécyev Kat pndev dua mupos e€epevv@or tots moAepious mept Tov evoov eimwv aveotavpwn tod Oavdtov Kata- 322 wevol@v: TA Ye pny ELKOTA TLOTOV emoleL TOV TpoooTnv, Kal Taya prev aAnOevew Exeivov, pndev & atrtos €€ evédpas meicecbar péya mpocdoKar, ‘\ \ / > / > ‘ \ A /, TOV Lev dvAdaccew exéAevaer, emt d€ TV KaTa- Anw tis moAews Tmapeckevale TH oT para. 323 (34) Kara d€ THY penvodetoay wpav jeoav OUXA 324 7 ™pos TO Telxos. Kal mpa@Tos emiPaiver Titos ouv evil tTav yxiAcdpywv Aopetiw LaBivw, tv amo Tob méumTov Kal Sexatov Taypatos oAlyous aywv" * The writer possibly has a more famous siege in mind, that of Troy: cf. *‘ tempus erat quo prima quies mortalibus. aegris incipit,”” Virg. Aen. ii. 268, and just before ** inuadunt 666 JEWISH WAR, III. 316-324 still holding out and beyond all expectation bearing up under their miseries, when on the forty-seventh day of the siege the earthworks of the Romans over- topped the wall. That same day a deserter reported to Vespasian the reduced numbers and strength of the defence, and that, worn out with perpetual watch- ing and continuous fighting, they would be unable longer to resist a vigorous assault and might be taken by stratagem, if the attempt were made. He stated that about the last watch of the night—an hour when they expected some respite from their sufferings and when jaded men easily succumb to morning slumber 2 —the sentinels used to drop asleep ; and that was the hour when he advised the Romans to attack. Ves- pasian, knowing the Jews’ loyalty to each other and their indifference to chastisement, regarded the deserter with suspicion. For on a former occasion a man of Jotapata who had been taken prisoner had held out under every variety of torture, and, without betraying to the enemy a word about the state of the town, even under the ordeal of fire, was finally crucified, meeting death with a smile. However, the probability of his account lent credit to the traitor ; and so, thinking that the man might be speaking the truth, and that, even if his story were a trap, no serious risk would be run by acting upon it, Vespasian ordered him into custody and made ready his army for the capture of the city. (34) At the hour named they advanced in silence to the walls. The first to mount them was Titus, with one of the tribunes, Domitius Sabinus, followed by a few men of the fifteenth legion. They cut down urbem somno uinoque sepultam:; caeduntur uigiles” 265 f. with § 325 (amocpaiavres bé rovs Piakas eigiagu eis THY TOW) and § 327 (imvw diadédvvTO0). 667 JOSEPHUS 325 amoadakavtes 5€ tovs PvAaKas eElciacw eis THY moAw. pel? ovs LéEtos tis Kadovdpios yiAcapyns Kai [lAdkido0s tovs t70 odio TeTAYpEVOUS Elojyov. 326 KatetAnppevns d€ THs akpas Kat Tv TroAEuiwv év péow orpedopevwy, 7d S€ Kal Tpéepas ovons, Guws oUTW TIS GAucews TOls KpaToUpevols al- 327 cAnow Hv KapaTw te yap ot moAAol Kat Umvw diaréAvvto, Kal THv diaviotapevwv opixAn tas owes am7jpPAvvev TOA) KaTa TUXNY TOTE TH 328 moAet meptxvbetoa, BEXPL maons 77s oTpaT.as elamegovans ™mpos povny THY Tov KAK@V atcbnow e€avéatncav Kai THv dAwow emiatevov avatpov- 329 wevor. “Pwpyatovs b€ Kata pvijpnv av ex' THs moAvopkias emafov ovte devdws elorjet Twos OUT €Aeos, GAA’ ets TO KaTAYTES* amo THS aKpas TOV 330 Aewv cvuvwhodvtes edovevov. evGa Kat Tovs Ett pdxecbar dvvapevovs 4 Svoxwpia THY dapvvay adethero: OABouevor yap €v tois atevwmois Kat KaTa TOU mpavots Umodofavovtes péovTt KaT 331 axpas exadUmTov7o 7@ moAeuw. Tovto ToAAovs Kal T@v mept Tov ‘lwanmov éemAéxtwv en avto- xeipiav mapwevvev' KatidovTes yap ws ovdev tov “Pwyaiwy avedeity dvvavtat, TO ye mecetv attovs® t70 ‘Pwyatwy mpoéAaBov Kai cuvvabpot- obévtes é€mt Ta KatadAnyovta tis moAews adds attovs aveidov. 332 (35) “Oaou ye pny bo mpwrnv THs katadnwbews alcfnow tev gvadkow Ovaduyetv eplacav ava: Bavres els TWA T@Y TpocapKTiwy mUpywv pexp ev twos amnptvavto, meptoxeBevtes Se mAjOeE 1 éri Niese: the inferior mss. have epi (rHv modcopxiav), * +dmavres PAML. 5 Text doubtful. 668 JEWISH WAR, III. 325-332 the sentries and entered the city. Behind them came Sextus Calvarius, a tribune, and Placidus with the troops under their command. The citadel had actually been taken, the enemy was ranging through the heart of the town, and it was now broad daylight, before the vanquished inhabitants were aware of the capture. Most of them were worn out with fatigue and asleep, and if any awoke, a thick mist, which happened at the time to envelop the city, obscured their vision. At length, when the whole army had poured in, they started up, but only to realize their calamity ; the blade at their throat brought home to them that Jotapata was taken. The Romans, remembering what they had borne during the siege, showed no quarter or pity for any, but thrust the people down the steep slope from the citadel in a general massacre. Even those still able to fight here found themselves deprived of the means of defence by the difficulties of the ground: crushed in the narrow alleys and slipping down the declivity, they were engulfed in the wave of carnage that streamed from the citadel. The situation even drove many of Josephus’s picked men to suicide ; seeing themselves powerless to kill a single Roman, they could at least forestall death at Roman hands, and, retiring in a body to the outskirts of the town, they there put an end to themselves. (35) Those soldiers of the guard who, the moment it was known that the town was taken, had succeeded in escaping, took refuge in one of the northern ¢ towers, where for some time they held their own ; but, being surrounded by large numbers of the @ The Romans had entered from the north (§§ 158, 162). 669 JOSEPHUS ~ / >] 7 ~ A \ A ~ Tav ToAeniwy oe mapetoav tas SeEvas Kat Tots 333 epeaT@ow THv adayny evbvpot Tapécyxov. avat- paxtov 8 av qv avyjoa ‘Pwyatous to TeAos THS ‘ ww / moXopkias, ef py Kata THv aAwow eis Emecev ‘ , > > , , $x°8 Tis* é€xatovTapyns tv “Avtawvios, OvycKer 8 e€ >] ~ . 334 evédpas. Tay yap els ta onda Tis oUp- 7 A > = ~ .e c / mepevyoTwv, ToAAoL 8° otto TARBos Hoav, tKeTEvEL A > vA > , ~ 4 | ~ / tov “Avrtwviov opéEar defiav att@, mloTWw TE 335 owrnptas Kal Borferav mpos avodov' 6 8 a- ~ ‘ dvAdktws wpeye THVv yxeElpa, Kal dbacas avtov ’ ~ , / A ¢ \1 A ~ 56 ekelvos viTTe. KaTwHev Uo tov BovPava dopare Kal Tapaypyua duepyaleTa. 336 (36) Kaz’ éxeivnvy pev otv tHv Tuéepay TO A ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 davepov mAnfos avetAov ot ‘Pwpyaitor, tats , emiovaais avepevvwpevor TAS KaTAdUGELS TOUS €V - ~ A Tois UTovopois Kat Tots omnAalous éemeErjecay Kat ‘ dua dons exwpovv nAukias 7Anv vyTiwy Kal 337 YUVaLK@V. Kal Ta peVv aixpdhura xthoa mpos Tots Ovaxoctous ovv7x6n, vekpot dé Kata THv dAwow Kal Tas TpoTEpov paxas ovr pb jurj8noav TET PA- 338 Kuspvptot. Oveacmac.avos de tHv Te T7OAW KaTa- oxaywar Kedever Kal Ta dpovpia mavTa mpocEeL- 339 Timpynow avtis. “lwrdmata pev otv ovTws eddAw = i , Tpioxaioekatw THS Népwvos wyepovias eter Ilave- pov vovpnvia. eee c ~ ~ 340 (vill. 1) “‘Pwpator d€ tov "Idonmov avalyntobv- ‘\ ~ Tes KaTad TE Opyiy odetépav Kal ododpa Tov oTpaTn you diAoryLovpevou, peyloty yap nV pLotpa ~ , / tod moAg€uov Andbeis, Tos TE veKpovs Sunpedvwv 1 éri PAL. 670 JEWISH WAR, III. 332-340 enemy, they at length surrendered and cheerfully extended their throats to their assailants. The Romans might have boasted that this last phase of the siege had cost them no loss of life, had not one of them, the centurion Antonius, fallen when the town was captured. He was killed by treachery. One of the many fugitives who had taken refuge in the caverns besought Antonius to extend his hand to him, as a pledge of protection and to assist him to rise ; the centurion incautiously complied, where- upon the Jew from below instantly stabbed him with his spear beneath the groin, and killed him on the spot. (36) On that day the Romans massacred all who showed themselves; on the ensuing days they searched the hiding-places and wreaked their vengeance on those who had sought refuge in sub- _terranean vaults and caverns, sparing none, whatever their age, save infants and women. The prisoners thus collected were twelve hundred; the _ total number of the dead, whether killed in the final assault or in the previous combats, was computed at forty thousand. Vespasian ordered the city to be razed and had all its forts burnt to the ground. Thus was Jotapata taken in the thirteenth year of the principate of Nero, on the new moon of Panemus.? (viii. 1) A search for Josephus was then instituted by the Romans, to satisfy both their own resentment and the keen desire of their general, who considered that the issue of the war depended largely on his }capture. So the bodies of the slain and the men in ¢ 20 July, a.p. 67 (Niese). 671 Josephus in hiding a cave, JOSEPHUS 341 KaL Tovs amoKpUdous.' Oo 6€? THs mOAEWS aA okouevns, Sayoviwn Twi avvepyia ypnodpevos, pécov ev eautov exKkAénter TOV ToAEuiwv, Ka , \ oo» \ , > ‘ , dAAeTau be cis Twa Baldy AaKkKov, & 7AaTv om7jAaov 342 61€Cevkro Kata mAevpav Tots avwhev dopatov. évba TECOAPAKOVTA [Lev TOV ETLONLWwWY avopas KaTa- > ’ Aap Paver AavOavovras, mapacKeuny 6° emitndetwv 343 ovK oAtyats _Tyepaus OvapKety dvvapevny. pe? dee yLev OUV b7eateMer To T@V TOAcLiwWY TavTA dtetAndotrwv, vuKtos 8 avav eéelyrer Spacpod diddvow Kal Tas duAakds KateoKémTeTO. dpoupov- /, ‘ 4, , > t. ra e - pevww d€ mavtobev mavtwy & adtov, ws Aabeiv 344 ovK Fv, avlis eis TO omnAatov KarTijet. So pev > -~ \ ‘ ovv aepats diadAavOaver, 7H 5é Tpitn yvvatKos aAovons Tav dua avtois pyvveTar, kat Oveoma- guavos avTika peTa amovdrs méumer SVo xtALdp- - 4 / / ~ xous, [lavAtvov kai TadAtcavov, de€ias te TO > ~ , , Iwonmw Sodvac Kedevoas Kai mpotpepopevous avedGeiv. 945 , ~ = ‘ 345 (2) ‘Aguxcpevor yoov mapexahovy ovTOL TOV inSpa Kal mloTels mepl ow7npias edldocav, ov 346 un ezefov- ex yap wv €lKos jv tocabra dpacavta mafeiv, otk ek Tod dvcer TOV TapaxadovvTwy c , ‘ ¢ / La ’ , e mL€pov Tas vmopias cuvéAeyev, ededier TE WS ‘ Eml Tiywplav mpoKadAovpeévous, ews Oveomaa.avos Tpitov emimeuTer xtAtapyov Nikavopa, yvwpyov | 417s wo\ews uvxot’s MVRC, ** the secret recesses of the city.” 2 +4ap71 MVRC. * Probably, as Reinach suggests, a relative of M. Valerius Paulinus, a friend of V espasian, and in a.p. 69 governor of Gallia Narbonensis( Tac. Hist. iii. 43). 672 JEWISH WAR, III. 341-346 hiding were closely examined. But Josephus, when the city was on the point of being taken, aided by some divine providence, had succeeded in stealing away from the midst of the enemy and plunged into a deep pit, giving access on one side to a broad cavern, invisible to those above. There he found forty persons of distinction in hiding, with a supply of provisions sufficient to last for a considerable time. During the day he lay hid, as the enemy were in occupation of every quarter of the town, but at night he would come up and look for some loophole for escape and reconnoitre the sentries; but, finding every spot guarded on his account and no means of eluding detection, he descended again into the cave. So for two days he continued in hiding. On the is discove third, his secret was betrayed by a woman of the ay party, who was captured; whereupon Vespasian at \nvited t once eagerly sent two tribunes, Paulinus® and Gallicanus, with orders to offer Josephus security and to urge him to come up. (2) On reaching the spot they pressed him to do His parle so and pledged themselves for his safety, but failed pit? the to persuade him. His suspicions were based not on officers. the humane character of the envoys, but on the consciousness of all he had done and the feeling that he must suffer proportionately. The presentiment that he was being summoned to punishment per- sisted, until Vespasian sent a third messenger, the tribune Nicanor,? an old acquaintance and friend of * A friend of Titus, who was afterwards wounded while endeavouring, in company with Josephus, to parley with the Jews of Jerusalem, by whom he was known, B. v. 261. It has been suggested that he may have served under Agrippa and so become acquainted with Josephus (Kohout). VOL. II Z 673 JOSEPHUS 3477 “Iwojmw Kat ovv7ibyn mada. mapeOav S& ovtos TO Te ducer “Pwyaiwy ypnorov mpos ovs}E dv dma€ eAwor dieEjer, Kal ws bv’ apetynv adbtos Bavyaloito paGAAov 7) pcoito mpos THY Tye“ovwy,p 348 omovddlew TE TOV oTpaTHnyoV OvVK ETL TYLwplaVy dvayayeiy atvtov, eveivat yap tavTnv Kal mapal 7) mpotovtos AaPeiv, adAAa oHoat mpoapovpevor 349 dvépa yevvaiov. mpoocetifer 5° ws ovr av Ode- omaciavos evedpevwv dirdov emeutev, Wa Toi}, KaKLOTOU TpadypaTos mpooTHanTar TO KaAALoTOV. ij amuotias diAiav, ov)’ av avtos amaTiowy avdpoh} didrov taijKovaev €AGeiv. 350 (3) "Evdoialovros 8€ tot “Iwonmov Kal zpos ztov Nuxdvopa, TO péev oTpatiwtiKoy bm opy7s exkatew TO om7Aavov cpynro, Kateityev 8 adrovs 0 moAewapxos Cwypioat TOV avdpa prroripovpevos 351 ws 8 6 te Nixdvwp TPpOCEKELTO Aurapav Kal TO: ameiAas Tob TroAepiov tAVOous 6 *lwanmos Enabev avapvyno.s abtov Tay bia vuKTOS Oveipwv eiaépyYeTaL du av 6 beos tds te peddovcas atT@ ovpdopa mpoconpavev “lovdalwy Kat Ta epi Tovs ‘Pwyaiw 352 Bacureis eodpeva. Fv € Kal TEpl Kploets OvEeipw tkavos oupBadretv 7a dupBorus bo Tob Geto; Acyopeva: TOV ye. pay tep@v BiBrwv ovUK nyvoet Tas mpodyretas os ay avros TE ov _lepevs Ka 353 lepéwy eyyovos. wy emt THs ToTe wpas EevOov yevoevos Kal Ta gpikwdn THav mpocdarw dvelpwv omdoas davtdcpata mpoodeper TH Ged 354 AcAnOviav edynv, Kal ‘‘ émerd7 TO “lovdaiwy,’’ Edn Aen. vi. 851 ff. q > Did he claim kinship with his namesake, the patriarcl},. 674 JEWISH WAR, III. 347-354 Josephus. He, on his arrival, dwelt on the innate generosity of the Romans to those whom they had once subdued,? assuring him that his valour made him an object rather of admiration, than of hatred, to the commanding officers, and that the general was anxious to bring him up from his retreat, not for ounishment—that he could inflict though he refused to come forth—but from a desire to save a brave man. He added that Vespasian, had he intended to entrap him, would never have sent him one of his friends, thus using the fairest of virtues, friendship. as a cloak for the foulest of crimes, perfidy ; nor would he himself have consented to come in order to leceive a friend (3) While Josephus was still hesitating, even after Nicanor’s assurances, the soldiers in their rage ittempted to set fire to the cave, but were restrained by their commander, who was anxious to take the Jewish general alive. But as Nicanor was urgently yressing his proposals and Josephus overheard the chreats of the hostile crowd, suddenly there came yack into his mind those nightly dreams, in which sod had foretold to him the impending fate of the Jews and the destinies of the Roman sovereigns. de was an interpreter of dreams and skilled in livining the meaning of ambiguous utterances of the Deity ;® a priest himself and of priestly descent, he was not ignorant of the prophecies in the sacred y00ks. At that hour he was inspired to read their neaning, and, recalling the dreadful images of his ‘ecent dreams, he offered up a silent prayer to God. ‘ Since it pleases thee,”’ so it ran, ‘‘ who didst create Joseph? For his interest in dreams cf. B, ii. 112-116: he ells us of another dream at a crisis in his life, Vita 208 ff. 675 JOSEPHUS ‘ diAov KAdoat doxet cot TH KTicav7, peréBr d€ mpos “Pwpyatouvs 7 TUxn TGoa, Kal THY Epni 1 >’ / A / ? = , ‘ poyny emeAcEw ta pédAdov7a eizetv, Sidwut pei ‘Pwpaiou tas xeipas exwv Kai Ca, paptipopa dé ws o¥ mpoddTyns, GAAa aos azeyse SidKovos ” 355 (4) Tadr einmv évedidov tm Nixdvopr. Kxafi t@v ‘lovdaiwy oi avykataduydovtes ws Tov “lway mov guviecay elKovTa Tots mapakadovow, alpoo 356 Teplotavtes, “‘7 peydAa y av otevagterav, éBowv, “ot maTpior vopot, Kat Katyndyjoa* bed *lovdaiois 6 Kticas pvyxas Gavatov Katadpovovcas — 7 3 3 / ‘ =~ ec / c -~ 357 diAolweis, lwonze, Kal QWs VU7TOpMEVELS Opa dotAos; ws tayéws emeAafov cavtod. mdcov oe ec A > , > / »” 7 ‘ 358 Urép éAevbepias amofvjcKew eEemeroas. yevdq pe ” , > / ~ . ‘ , > dpa dd€av avopelas, Wevd7y 5€ Kai avvecews elxes el ye GwTnpiav pev exew eAmilers tap ols ovTw émoA€unoas, awlecbac 8 tn exelvwv, Kav 359 BéBatov, Oéders. GAN et Kal gol AnjOnv geauTo Katéxeev 7) ‘Pwyaiwy tvyn, mpovontéov Auiv To matpiou KAéous. xpraouev cou deEvav Kat Eidos ov 3 av pev exwv OBvioxns, “lovdaiwy otpatnyos n“ > » , / a” ~ ? 7 360 dv 8 adxwv, mpoddtns teOvyién.’ Tadé’ dp déyovtes emaveteivavto ta Eidn Kat diynzetAov avaipioew avtov, et Tois “Pawpaior evdidoin.* e oe , ‘ ‘ ” hg , ‘ 361 (5) Aeicas 5€ tHv Edodov 6 “lwanmos Kai mpo doaiav TY OUpEVOS eltvat T@v TOD Geod mpoaray pdrov, el mpoamobavor Tis duayyeAtas, TIPXET 362 mpos attods diAocodeiv emi THs avayKyns: “ I: ‘SA. byes Ms. quoted by Naber: kxoAdgac PAML éx\dcor the rest (followed by Niese and Naber), ‘‘that — should sink into the dust.” 2 xai xarnp7ycac MVRC: ods xarégnoev the rest. 676 JEWISH WAR, III. 354-362 the Jewish nation, to break thy work, since fortune has wholly passed to the Romans, and since thou qast made choice of my spirit to announce the things hat are to come, I willingly surrender to the Romans and consent to live ; but I take thee to witness that [ go, not as a traitor, but as thy minister.” (4) With these words he was about to surrender o Nicanor. But when the Jews who shared his ‘etreat understood that Josephus was yielding to ¢ntreaty, they came round him in a body, crying out, ‘Ab! well might the laws of our fathers groan aloud ind God Himself hide His face for grief—God who mplanted in Jewish breasts souls that scorn death ! s life so dear to you, Josephus, that you can endure o see the light in slavery ? How soon have you orgotten yourself! How many have you persuaded o die for liberty! False, then, was that reputation or bravery, false that fame for sagacity, if you can iope for pardon from those whom you have fought o bitterly, or, supposing that they grant it, can deign o accept your life at their hands. Nay, if the fortune f the Romans has cast over you some strange forget- alness of yourself, the care of our country’s honour evolves on us. We will lend you a right hand and sword. If you meet death willingly, you will ave died as general of the Jews; if unwillingly, as traitor.” With these words they pointed their words at him and threatened to kill him if he urrendered to the Romans. (5) Josephus, fearing an assault, and holding that , would be a betrayal of God’s commands, should he ie before delivering his message, proceeded, in this mergency, to reason philosophically with them. aa P. * évé.dotn Dindorf: évécdwW7 mss. 677 His intention t« surrender is opposed by his companion: who threaten to kill him. Josephus harangues them ou the crime of suicide. JOSEPHUS ‘ ~ x) »” ee ~ ? ~ ¢ = yap togotrov,’ €édn, od@v atr@v, €etatpor ” / ‘ ~ dovaev; 1 TL Ta diAtata Sitacracialopev, o@po , > ; 363 kal «wuyrnv; nAdAdxOat' tis cue dnow. GAA ” € =~ ~ / ‘ ‘ > oldacw ‘Pwpator todd ye. [kai] Kadov a , , 3 ‘\ / , , 7moA€uw OBvioKew, adda ToAeuov vow, TovTédTU — > t , 364 U0 TMV KpaToUvTwY. el ev ovv Tov Pwpyatwi » bl ~ 3 . dmootpédopat aldnpov, aktos aAnO@s eis Tovpoi Eidous Kal yelpos THS euAs’ et 8 Ekelvous Eto épxetar devdw TroAeiov, moaw diKaLoTEepov av 7G: nu@vy att@v eicéAPor; Kai yap nAiBov tadre Spav adds avtovs, mepi wv mpos exeivous bt 365 taTapeba. Kadov yap imep tis €Aevbepias amo \ ‘ Ovnckew Pypt Kayo), waxomevous peévToL, Kal UT Tav adaipovpevwy at7yv. viv 6° ovr’ eis paxn avtidCovow piv ovt avaipodow nydas: Sedo 5€ dpuoiws 6 Te 7 BovdAdpevos BvjoKkew otav bé et / Ld ‘ , U \ ‘ / 366 Kai 0 BovAdpevos, dTav pn én. Ti dé Kal SedoLKd ves 7pos ‘Pwyatous ovK avipev; ap ovdyxt Oavarov 367 ef Gv dedoiKapyev Ex THV exOpav dromTEvoOpEevor € ~ / ’ , > ‘ ’ €avtois BéBavov eémiotjcouev; adda SdovdAcia 368 €pet Tis. mavu yoov viv eopev eAcvOepor. yev vaiov yap aveAety €autov, dice Tis. ov pev oF GAAd’ ayevéoratov, ws Eeywye Kal KuBepyynrny Ayob pat detAdTatov, Satis yxeyu@va Sedoikws mpo TH 369 AvéAAns €Banticey Exwv TO oKddos. adda pv abToxElpia Kal THS KoWwHs anavTwy Cwwv duce aAAdTpiov Kal mpos TOV KTicavTa OBedov Huds ort 370 aoéfeva. Tay pev ye Cwwv ovdév eotw 6 OvnoK ueTa mpovoias 7 & attod: dicews yap vo S- a ae = we SS ee ei Se, — a, — 1 imd\d\dxGar PAML 678 JEWISH WAR, III. 362-370 “Why, comrades,” said he, “ this thirst for our own blood? Why set asunder such fond companions as soul and body? One says that I am changed: well, the Romans know the truth about that. Another says, ‘It is honourable to die in war’: yes, but according to the law of war, that is to say by the hand of the conqueror. Were I now flinching from the sword of the Romans, I should assuredly deserve to perish by my own sword and my own hand; but if they are moved to spare an enemy, how much stronger reason have we to spare ourselves? It would surely be folly to inflict on ourselves treatment which we seek to avoid by our quarrel with them. ‘It is honourable to die for liberty,’ says another : I concur, but on condition that one dies fighting, by the hands of those who would rob us of it. But now they are neither coming to fight us nor to take our lives. It is equally cowardly not to wish to die when one ought to do so, and to wish to die when one ought not. What is it we fear that prevents us from sur- rendering to the Romans? Is it not death? And shall we then inflict upon ourselves certain death, to avoid an uncertain death, which we fear, at the hands of our foes? ‘No, it is slavery we fear,’ I shal] be told. Much liberty we enjoy at present! ‘ Itis noble to destroy oneself,’ another willsay. Notso, I retort, but most ignoble; in my opinion there could be no more arrant coward than the pilot who, for fear of a tempest, deliberately sinks his ship before the storm. “No; suicide is alike repugnant to that nature which all creatures share, and an act of impiety towards God who created us. Among the animals there is not one that deliberately seeks death or kills itself; so firmly rooted in all is nature’s law—the 679 JOSEPHUS , ‘ > o ‘ ~ 3 , 4 ~ \ icyupos €v amaow To Civ ébéAew: 81a TodTO Kal ‘ ~ e a tovs gavepm@s adaipovpevovs nuas TovTov mode- ‘ ] 7 ulous nyovpeBa Kat Tovs €€ eveédpas Tywpovpeba. ‘4 ‘A ) , n” > a o yy 271 tov d€ Geov ovK olecbe ayavakteiv, otav avOpwmos ~ 4 lp A , ‘ > , > avtod to d@pov Ufpiln; Kai yap ctAjdayev map ‘ ‘ > ‘ Exelvov TO elval Kal TO pnKETL elvar TaAW eKelvw™ 372 6idGpyev.' ra pév ye cwyata Ovntra maow Kai ex ~ o ~ , ‘ 4 3 , dbaptis vAns dSednpurodpyynrar, boyy dé afavatos ‘ ~ - ~ b] > det Kal Geod poipa Tots cwyaow evoixiletat: eit €av pev adavicn tis avOpwaov TmapakatabynKyny 7 diabArac KaK@s, movypos elvat doKxei Kat amoTos, ? ce = , , 3 / ‘4 ei 6€ tis tod odetépov cupatos exBadder THY mapakatabrnjKkny tot Geobd, AeAnbevar SoKet Tov s¢ / ‘ / \ ‘ > , 373 addukovpevov; Kai KoAdlew pev Tovs a7odpavtas oikétas OiKaLov vevoultoTal, Kav TOVypovs KaTa- Acimwot deamoras, adroit b€ KadAAvoTtov deamoTHv d7odvopacKovtes Tov Bedov od SoKodpev acePetv; 374 dp ovK loTe, OTL THY ev e€tovTwy Tod Biov KaTa Tov THs d¥aews vouov Kai TO Andbev mapa Tod ~ ‘ o , Geod ypéos exTwivtTwr, dtav 6 dovs Kopioacbas , ‘ 4 ee ¢? Qe 4 \ ‘ , Géhn, KA€os pev atuviov, olka. de Kal yeveat Bé- ‘ , Bator, kafapat d€ Kai em7jKoot wevovow at wuyait, = , ~ id y@pov ovpaviov? Aayodcoar Tov aywrtartov, evlev ~ e - €k TeEpiTpoTsS alwyvwy ayvots mdAw avTevo.Kt- > € - Covrat aupacw: daos b€ Kal’ eavTa@v euavnoav ai yeipes, ToUTwy Gdns pev SéxeTar Tas puxas eS 1 , ‘ ’ aKoTEWOTEpos, 0 b€ ToUTwWY TaTHp Feds Els Ep- ao ~I oO 1 Niese: d:ddauer, didouev or Sldwpuev (sic) MSS. * P: ovpavoi the rest. §80 JEWISH WAR, Kai yap ovK ado€os 7 owrnpia map’ ois dia TocovTwr Epywv emredecEdpefa ras apetas’ el TeOvavar, KaAdv 38] U70 Tay EAdvTwY. od petaBroopar 8 eyw eis TH Tov ToAcuiwy Tak, Wv’ e€uavtod mpodorns yeévw- pat’ Kal yap av elnvy moAdv t&v adtropodovytwr m™pos Tovs TroAeuious ABiuTEpos, ef y E€Kkelvot ev el OwTypla TovTo mpdatTovow, éyw 8 emi 382 a7wAeia, Kat ye 7H ewauTob. Thy bevtou ‘Pw: paiwy evedpay evyouar peta yap de€iay ap- aipovpevos Um atta@v evGvuos TeOvykopar, THD cav pevoaévwv amiotiav vikns wellova amopepwr Tapapviiav.’’ ? Text corrupt: | suggest ras ray rarépwr tBpes; the text may have arisen out of an erroneous rovs corrected in the margin to ras. « Josephus apparently refers to some Rabbinical tradition :F" the Pentateuch is silent on the subject of suicide. For the burial at sunset of the hanged criminal see Deut. xxi. 22 f., and of the slain enemy, Joshua viii. 29, x. 27. * Such was the Athenian custom, as appears from Aeschines, 682 JEWISH WAR, III. 375-382 father, visits upon their posterity the outrageous acts of the parents. That is why this crime, so hateful to God, is punished also by the sagest of legislators. With us it is ordained that the body of a suicide should be exposed unburied until sunset, although it is thought right to bury even our enemies slain in war.* In other nations the law requires that a suicide’s right hand, with which he made war on himself, should be cut off, holding that, as the body was unnaturally severed from the soul, so the hand should be severed from the body.’ “We shall do well then, comrades, to listen to reason and not to add to our human calamities the crime of impiety towards our creator. If our lives are offered us, let us live : there is nothing dishonour- able in accepting this offer from those who have had so many proofs of our valour; if they think fit to sill us, death at the hands of our conquerors is qonourable. But, for my part, I shall never pass over 70 the enemy’s ranks, to prove a traitor to myself ; [ should indeed then be far more senseless than deserters who go over to the enemy for safety, whereas I should be going to destruction—my own Jestruction.© I pray, however, that the Romans may prove faithless; if, after pledging their word, shey put me to death, I shall die content, for I shall varry with me the consolation, better than a victory, shat their triumph has been sullied by perjury.” Jont. Ctesiph. 244 (quoted by Reinach) édy ms avrdv axpnanrar, THY xXEipa THY TOUTO Tpdkacay ywpis TOU TwuaToS lamtouev. For this piece of erudition, comparable to other nstances in the Contra Apionem, Josephus is doubtless ndebted to his Greek assistants (Ap. i. 50). * ** The consciousness of such treachery would be my ruin-” eems to be the meaning. 683 JOSEPHUS 383. (6) ‘O pev odv “lwonmos moAAa tovatta mpos 384 dmoTpoTyv THS avToxErpias EAeyev ot SE TEdpay- pLevas aToyvwoel TAS aKOdS ExoVvTES, ws av maAal kaboowoarvtes €autov’s T@® Yavatw, mapwkvvortc mpos avtov, Kal mpootpéxwv adAdos adAdobe Evdijpeus exakilov Te eis avavdplav Kai ws EKaaTos 885 abtika mAvjEwv SHAos Tv. O S€ TOV pév GvOmaaT: KadA@v, T@ Se oTpatnyiKwrepov euBArA€twv, TOD d« dpacoopevos THs de€ias, dv de dSerjoer Svowmav Kal moukiAows Svatpovpevos mafeow €mi THs avay: Kys elpyev amo THs odayhs mavTwv Tov aldnpov moTep Ta KuKAWwHévtTa THv Onpiwv det mpos TOI 386 kalamToOpevov avtioTpedopevos. THav dé Kal Tape Tas €axdtas ovpdopas et. Tov aoTpaTnyov atdou wévwv mapeAvovto pev at de€vai, mepiwAicbave: dé ta Eidn, kai moAdoi tas poudaias éemidépovte avTOLAaTWS Tapetoay.' 387 (7) ‘O & & tais apnyaviats odK Amdpnae emwolas, GAAad muoTevwv TO Kndewov. Ded 77) 388 UWTT)plav mapaBdaMrerar, Kat “‘ émei Sed0KTAL T GvicKew, eon), pepe KAnpw Tas ahAjAcy opaya emitpeywuev, 0 Aaywy 6° 70 Tob per’ avTo 389 mimtéTW, Kai SiodetcEe TaVTwWY OUTWS 1 THY? und emi tis (dias Keiobw de€vas ExaoTos’ ddiKo yap olxopevwy Twa tTwv dAdAwy peTavojnaavT: owOijva.’ motos [8 | ed0€ev taita eimwv ka 390 cuvexAnpodto meicas. étToipny 6 6 Aaywv 7H peb avTOV Tapelxev THY ohayynv, ws adtbtixa rebvy Eouévov Kai Tod otpatnyot- Cwis yap nolw T 391 weTa «ToD “lwoymov Gavatov ayovtvto Kata 1 rapeifnoav ** were paralysed’ MVRC. 684 JEWISH WAR, III 383-391 (6) By these and many similar arguments Josephus sought to deter his companions from suicide. But desperation stopped their ears, for they had long since devoted themselves to death ; they were, there- fore, infuriated at him, and ran at him from this side and that, sword in hand, upbraiding him as a coward, each one seeming on the point of striking him. But he, addressing one by name, fixing his general's eye of command upon another, clasping the hand of a third, shaming a fourth by entreaty, and torn by all manner of emotions at this critical moment, succeeded in warding off from his throat the blades of all, turning like a wild beast surrounded by the hunters to face his successive assailants. Even in his extremity, they still held their general in reverence ; their hands were powerless, their swords glanced aside, and many, in the act of thrusting at him, spontaneously dropped their weapons. (7) But, in his straits, his resource did not forsake him. ‘Trusting to God’s protection, he put his life to the hazard, and said: “‘ Since we are resolved to die, come, let us leave the lot to decide the order in which we are to kill ourselves; let him who draws the first lot fall by the hand of him who comes next ; fortune will thus take her course through the whole number, and we shall be spared from taking our lives with our own hands. For it would be unjust that, when the rest were gone, any should repent and escape.’ This proposal inspired confidence ; his advice was taken, and he drew lots with the rest. Each man thus selected presented his throat to his neighbour, in the assurance that his general was forthwith to share his fate ; for sweeter to them than life was the thought of death with Josephus. He, 685 Josephus, peril of hi; life, His companior kill each other and he escapes JOSEPHUS AeiweTat 6 otros, elre U70 ruxns xe?) Aéyew, ete" bo Geod mpovotas, abv érépw, Kal omovdd law und’ tad tod KAnjpov Katadikacbjvar pte, et teAevtatos AeizoiTo, piavar THY Se€rav opodvAw dovw meiBe kaxelvov emi mioter Civ. 392 (8) AY pev OV OUTWS TOV TE “Popatwy Kal TOV olKElov* Suadvyay mOAEov eT Oveoracvavoy 393 HyeTo UO TOD Nixdvopos. ot 6€ ‘Pwyaior mavtes emi Oéav atrotd oavvétpexov, Kai tod mArnfous cuvOABopevov epi TH atpatny@ GopuBos jv moukitAos, Tav pev yeynbotwv emi tm AndGevtt, tov 8° ameAotvtwy, tTav 8 éyytbev eiv Bialo- 394 wevwv. Kal oc wev moppwhev KoAdlew €Bowv Tov moA€utov, tovs® d5€ mAnciov avayvynoi avTod Tav 395 Epywyv elone: Kal mpos THY weTaBoAnv BayBos, Tav Te Tyyeovewy ovdeis Tv Os, El Kai TPOTEpOV Wpyt- lero, TOoTe mpos Thy ow ovK éevédwKev atrod. 396 udAvota dé tov Titov é€aipérws* To Te KapTeEpiKoV €v Tails oupdopais npet tod “lwarnmov Kal pos Thy NAckiav €Aeos, avayipvnoKouevw te Tov’? maAau paxouevov Kal TOV Ev xepolv exBpwmv apt KEeipevov op@vtTt mapyv [de]* voetv, dcov dtvatat TUyn, Kal ws o€eia pev moAéuov poy, tav 8 avOpwrivwy 397 oldev BéBatov- mapo Kai tote auvdleOnKev per mAelatous €avTa@ Kai mpos olktov tot ‘lwonzou, mAeiorn 8 at7@ Kai mapa 7TH matpi uwolpa ow = f= fr eS er wee SS SS a SSeS aS eS eee = " cre urd TUxns xon Aéyew, eire om. PAL. * ray olxetov L: rv olxelwy MOSt MsS.: Tdv Trav olxelwy Naber, #m * MC: rop the rest. ek * ¢t dperns LVRC and in the margin of PA. bs * +o% VRC, mistaking the use. frequent in Josephus, of§m waa: = “‘ formerly,” ‘‘ recently.” | * om. Lat. 0 686 old JEWISH WAR, III. 391-397 however (should one say by fortune or by the pro- vidence of God ?), was left alone with one other; and, anxious neither to be condemned by the lot nor, should he be left to the last, to stain his hand with the blood of a fellow-countryman, he persuaded this man also, under a pledge, to remain alive.” (8) Having thus survived both the war with the Josephus Romans and that with his own friends, Josephus was ? brought by Nicanor into Vespasian’s presence. The Romans all flocked to see him, and from the multitude crowding around the general arose a hubbub of discordant voices: some exulting at his capture, some threatening, some pushing forward to obtain a nearer view. The more distant spectators clamoured for the punishment of their enemy, but those close beside him recalled his exploits and marvelled at such a reversal of fortune. Of the officers there was not one who, whatever his past resentment, did not then relent at the sight of him. Titus in particular was specially touched by the fortitude of Josephus under misfortunes and. by pity for his youth.2 As he recalled the combatant of yesterday and saw him now a prisoner in his enemy's hands, he was led to reflect on the power of fortune, the quick vicissitudes of war, and the general instability of human affairs. So he brought over many Romans at the time to share his compassion for Josephus, and his pleading with his father was the ¢ The historian’s veracity in this narrative is not above suspicion; his inconsistency in other autobiographica! passages, doubly reported, does not inspire confidence, That his companions would have tolerated the rhetorical speech on suicide is incredible. > Josephus, born in a.p. 37 ( Vita 5), was now thirty years 687 efore espasial JOSEPHUS 39g Tnpias éyéveTo. oO wevtor Qveozacraves dpoupeiv avrov peta mdons acdadetas mpooéeraTTev ws avareuwbwv attixa Népwre. 309 (9) Totro axovcas 6 Tdonzos “ovw Tt dta- AexOyjvat béXew ede yev auto. eTagTNTApEVOV 3° €xeivou Av Tov matdos Titov Kal Svoiv gihav 400 Tovs GAAovs azmavras ‘‘av perv, elzev, * Quve- omaciavé, voyilers altyyaAwrtov at’to povov etAn- déeva. tov “lwonmov, éeyw 8 ayyedos Kw gor yeclovwv 7) yap v0 Geotd mpomeuTomevos dew tov ‘lovdaiwy voxov, Kal m@s atpatnyots amo- OvijoKew TT PETTEL. Nepwvt pe TELTELS 3 TL yap; sa! ot weta Népwva wexpt gov duddoxor pevovow ; ov Kaicap, Oveowacave, Kai avToKpaTwp, ov Kai 402 mais 6 GOs OvTOS. déapet dé [Le vUV aadaAéatepov Kal Tnpet CEAUTO deomo7 7s Lev yap ov }Lovov E00 av, Kaicap, aAdd Kal ys Kal Gadar7ns kai mavTos avOpwmwv yévous, eye 6’ é€mi TiyLwplay d€ou.ar Ppoupas jeiCovos, El kataoxedidlun® Kal 403 Geod.”’ Tait el77OVTOS Tapax pra prev Oveoma- giavos amtoreiv edoKet Kai tov ‘Iwanmov trz- 404 ehau.Baver tatdra mepl cwrnplas mavoupyelv, Kata puikpov o€ nt mloTw UmnyeTo, Tov Geod b&- eyelpovTos UTOV €ls THY Hyewoviay non Kal 7a Peis Be eTEpwv onpero TPOOELKVUVTOS. 405 ome d¢ tov “Iwonmov Kat ev addo Kat- 40 — A mention of Nero's impending death seems to have ars pitied out. 2 xatacxediacw PAML Suid. * For the sending of prisoners of importance to be tried by the Emperor cf. B. ii. 243 f. (Cumanus the procurator and the leading rebels), Vita 408 f. (Philip ben Jacimus), and in the N.T the case of S. Paul (at his own appeal). 588 JEWISH WAR, III 398-405 main influence in saving the prisoner's life. Vespa- sian, however, ordered him to be guarded with every precaution, intending shortly to send him to Nero.* (9) On hearing this, Josephus expressed a desire for a private interview with him Vespasian having ordered all to withdraw except his son Titus and two of his friends, the prisoner thus addressed him : “You imagine, Vespasian, that in the person of Josephus you have taken a mere captive; but I come to you as a messenger of greater destinies. Had I not been sent on this errand by God, I knew the law of the Jews and how it becomes a general to die. To Nero do you send me? Why then? Think you that [Nero and] those who before your accession succeed him will continue? You will be Saesar, Vespasian, you will be emperor, you and your son here. Bind me then yet more securely in thains and keep me for yourself; for you, Caesar, ire master not of me only, but of land and sea and he whole human race. For myself, 1 ask to be yunished by stricter custody, if ] have dared to rie with the words of God.” To this speech 7espasian, at the moment, seemed to attach little redit, supposing it to be a trick of Josephus to save is life Gradually, however, he was led to believe :, for God was already rousing in him thoughts of mpire and by other tokens foreshadowing the hrone® He found, moreover, that Josephus had * These omens and oracles are mentioned by Tacitus, ast. i. 10 (“‘ ostentis ac responsis destinatum Vespasiano derisque eius imperium”’), ii. 1 (** praesaga responsa "’), id in other passages cited by Reinach. ‘The widespread slief that ** persons proceeding from Judaea were to become asters of the world,” is reported in almost identical terms ? Tacitus (Hist. vy. 13) and Suetonius ( Vesp. 4). 689 He predicts Vespasian s accession a: Emperor, JOSEPHUS / ~ A / eAduBavevs Tay yap Tots atoppijtos TapaTvxovTwY bs U e ee / »” ~ »” ~ 9. 2% didwy [6] etepos Oavpalew epn mas ovTE Tots emi a“ > / \ c / ”f)?> e ~ Tov ‘lwramdtwv mept adAwaews ov&? éavt@ mpo- pavTevoatto alxypadwolav, el 7) TadTa Afpos «in 2 / \ ’ > ’ \ > / ¢ ee , 406 OlakKpovomevou Tas Em aUTOV Opyas. Oo de ldon- a ? 7 mos Kal Tots Iwramatnvots ort weTa TEecoapaKkooTHy e / ¢e , ¢ , 7 ” \ EBdounv auepav aAwaovrat mpoeireitv edn, Kal a \ ~ 407 67t mpos “Pwpaiwy adros Cwypn8ijocetar. tadra \ ~ > , > 247 e > \ Tapa TaV alynaduwrwv Kat’ (diav 6 Odveomacvavos > , ¢ ° > A ° Vas tee | ex7uGopevos ws evpioxev adAnfA, ovTw mLoTEvew ‘ we >) , \ > ~ A Ss 408 wept TWY KAT GUTOV 7pPKTO. dpoupds pev ovp ~ > ~ Kal Secp@v ovK avier tov “lwonmov, edwpeire = ~ / / 5° éofitt Kai tots aAAots KeiundAlois, dirodpovov- / \ / / \ A / pevos TE Kal mepiewy SieTéAec ta ToAAA Tiror TH TYyLH GuVvEepyovvTos. 409 (ix. 1) Terdprn 5é€ Ilavéwov pnvos avalevé&a: ets IIrodepaida Kaxeifev «is tHv mapdAiv ad uxveirat Kaoaperav, peyiornv tis te “lovdaia moAw Kal TO mAéov? td’ “EAAjvwv oikovpevyny 410 €d€yovtro S5€ Kat THY OTpaTiay Kal TOV oTpaTnYyO \ / > / \ r /, ¢ 4 tore peta maons «vdrnptas Kai diAodpoavyys ot ezruf™ 1 4 «ai Niese. 2 rreicrov PAML. * The fact of this prediction of Josephus to Vespasian ~ confirmed by Suet. Vesp. 5 ‘“‘ unus ex nobilibus captiu [osepus, cum coiceretur in uincula, constantissime asseu rauit fore ut ab eodem breui solueretur, uerum iam imperé 690 tiy f 4 i GW, JEWISH WAR, III. 405-410 proved a veracious prophet in other matters. For one of the two friends in attendance at the private interview remarked: “If these words are not a nonsensical invention of the prisoner to avert the storm which he has raised, I am surprised that Josephus neither predicted the fall of Jotapata to its inhabitants nor his own captivity.” To this Josephus replied that he had foretold to the people of Jotapata that their city would be captured after forty-seven days and that he himself would be taken alive by the Romans. Vespasian, having privately questioned the prisoners on these statements and found them true, then began to credit those con- cerning himself. While he did not release Josephus from his custody or chains, he presented him with raiment and other precious gifts, and continued to treat him with kindness and solicitude, being warmly supported by Titus in these courtesies.“ (ix. 1) On the fourth of the month of Panemus,? Vespasian led off his troops to Ptolemais and from there to Caesarea-on-sea, one of the largest cities of Judaea with a population consisting chiefly of Greeks.° The inhabitants received the army and its general with blessings and congratulations of tore,’ and by Dio Cassius (epitome, Ixvi. 1) who instead of breui (‘‘ shortly’) writes more precisely mer évaurdv. Reinach, who quotes these passages, refers also to the curious Rabbinic attribution of this prophecy to Johanan ben Zaxkai, on the occasion of his escape from the siege of Jerusalem. ° 93 July a.p. 67 (Niese’s reckoning). ¢ Notwithstanding its predominant Greek population the city from the time of its refoundation by Herod the Great “always continued united with Judaea’”’ (Schiirer). 691 and is consider- ately trea asa prisoner. Vespasiar quarters his troop in Caesar and Scythopo JOSEPHUS yop, Kai Kat evvotav pév T7)v mpos ‘Pwpatous, To b€ mAéov €xfet TOV KaTeoTpappevev 010 Kal tov “lwonmov afpoo kataBoa@ytes 7Etovv KoAdlew. 411 Oveomactavos S5€ tiv |pev] epi tovTov dénow ws vm aKpitov ywouevnvy mAnfous €&€Avoev 412 jovyla’ T@v S€ tTayydTwy Ta pev Svo yelpe- pioovta éexalicev emi tHs Kaoapetas, émet7devov Oop@v tHhv moAw, TO d€xatov S€ Kal TéuTTOV Ets XKvbdmodAw, ws uy GAiBor mavTi TH oTpaT@ tHv 413 Katodpecav. adAcewr) 8 Fv Kakelvn yYEyL@vos apa, Kal’ doov mrywdns Bépovs b70 KavpdaTov, medias ovca Kai mapaAtos. 414. (2) "Ev &€ tovtw avvabpocbevtes of te Kata oTaow €kmintovTes T@v moAewv' Kai ot d.a- gduyovtes €k T@v KaTeoTpaypevwv, mAROos ovK oAiyov, avaxtilovow ‘lommny opynzypiov adicw, 415 epnuwheicay wo Keortiov mpotepov, Kai Tis xupas exmeTroAcwperyns aveipyomevor petaBaivew 416 €yvwoav eis THY BadAaccav. mnEdpevol TE TELpa- TiKa oKadn mAcioTa Tov te Lupias Kai Dowikys kat tov em Aty’atov mopov eAjotevov, amAwrTa 417 T€ 7G0w €molovv Ta THOE TEAAGyH. Oveaomactavos d€ ws eyvw THY avyTagw avTav, mEuTer TrELOUs Te Kal immeis emi tHv ‘lommyv, ot vuKTwWp ws a- 418 PUAaKTov elaépyovtar THv ToAw. of 8 é€v abrH mpornclovtro pev tiv etaoBoAnv Kai Katadeicavtes tod pev elpyew Tovs “Pwyatious anetpémovto, 1 V: woXeuiwv the rest. * The 5th and 10th (§ 65). » Bethshan, thirty-five miles due east of Caesarea. 692 JEWISH WAR, III. 410-418 every description, prompted partly by goodwill towards the Romans, but mainly by hatred of the vanquished. This feeling showed itself in a loud and universal demand for the punishment of Josephus; but Vespasian by his silence quashed this petition emanating from an incompetent crowd. Of his three legions he established two ¢ in winter quarters at Caesarea, finding the city suitable for the purpose ; the fifteenth legion he sent to Scytho- polis? in order not to burden Caesarea with his whole army. The climate of the last-named city is, like Scythopolis,° as genial in winter as it is suffocatingly hot in summer, from its situation in the plain and on the coast. (2) Meanwhile, the Jews who had been driven by sedition from the towns and the refugees, whose homes had been destroyed, had united their not inconsiderable forces, and, to provide themselves with a base, rebuilt Joppa, recently devastated by Cestius?; and then, finding themselves cut off from the country, which had passed into the enemy's hands, they resolved to take to the sea. They accordingly built themselves a _ fleet of piratical ships and made raids on the traffic along the coast of Syria and Phoenicia and the route to Egypt, rendering navigation in those seas quite impossible. Vespasian, on learning of this gang, dispatched to Joppa a body of infantry and cavalry, who entered the city by night, finding it unguarded. The inhabitants had received news of the coming attack, but in their alarm made no attempt to ¢ xaxelvn : Reinach, referring the pronoun to Scythopolis, s reduced to correcting mapdXwos to mapamord pos. * Be iis 507 f. 693 The pira of Joppa pursued the Rom JOSEPHUS ovupdvyovtes 8 eis tas vats e&wrépw Bédous SvevUKTEPEVOUY. 419 (3) “AAwwéevov 8 ovens dice. tis “lommns, at- yiarA@ yap éemAryer Tpaxet Kat TO pev GAdo wav épfiw, Bpaxd Sé€ cuvvevovTt KaTa Tas KeEpatas 420 €xatépwhev- ai d€ elow Kpnpvot Babeis Kat mpov- xyovoat amAdées eis TO méAayos, Evba Kai Tov ’Avdpopedas Seopa@v ete Serxvpevor tUmoL TmH- powédas Seop y 42] OTObVTaL THY apyaLoTnTa Tov pvOov, TUmTwv Se Tov alyiaAov evavtios Bopéas Kai mpos Tals Seyouevais métpais biynAov avakomTwr' TO Koma odadepwtepov épnuias tov Opyov amepyaleras: 422 KaTa TovTov aaAdevovow Tois amo THs ‘lomans b70 Thy €w Tvetpa Blavov emiminzer: peAapPdprov 423 70 Tav Tatty mAoilopevwv Kadeitat: Kat Tas pev addArjAas TOv vedv atbtobc cvvipakev, tas be mpos Tais métpais, moAAas d€ mpos avtiov Kdpa Bralopévas eis 7O méAayos, Tov TE yap atyradov 6vTa meTpwdn Kal TOUS ET avroo mroAeLtous édedolkecar, HeTEWpos drrepapbets 6 KAvowy eBa- 424 m7iev. nv o oure guy7s TOTOS OUTE LevovaLW cwrTnpia, Bia pev dvéwou THS faddcons e€- wlovpevors, ‘Pwpatwy be THs. ToAEws. Kat 7oAAn pev oluwy7, ouppryvupevey eyiveTo Tov cKapav, 425 mods 8 ayvupevenv 0 uodos. Kat Tod mAnfous ot pev tO TV KvpaTwv KaduTTopevor diePOet- 1 Gvaréumwv P*A*L. @ The Jocalization of this legend at Joppa is widely attested. Reinach quotes Pliny, Nat. Hist. v. 69 (marks of the chains shown on a projecting rock), Strabo xvi. 2. 28 (év7raida puOevouci twes tiv 'Avdpouédav éxreORvat TH -KHTEL), Pausanias iv. 35. 9 (a blood-red spring where Perseus washed himself after slaying the monster), Jerome, Jn Jon. i. 694 JEWISH WAR, III. 418-425 oppose the Romans and sought refuge in their ships, where they passed the night out of bowshot. (3) Nature has not provided Joppa with a port. It terminates in a rugged shore, which runs for nearly its whole length in a straight line, but is slightly curved at its two extremities in crescent fashion ; these horns consist of steep cliffs and reefs jutting far out into the deep; here are still shown the impressions of Andromeda’s chains, to attest the antiquity of that legend.* The north wind, beating full upon the coast, dashes the waves high against the face of the rocks and renders this roadstead more perilous to sailors than the watery waste.” It was here that the people of Joppa were tossing, when, towards dawn, a furious blast burst upon them, the wind called by navigators in those parts the “ Black Norther.’ Some of the ships were dashed to pieces against each other on the spot, others were shattered upon the rocks. Many from dread of this rock-strewn coast and the enemy that occupied it, strove to gain the open sea in the teeth of the gale, and foundered among the towering dillows. There was neither means of flight, nor hope of safety if they remained where they were: the fury of the wind repelled them from the sea, that of the Romans from the town. Piercing were the shrieks as the vessels collided, terrific the crash as they broke up. Of the crews who perished, some were engulfed in the waves, many crushed by the the holes through which had passed the rings of the chains vere still shown in his day). Cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. if Holy Land, 163 f. > Literally “than a desert’’; I adopt the late Dr. R. Craill’s happy paraphrase, and see no reason to suspect he text. 695 and destroyed by a storr at sea. JOSEPHUS povto, moAAol 6€ Tots vavaylots €umAeKdpevot twes 8 ws Koudotépw tiv Oddatrav édllavov 7a 426 cld7jjpw adds avtovs avaipotvTes. TO ye pq mXciotov bmd0 TMV KvUaTwY EeKepopmevov Tept- e€aiveto tais amopp@éw, ws aipaybyvar pev éezi mAeiotov 70 7éAayos, mAnpwOhjvar Sé€ vexp@v trv mapaAiov' Kal yap Tovs émt Tov alytadAov é€x- pepoévovs edeota@tes of “Pwpyator drédberpov. 427 apiBuos [de| Tav exBpacbevtwy cwyatwy teTpa- KiaxlAtot mpos Tois Siakoatous jv. “Pupaior dé AaBovtes auayynti tiv mOAW KatacKamTovow. 428 (4) “loan pev ovdv ev OAlyw ypovw dSevTEpov bz 429 “Pwyators édAw. Otdeomaciavos 8 ws ut) madw oi meipatat cuvadtobeiev cis abtiv, otpatomeddor Te €mt THS aKpoToAews eyeiper Kal TO immeKoV ér 430 atta Katadeimer peta TeL@v oXywv, W odtot per KaTa ywpav pevovtes PpovpMot TO aTpatomeEdov ot 8 inmeis mpovopetwor THY mépié Kai Tas TEploiKous KWILas TE Kal TOALyvas eEaipMow TH: 431 “lommys. of pev otv Kata 7a mpootaxbévta tip ywpav Katatpeyovtes Kal repay eTeuvov Te Ka sy, ; 7phovv atacav. 432 (5) ‘Qs 6b€ ets ra ‘lepoodAvpa 76 Kata TH ‘lwranatnvy mabos ynyyéAn, TO bev mpa@Tov Amt aTovy ot moAAoi Kai dia TO péyefos THS Gupdopa: Kal Oia TO pyndeva TaV Acyouévwv adbtomTyi 433 mapeivar’ diveaowbyn yap ovd€ ayyedos, add’ adtro uatn’ duKkypvocev dyn tiv GAwow, oikeia duce 434 T@v oKvbpwrotépwv. Kat oAlyov S€ bua 7B mpooxwpwr wdeve Tadnfes kai mapa maow apdu 1 airowati PA, 696 JEWISH WAR, III. 425-434 wreckage from which they could not extricate them- selves ; others, regarding the sword as a lighter evil than the sea, anticipated drowning by suicide. The majority, however, were swept to shore by the waves and their bodies hurled and mangled against the cliffs. A wide area of sea was red with their blood, and the coast was covered with corpses ; for the Romans, lining the beach, massacred those who were cast up. The number of bodies washed up mounted to four thousand two hundred. The Joppa is Romans took the town without opposition and razed titroane t to the ground. (4) Thus was Joppa, after a brief interval, for the econd time? captured by the Romans. Vespasian, n order to prevent the pirates from congregating here again, established a camp on the acropolis and eft in it the cavalry with a small body of infantry. ‘he latter were to remain on the spot and guard the jamp, the cavalry to ravage the neighbourhood and | estroy the villages and small towns around Joppa; }n obedience to these orders, they daily scoured the jountry, pillaging and reducing it to an utter desert. (5) When the news of the fate of Jotapata reached Be buon erusalem, it was received at first with general salem of }icredulity, both because of the magnitude of the ne ence jalamity and because no eyewitness had come to Jotapata. Jonfirm the report. In fact, not a man had escaped }> tell the tale ; rumour, with its natural propensity > black tidings,? spontaneously spread the news of Ane city’s fall. Little by little, however, the truth Jiade its way from place to place, and was soon S ii. 507 f. > Cf. the description of “‘ Fama ”’ in Virg. Aen. iv. 173 ff., pecially 190, ‘‘facta atque infecta canebat,” with ‘ facts nbroidered by fiction’? in Josephus. 697 JOSEPHUS Bodtas my 707 BeBavorepov: mpoaeaxedialero ye pv Tots TETpayLEVOLS Kal Ta pT) yevomeva, TeOvews yap emt THs addwoews Kat 6 “lwonmos} 435 nyyeAXeTO. TovTO jeylorov Ta ‘lepoodAvpa méev-|) fous em Ajpwcev® Kara pev ye olkous Kal KaTaq ovyyevetas ols TpoonKay EKAOTOS Hv TaV atoAw- 436 AoT wv ebpnvetro, TO 8’ én T@ oTparny®@ méevbos ednuevon, Kai ot prev Eevous, ot de ovyyeveis, ol de gdidous [ot de adehdoovs |’ ebpivowv, TOV ‘Ta. 437 CATLY de mavTEs* ws em TpLaKkoarTy pev Te pan f pn Sivaduretv tas oAodupoers ev TH mOAE, mAEt}, atovs de pucbotcbar tovs atdAntdas, ot Oprjveih; avtois e€Apxov. 438 (6) ‘Os be Tan OA duekadvrTeTo 7D xXpovw Kal}: Ta pev KaTo Thy ‘lerardryy @ womrep €iyev, eoxedia a apevov de TO Kara TOV ‘lwonmov mabos evploKeTo i Civ 8 adrov eyvwoav Kal Tapa ‘Papators OvTi fie Kal Tpos TOV Hyepwovwv mA€ov 7} KaT aixwahuro Ie tynv mepiémecbar, tocodrov dpyfs emt Cadvrofe Goov evvolas émt TeBvavar So0KxodvtTos mpdtepo 439 dveAauPavov. Kal map ols pev els dvavdpiar map ois & eis mpodociav exakileto, mAnpns 7 ayavaKTiaews Hv Kal Tav Kat avTod BAacdnua 440 7) 77OAs. TapwEvvovTo de Tats mAnyats Kal 7™poo efexaiovTo Tats KaKoT pay tas: TO Ye pV mraieu 6 ylverat Tois e0 dpovotow aodadrelas Kal 7a Ouoiwy dvAakis attiov, ekelvois KévTpov €TEepuily, €yiveto aupdop@y, Kat To TEeAos acl TOV Kaka 1 om. PA. f ° Or * guest-friend.” * The period, as Reinach remarks, of the mourning fc}, 698 JEWISH WAR, III. 434-440 regarded by all as established beyond doubt. But the facts were embroidered by fiction ; thus Josephus himself was reported to have fallen when the city was taken. This intelligence filled Jerusalem with the profoundest grief; whereas in each household and family there was mourning of the relatives for their own lost ones, the lamentation for the com- mander was national. While some mourned for a host,* others for a relative, some for a friend, others for a brother, all alike wept for Josephus. Thus for thirty days ® the lamentations never ceased in the city, and many of the mourners hired flute-players ¢ to accompany their funeral dirges. (6) But when time revealed the truth and al] that had really happened at Jotapata, when the death of Josephus was found to be a fiction, and it became known that he was alive and in Roman hands and being treated by the commanding officers with a respect beyond the common lot of a prisoner, the demonstrations of wrath at his being still alive were as loud as the former expressions of affection when he was believed to be dead. Some abused him as a coward, others as a traitor, and throughout the city there was general indignation, and curses were heaped upon his devoted head. The citizens were, moreover, exasperated by their reverses, and their misfortunes only added fuel to the flames. A defeat, which with the wise induces precaution and care to provide against similar misadventures, only goaded them to further disasters; and the end of one calamity was always the beginning of the next. men such as Moses (Deut. xxxiv. 8) and Aaron (Numb. xx. 29). The normal period was seven days (Ecclus. xxii. 12). ¢ Such funeral flute-players are mentioned in Matt. ix. 23. 699 Outcry against Josephus 44] 442 443 444 446 447 448 JOSEPHUS abfis apyn uwaddAov yoiv w@ppwv eéni rods “Pw- patovs ws Kal ‘lwonmov év adtois apvvotpevor. Tovs pev ovv emt trav ‘lepocoAvpwv tovodrot AopvBot Karetxov. (7) Quveomacvavos d€ kal” iotopiav 7Hs Aypinr- Ta Baovretas, evnyev yap BaorAeds avrov,' dua [dé] Kai deEuwoacbar tov yyepova avy TH oTpa- TL T@ Kata TOV oikov OABw mpoatpovpevos Kal KataoteitAac &: a’tT@v Ta vooobvTa THs apyjs, dpas amo THs mapaAov Karcapetas eis tHv DiA- immov Kadovpévnv petaBaiver Karoapecav. évla expt Lev 1LEP@v eikoou THY OTpaTiav ScavaTravwv Kal avTos ev eUvwyiais Tv, amodidols TH ew 5 yaploTynpia tTav KaTwplwuevwv. ws 8 adtT@ ‘ ‘ > TiBepras pev vewrepilew, adeaotavar 5° yyyéAAovto = = = > , > Taptyatar, potpa b€ THs “Aypimma Baodeias Aoav audotepar, mavtobev tovs “lovdatovs Kataotpé- decbar dieyywKws THY El ToUTOUS* oTpaTeiav ~ > > , > eUKaipov 7yyeito Kat du “Aypinmav, ws eis Eevias ayoupnv awdpovicwy avT@ tas modes. mépTrEL e > , , 67) Tov viov Titov ets Karcaperav petagovta thy > a \ > 7 ce > ’ ‘ éxeiVev otpatiav ets LxkvldmoAw 8 €oTw , ~ / , = peytoTn THs AexamoAcws Kai yeitwy ths TiPe- piddos. evOa Kai adtos mapayevopevos exdéyeTau ~ / TOV viOV, KQL ETA TpL@Vv TayyaTwv mpoeAPaw aotpatomedeveTar ev amo Tpiaxovta THs TiBepia- dos atadiwy Kata twa otabuov evovvormTov Tots ’ > ‘ > / / \3 vewtepilovew: Levvafpis ovopalerar. méumrer Se PA: avrés the rest. 2 Niese: rovrov or Tovros MSS. 3 67 PAL. ° Or rather a part of them (§ 446). > ii. 168. 700 JEWISH WAR, III. 441-448 They were now animated with greater fury against the Romans by the thought that, in having their revenge on them, they would also be avenged on Josephus Such was the state of agitation prevailing in Jerusalem. (7) Vespasian, however, had gone to visit Agrippa’s kingdom, to which the king had invited him with the double object of entertaining the general and his troops* with all the wealth of his royal household and of quelling, by their aid, the disorders within his realm. Leaving Caesarea-on-sea, Vespasian, accordingly repaired to the other Caesarea called Caesarea Philippi.° There for twenty days he rested his troops, while he was being féted himself and rendering thankofferings to God for the successes which he had obtained. But when he learnt that Tiberias was disaffected and Tarichaeae already in ‘revolt—both cities formed part of Agrippa’s realm— he thought that now was the time to march against these rebels, in pursuance of his fixed intention of crushing the Jews wherever they rose, and also to oblige Agrippa and to repay his hospitality by recalling these cities of his to their allegiance. He accordingly sent his son Titus to Caesarea to fetch the troops quartered there and march them to Scythopolis, the largest city of Decapolis and in the neighbourhood of Tiberias.° Thither he proceeded himself to receive his son, and then, advancing with three legions, encamped thirty furlongs from Tiberias at a station, well within view of the rebels, called Sennabris.4 From there he sent the decurion ‘ Scythopolis is some twenty miles south of Tiberias. @ Modern Sinn en-Nabrah, on the south-west side of the uake of Gennesareth, near Tarichaeae. 701 Vespasian Agrippa’s guest at Caesarea Philippi. Tiberias, attemptir revolutior JOSEPHUS Sexadapynv Odadrepiavov adv inmetow meV} - KOVTO. diahexOnoopevov etpyviKa tots Kara, THY mow Kal Tporpeyowevov emt motels” AKNKOEL yap, ws émibvpoin pev elpnvns 6 Ofpos, KaTa- aotacialoito & bao TWwav moAcpelv Bralopeveny. 449 mpoceAdoas 8 Ovadepiavos éezet mAnaiov jv Tot Tetxous, avros TE karapatver Kal TOUS OvV avTae TOV immtéwv ameBnoev, ws ay Ooxotev dx poBort- Copevor Tapetvar. Kal 7piv eis Aoyous eAGet evekOéovow atT@ Tay otacicTav ot dvvatw- 450 tatou pel” GrAwv. e€nyeito 8 adtadv Inaods tu ovoua, mais Laddtov,' tod AnotpiKod atidous 451 Kopudatoratos. Odadrepiavds 8€ ovTe Tapa Tas evtoAds Tod otpatnyod cupPadreiv aodades ayov- pevos, el Kal TO vwiKay ein BéBarov, Kat odadepor TO paxeobat moAAois per’ dXrlywv anapacKevaoTou 452 T€ mpos é€Tolwovs, Kat dAAws exmAayels TI addkntov tav “lovdaiwy toAwav, devyer melds ETEpOL TE Opotes TevTE Tos im7ous | améhimov, ov ot TEpt TOV ‘Inooby amijyayov eis THV TOAW yey Botes ws payn Andbervras, ovK evedpa. 453 (8) Tobro KaTadEloayTEs OL ynpaLol Tot O7jj40 Kal mpovyew SoKobvtes pevyovor peev ets TO TO 454 ‘Pwyaiwy otparomedov, émayopevor d€ TOV Baovre Tpoomintovaw (kéTaL Oveoracvave, pr) ope TEpioetv Sedpevot, pnde THY dAtyw amovola 455 jyjoacbat THs moAews oAns, geicactac be TO O7jpou ‘Pwpaios dida ppovodvros gel, Kal Too airious TYyuLwpTnaacbat Tis amooTdcews, vp & avtot dpoupnbjva. péype viv, emt Se€vas en 1 MC (cf. ii. 599, Vita 66, 134, where he is called son c Largias): most mss. have Tovqa. 702 JEWISH WAR, III. 448-455 Valerianus with fifty horsemen to make peaceful proposals to the townsfolk and to urge them to treat ; for he had heard that the people in general desired peace, but were overruled and being driven (0 hostilities by some seditious individuals. Va- erianus advanced on horseback and, on approaching che wall, dismounted and directed his troop to do he same, to prevent any suspicion that they had ‘ome to skirmish. But before any parley had taken jlace, the principal promoters of the rising dashed ut in arms to meet him, headed by a certain Jesus,* on of Saphat, the ringleader of this band of brigands. 7alerianus thought it both imprudent to fight them n defiance of his general’s orders, however certain if victory, and, moreover, dangerous with a small nd unprepared force to face a large army equipped or battle. In short, he was taken aback by the nexpected daring of the Jews, and fled on foot, ve of his companions likewise abandoning their orses. The troops of Jesus brought back these teeds in triumph to the town, as jubilant as if they ad taken them in battle and not by a surprise ttack. (8) Dreading the consequences of this incident, is reduced jie elders and the more respected of the citizens ‘5%? ed to the Roman camp and, after obtaining the jing’s support, threw themselves as suppliants at espasian’s feet, entreating him not to disregard 1em nor to impute to the whole city the madness * a few; let him spare a people who had always 10own themselves friendly to the Romans and punish fie authors of-the revolt, under whose power they tiemselves had been kept to this day, long as they @ Chief magistrate of Tiberias, B. ii. 599. 703 JOSEPHUS 456 €LyOmevon TAAaL. Tattats €vedidouv Tats tkeaiats Cc oTpaTnyos, KalTow bia THY apzayny Tav inmonr ed oAnv wpytopéevos THY TOAW Kal yap aywrviavTc 457 wept avtys tov “Aypinmav éwpa. AaBdvtTwy & TouTwy T@ Oruw' deEvas of mepi tov ‘Inoodi ovKet aadarés Fyovpevor. péver emt tHs TrBe 458 piados ets Tapiyaias amodiudpacKovow. Kati pcb njuéepav QOveotaciavos ovv inmedow mpoméute mpos THv akpwpevay Tpaiavoy amonepabjvar tof 459 mAjYous, «i mavtes elpnvika dpovotev. ws e €yvw tov SHov ouodpovobytTa Tots tkérais, avah AaBwv tHv dvvapw jer mpos THY TOAW. ot dE TA te mUAas avolyovow atT@ Kal pet evhnua UmyVvTwWY CWwTHpa Kal evepyéTHV avakadodvTe: 460 THS 5€ oTpatids TpiPopévyns TEpl THY THY etaddu OTEVvOTnTA Tapappyéat Too KaTa peonuPpiayv Te yous Oveomacavos KeAevoas mAaTUVEL THY €iaBoAr 461 avTols. apmayns wévTor Kai UBpews améxeobat Tra, nyyerev, T@ Bactret yapilopuevos, THV TE TELYG dia todTov edeicato, cuppevety mpos TO Aout eyyuvwpevov TOvs €v aUTois, Kal TOAAd KEKaKWwEL vyv Thy TOAW €x THs OTdGEews aveAapPavev. 462 (x. 1) “Evecta mpoeAbaw atrtis te petaéd k Taptyar@v otpatomedevetar, Terxiles Te TV 7a, euBoArnvy oxvpwrtépav, vtohopwrevos €Ket more 1 VR Lat.: rod dquov the rest. ae 2 The meaning must surely be “to proceed along t ridge "’ (shown in Smith and Bartholomew's Map of oa on the west of the lake) and to enter the town. ° Ordinarily identified with the modern Kerak at t south-west corner of the lake (cf. Pliny, Hist. Nat. v. 71°} 704 JEWISH WAR, III. 456-462 vad been anxious to sue for terms. The general, hough indignant at the whole city on account. of he capture of the horses, none the less yielded o these entreaties, because he saw that Agrippa vas seriously concerned for the town. The delegates hus secured terms on behalf of their fellow-citizens, yhereupon Jesus and his party, thinking themselves 10 longer safe at Tiberias, fled to Tarichaeae. The iext day Vespasian sent forward Trajan to? the idge of the hill to discover whether the whole qultitude were peaceably disposed. Having assured imself that the people were of one mind with he petitioners, he then advanced with his army 9 the city. The population opened their gates to im and went out to meet him with acclamations, ailing him as saviour and benefactor. As the troops ere incommoded by the narrowness of the entrances, ‘espasian ordered part of the south wall to be thrown own and so opened a broad passage for his soldiers. jfowever, as a compliment to the king, he strictly and spared wbade any pillage or violence, and for the same ‘ee 2ason spared the walls, after receiving from Agrippa sake. guarantee for the future fidelity of the inhabitants. le thus brought new life to a city which had sorely iffered from the effects of sedition. (x. 1) Vespasian, then continuing his march, Vespasian itched his camp between Tiberias and Tarichaeae,® eae irtifying it with more than ordinary care, in anticipa- Tarichaeae the centre eridie Tarichea *’). Reinach, however, with others, argues ee ees Jom the word zpoe\@uv, and the previous line of march ‘}om south to north, that Tarichaeae lay to the north of iberias. The ordinary identification is supported by the }ct that Vespasian’s camp was at Ammathus (‘‘ warm Withs,”’ B. iv. 11), undoubtedly the modern Hammam south } Tiberias. VOL. 11 Qa 705 JOSEPHUS 463 Tpiprv avTa@ yevnoowerny- ouveppet yap els Ta Taptyatas may TO vewtepilov, TH TE Tijs moAew OXUPOTNTL Kal TH Aiuvy merouBores, 7 Kahetra 464 Devvnodp T™pos TOV em ixwpla. 7) pev yap TOs womep 7 TiBepias tmaperos ovoa, Kaba py T Aiur) mpooekhulero mavtolev v70 TOD ‘Twormo TETELYLOTO KapTEp@s, eAacaov pevrou Tis TiBep 465 puddos* TOV ev yap exel meptBodov év apx7 TH am oaTdaews darbiAeta Xpmpear ov Kal i Hs expaTvvato, Tapiyata 8 adrod 7a Aetbava Ty, 466 diAotysias petéAaBov. oxadn 8 iv adrtois é7 THs Aiyvys mapeokevacuéeva ToAAA mpos TE T ouppevdye eml ys WTTwWyEevous, Kav et déor bia vavpaxetv efnpt vpeva. meptBahhopeveny d€ Ta ‘Popatew TO o7paroredov ot mepl TOV *Incot ovTe mpos TO 7AnPos ovTE mpos THY edTakto 468 7@v Trodepiwy trodelcavtes mpoléovow, Kat mpc THY TpwrTnv Ehodov THY TeryoToLMv oKedacbevta 6Xrlya Tis Sopjoews omapaEavtes, WS Ewpwv Tor omAitas abpoiloyevous, mpi te mabety eis tor odetépous avédevyov: éemidimavtes b€ ‘Pwpair 469 cuveAatvvovow avtovs els Ta oKadn. Kal Ob pe avaylévtes eis daov e€txveicbar tdv ‘Pwpata Baddovres SUvawtTo tas Te ayKtpas ePaddAov Ke muKkvwoavtes woTep dadayya Tas vats émadAnAor 470 Tois emt yas modelos Stevavpdayouv. Oveomo ciavos S€ to odd mAOos attav 7Opoicpeve akovwv ev T@ Tpo THs ToAEwWs TEdiw TEuTEL TC viov avv immetow é€axoatois émtAéKToLs. 46 ~I * This flatly contradicts Vita 156, where it is said that t people of Tiberias pressed Josephus to build walls for th city “ having heard that Tarichaeae had already been fortified. 706 JEWISH WAR, III. 463-470 tion of prolonged hostilities. _For the whole body of revolutionaries was flocking into Tarichaeae, relying upon the strength of the place and its proximity to the lake, which the native inhabitants jeall Gennesar. The city, built like Tiberias at the foot of the hills, had in fact been completely sur- rounded by Josephus, except on the side washed joy the lake, with solid ramparts, though not so strong as those at Tiberias; for the fortifications j-here had been built by him at the outbreak of the yevolt in the plenitude of his resources and_ his yower, whereas Tarichaeae only obtained the eavings of his bounty.?. The inhabitants, moreover, vad ready on the lake a considerable fleet, to serve jis a refuge if they were defeated on land, and J:quipped for naval combat, if required for that yurpose. While the Romans were intrenching their amp, Jesus and his companions, undeterred by the trength and orderly discipline of the enemy, made sally, and at the first onset dispersed the workmen nd pulled down a portion of the structure. How- ver, when they saw the legionaries mustering, they i\astily fell back upon their own party, before sustain- ag any loss; the Romans pursued and drove them jo their ships. Putting out into the lake just far nough to leave the Romans within bowshot, they hen cast anchor and, closing up their vessels one gainst another like an army in line of battle, they ept up as it were a sea-fight with their enemy on hore. However, Vespasian, hearing that the main ody of the Jews was assembled in the plain outside he town, sent thither his son with six hundred icked cavalry. VOL. II Q2a2 707 JOSEPHUS 471 (2) ‘O & tépoyxov edpay tiv t&v Todeniov mAnfvv mpos pev tov matépa mépmet, mAetovos dvvdpews avT@ div Acyov, avros de TOUS pev mAelous TMV inméwv ppnpevous opav Kal mpy agixeobar Bonfevav, €oTw 8° ots OVXH] 7 pos 76 mAjbos tHv *lovdaiwy KatamemAnyotas, ev emnKow 472 otras [éAcEev Wde}'+ “ dvdpes,”’ edn, “ ‘Pwpator, Kkadov yap ev apxyn t&v Adywv tropvaca. Tot yevous vas, Ww’ eldfte, tives dvtes* mpds Tivas 473 uwaxyecbar péAdomev. Tas pev ye HweTépas yelpas ovdev eis TodTo Tay ent Tis olkovpéevyns d1a- méegevyev, lovdator dé, ty” etmwpev kal brép adtayv. Lexpt viv od KoTmLMow ATTwpevor. Kal Sewvor, EKelVwY EOTWTWY ev Tails KaKOTpaylais, Huds Tots 474 eUTUXpAGW eyKdpvew. mpobvptas ev e€is TC davepov vuds ed exovtas yaipw Brémwv, S€dorKo dé py Twe THv TOAELiwy TO TARBOS KaTamAnEu 475 AeAnOviav evepyaontar. Aoyiodobw 87) maAw oios mpos olous mapataéetat, Kat did7t “lovdator pev et Kat odddpa toAunrat Kat Oavatov Kara: dpovobvtes, aA aoavvtaKtol Te Kal moAcuwr detpou Kal oxAos av dws, od oTpared Aéyowro Ta O€ THS THETEpas epmetpias Kal Tagews Tt Oéi Kat Aéyew; él TodTo pevTor ye povol Kal KaT elpjyvnv aakovpeda Tots dmAow, Ww’ ev moAewe 476 $47) pos TO avtizadov apiOGpev EéavTovs. Ere! ris évnsis THs Sinvexods orpateias, av toot mpds 477 dotparevtous avtittacowpeba; Aoyileafe de ore Kal mpos yuuvitas onAitar Kal immets mpos TE 1 PA: om. the rest. 2 +xai mss.: om. Bekker, 708 JEWISH WAR, III. 471-477 (2) Titus, finding the enemy in prodigious strength, sent word to his father that he required more troops. For his own part, observing that, although most of his cavalry were burning for action without waiting for the arrival of the reinforcements, there were others who betrayed secret dismay at this immense number of Jews, he took up a position where he was audible to all and spoke as follows : “ Romans—it is well at the outset of my address to remind you of the name of your race, that you may bear in mind who you are and whom we have to fight. Our hands to this hour no nation in the habitable world has succeeded in escaping ; though the Jews, to give them their due, so far staunchly refuse to accept defeat. If they in their disasters still stand fast, would it not be disgraceful for our courage to flag in the full tide of success? I rejoice to see in your faces such admirable ardour; but I fear that the multitude of our enemies may have inspired some of you with a lurking alarm. Let such an one reflect once more who he is and against whom he is going into battle. Let him remember that the Jews, however dauntless and reckless of life they may be, are yet undisciplined and unskilled in war and deserve to be called a mere rabble, rather than an army. Of our experience and our discipline is there any need to speak? If, alone of all nations, we exercise ourselves in arms in peace-time, it is for this very object, that in war-time we need not contrast our numbers with those of our opponents. What would be the use of this perpetual training, if we must be equal in numbers to an untrained foe before we face them? Consider again that you will contend in full armour against men that have scarcely 709 Titus befc Tarichaea addresses his troops JOSEPHUS fobs Kat OT parnyoupevor mpos dozparnyjrous bu- aywrileabe, KaL Ws vas pev TadTa TOAAaTAaaious motel 7a 7eovenTqpa7A, mod d€ Tod THY TrOXe- 478 piwy aprB.00 Tmapatpetrat Ta eAaTTwpata. KaT- opbot de TOUS moA€wous ov _TAnBos avopumy, Kay 7} Haxtpov, * avopeta dé, Kav ev oAtyous: ot pev ye Kai Tagacbae® padior Kai Tpooapwve.y €avTois, at 5’ tmépoyxo. Svvapers bd’ é€avtav BdramtTovTat 479 TA€ov 7) THY ToAcuiwv. “lovdaiwy peév oby ToAua Kal Epacos Tyetra Kat a7ovo.a,* maby KaTa pev Tas eUmpaytas eUTova, oBeviueva 5° ev eAaxtorous oddAuaow: 7pav 5° apet7 Kai edmeiBeva Kal TO yevvatov, 3) Kav Tots [aAAots }> edrvxyjpaow axpaler Kav tots m7alop“aow HEXpL zéAous ov addAderat. 480 kai omep perlovey dé 7 “Tovdator diaywvretobe: Kal yap el mepi edeviepias Kal Taz piowy €xelvols 6 moAcpos KwdvveveTar, TL petlov jutv eddoktas Kat ToD pz) OoKeiv peTa THY THS OlKOULEeVNS TyE- 48] Beaty ev aytimddy Ta “Tovdatww 7Becbar; oKe- téov © OTL Kal mabetv pev ovddev dvijKeaTov Hype Bos: 7oA}ot yap ot BonBijcovres Kal 7Anotov dp7doat be TV vixny duvdueba, Kal (XPT TOUS UTC TOO 7 Tpos TELTOMEVOUS: Hutvy cuppaxyous Pbavew iv) aKowwvntov TE nh. TO Kkarophupa Kat peilov voptlon 3 eywye em THOSE Tis copas kat TOL matTépa Tov euov Kpivecbar Kaye Kat beds, el TD wey TpokaTwphuapevenv afvos éxeivos, eye 8 exelvov mais, oTpaTiarau 5° dpets Hoo" Kal ya exelvw TO vikadv €fos, Kaya) mpos avdtov vmo- nes Le 4) bo 1 dunxavov Destinon, ** however huge,” but this sense unparalleled in Josephus. 2 uév yap ML. 8 waparatacbac MVRC, 710 JEWISH WAR, III. 477-482 any, that you are cavalry against infantry, that you have generals and they have none ; these advantages greatly multiply your effective strength, as the enemy's disadvantages greatly detract from his. Wars are not won by numbers, however efficient the soldiers, but by courage, however few the men: small forces are easily manceuvred and brought up to each other’s support, whereas unwieldy armies do themselves more injury than they receive from the enemy. The Jews are led on by audacity, temerity and despair, emotions which are bracing in the flush of success but are damped by the slightest check ; we, by valour, discipline, and a heroism which, though doubtless seen to perfection when favoured by fortune, in adversity also holds on to the last. Again, you will contend for a higher cause than the Jews ; for, though they face war for liberty and country in jeopardy, what higher motive could there be for us than glory and the determination, after having dominated the world, not to let the Jews be regarded as a match for ourselves? Nor should you forget that we have no irretrievable disaster to fear. Our supports are numerous and at hand; yet we can snatch a victory, and we ought to anticipate the arrival of the reinforcements now on their way from my father. Our triumph will be more glorious if unshared. For myself, I believe that in this hour my father and I and you are all on our trial; it will be seen whether he is really worthy of his past successes, whether I am worthy to be his son, and you to be my soldiers. Victory to him is habitual; how “ drévoial+Kxai PA: dmovolas (omitting preceding xal) the rest. 5 om. LVR. 711 JOSEPHUS ’ 3 “ e ‘ , e ~ A 423 oTpedew ovK av Umometvayut Aerdbeis. Byets Se m@s ovK av aicxytvoicbe mpoKxivduvetortos 7yEpo- vos 7TTWPEVOL; TpoKWOvVevoW yap, €v loTE, Kal 484 Tp@Tos els Tovs moAeulous euBadrdd. pr Acizeabe 5° tyets epovd TETTELO[LEVOL THY €unv Opuny Tapa- Kporetafar bed CULEX, Kal TpoylwwoKeETE cagads, ott THs e€w paxyns mAéov te Katopuw- copev. 485 (3) Tatra rod Titov die€idvtos mpofupia dat- povios Eumimter Tols avdpdow, Kal TpooyevopeEvov mplv oupPareiv Tpaiavod pera TeTpAKOGLwV in- TEWY moxadov Ws pelovpevns THS viKNs avrots 486 dua THY KOLWwYLAY. emepibev d€ Otveamactaves Kal "Avrwvov Lidwva adv dicxtAlors to€dtais, KeAev- cas kataAaBovtas TO avtikpd THs mOAEwWsS Opos 487 rods émt Tod Telyous dveipyew. Kal ot pev, WS TpOeTeTaK7O, TOUS TaUTy TELPWILEVOUS exBorbeiv TEPLEOXOY, 6 be Tizos, 7 p@Tos TOV inmov TAauvev eis TOUS 7oAepious Kal ovv Kpavyi) per avrov ot Aotzrot TAPEKTELVAYTES €avTous ets Ocov emetxov ot moA€utoe TO TEdlov, apo Kai odd aAEtous 488 €s0éav. ot S€ “lovdaior, Katto. THY TE OpuTY Kal TI evragiav att@v KatamAayevtes, Tmpos oAtyov ev dv7€aXov Tais euBodais, VUGOO[EVOL oe Tois KovTois Kal T@ pollw Tay inmméwv dvaTpeTropevor 489 guveratobvTo. moAA@v 5é€ mavtaxod dovevopevwv SuacKidvavTat Kal mpos THY TOAW Ws EKAOTOS 490 elyev tTayous edevyov. Titos S€ tos pev KaToTw TpooKelevos aviper, TOV b€ SiexTaiwy abpowr, ots 6€ dbavwv Kata otdpa Sindavvev, troAAovs * Or “ if you abandoned me.” (ag. JEWISH WAR, III. 483-490 could I dare return to him if defeated*? And you, surely you would be ashamed to be surpassed when your chief leads the way to danger. For lead I will, be sure of it, and will charge the enemy at your head. Do you then not fail me, have confidence that God is on my side and supports my ardour, and be assured that, beyond mere victory in this battle outside the walls, we shall achieve some further success.”’ (3) As Titus thus harangued them a supernatural frenzy took possession of his men, and when, before the engagement, Trajan joined them with four hundred cavalry, they chafed as though these partners had come to detract from their own credit for the victory. Vespasian at the same time sent Antonius Silo with two thousand archers to occupy the hill opposite the town and beat off the enemy on the ramparts ; these troops, in accordance with their instructions, prevented any attempts from that quarter to assist the Jewish army outside. Titus now led the charge, spurring his horse against the enemy ; behind him, with loud shouts, came his men, deploying across the plain so as to cover the whole of the enemy's front, thereby materially increasing their apparent strength. The Jews, though dis- mayed by the impetuosity and good order of this attack, for a while sustained the Roman charges ; but pierced by the lances and overthrown by the rush of cavalry they fell and were trampled under foot. When the plain on all sides was covered with corpses, they dispersed and fled to the city, as fast as each man’s legs could carry him. ‘Titus, hotly pursuing, now cut down the laggards in the rear, aow made lanes through their bunched masses ; here rode ahead of them and charged them in front, there 713 Defeat of the Jewis! army outside th town. JOSEPHUS de ovr7 rota mept aAAnAous mEcovTAsS eum dav, 491 macw 6¢€ Tas T™pos TO TELYXOS duyas UreTepveTo Kal 7pos TO 7E€dLOV améotpedev, ews T@ TAGE Bracduevor Kal Suexrecdvtes' eis tiv moAW avv- édevyov. 492 (4) "Exddyerar 5€ adrtods mdAw ordois etow xarem7). Tots bev yap emixwplots dud TE Tas KT GELS kat Ty moAw ovK ed0KEL Troe petv am 493 apx7s; Kal TOTE Sia THY HTTAV mAéov: 6 8 emnAus moAvs wv mAetov éBialeto, Kal Swwpy.opevwv em aAAnAots Kpavy?) TE HV Kal OopuBos ws Ogov ovUTwW 494 Pepowevenv els onda. KataKkovaas be THs Tapaxis Tivos, ov yap nv anmwlev tod Telxous, “ obtos nv Oo Kalpos, eKkBod, Kat “Tl, ovotpaTi@rat, / > / e = > / ~ /, perAAopwev exdiddvtos Hiv “lovdaiouvs Beod; Se- 495 ace tiv viknv. ovK aKkovete Bons; otacia- Covaw ot tas yxetpas HUa@v Siadvyovtes.” Exopev Thv moAw, €av Taxtvwpev’ Set S€ mdvov pos T® Taye Kat Ajpatos: obdev yap Tav peydAwy 496 hide? Siya Kiwdvvov Katopbotcba. POdvew 8° ov piovov xp THY Tv ToAEeuiwy Oopdvotay, ovs avaykn diadAakéer tayéws, aAAa Kat THY TOV nHpuetepwv Borferav, va mpos T@ viKjoat ToaovTov mAnGo0s oAtyo. Kal THY TOAW EAwpeVv povot. 1 PA: dexvaicavres L (improbable repetition of verb already used). 2 duvexguyovtes P (for text ef. § 473). * Probably. as suggested by Reinach, the incident re- corded in Suet. Jit. 4 took place on this occasion: * Tari- cheas et Gamalam (the latter was really taken by Vespasian, |. iv. 4 ff.) . . . in potestatem redegit, equo quadam acie sub }} feminibus amisso alteroque inscenso, cuius rector circa se |) dimicans occubuerat.” if 714 JEWISH WAR, III. 490-496 dashed into groups which had fallen foul of each other and trampled them to pieces. For all, in short, he sought to intercept retreat to the walls and to head them off into the plain, until at length, by superior numbers, they succeeded in forcing a way through and flinging themselves into the town.? (4) But there a new and terrible contention awaited Capture: them. The indigenous population, intent on their Berle property and their city, had from the first disapproved of the war, and after this defeat were now more opposed to it than ever. But the crowd from out- side, a numerous body, were only the more deter- mined to hold them to it. There were mutual angry recriminations, shouts and uproar; the two parties seemed on the point of coming to blows. From his position not far from the wall, Titus overheard this commotion. “ Now is the time,” he cried; ‘ why tarry, comrades, when God himself delivers the Jews into our hands? Hail the victory that is given you. Do you not hear that clamour? They are at strife with each other—those men who have Just slipped through our hands. The town is ours if we are quick. But besides haste we need effort and resolution ; great successes never come without risks.2. We must not wait till concord is re-established among our enemies: necessity will reconcile them all too soon. But neither let us wait for assistance from our friends : after defeating such a multitude with our small force, let us have the further honour of taking the city ) unaided.” > A reminiscence of Soph. Electra 945 épa mévov tro xwpis Yovde evruxe?, similarly paraphrased elsewhere (B. v. 501 Dixa movov karopbovy te Tay meyarwv ovdevi padiov, cf. A. iii. 58 Vrw movety . . mavta AnwTd). We have already had other dhrases drawn from the same context (B. iii. 153, 212). VOL. II 2a3 715 JOSEPHUS 497. (5) Taté&’ dpa A€yor éml tov immov avamnod Kal Kkabyyetrau T™pos TI Aen, bu is cAdoas T™pa@Tos els TI OAL elo€pxeTau Kal per avTov 498 of Aowzot. Sé€os S€ mpos tHv ToAuav adrod Tois emt THY TeLy@v evérecev, Kal paxecar pev 7 dtakwAvew ovdels trepwewev, Amdvtes SE TH dpovpav ot pev epi tov *Incoty dia THs ywpas 499 epevyov, of 8 emt thy Aivnv Katabéovtes tr- avtialovaw Tots ToAepiows mepiemimToVv’ EKTElvoVTO S’ of pev émiPaivovtes tTHv cxadadv, ot S€ Tots 500 avaxOetow mpoovetv’ meipwmpevor. modAds S€ TeV Kara THv TOAW Hv dovos, TAY pev em Avdw daou HT) duaduyeiv epGacav dyTiTaccopeven, dwaynrt € TOV emXptooy Kata yap éAmida devas Kal 70 ouverdos TOU By BeBovdetoGar? mroAepetv paxns 501 dmeTpeTov70, pEXpL Tizos Tos jeev airious aveAwy, olKTElpas de TOUS emLyYWpiovs aveTTavoaTo Povov.® 502 Kat of prev els THY Aivynv KatadvydvTes ETE THV moAw eidov €adwKviav, ws Toppwratw Tav ToAe- puiwy avyiyOncav. 503. (6) Titos 8 éxnéupas twa ta&v inméwy €d- 504 ayyeAilerae TH Tatpi 7o Epyov. Oo 8’, ws eikds, bmepyabeis TH Te TOU Talos apeTH Kal TH KaT- opFapare, peyiory yap ed0KeL kabyphobar potpa Tov moAc€uov, TOTE pev eAdav TepioxovTas THY mOAWw dpoupetv éxéAevaev, ws pr) SvaddBor tis €& 505 avrijs, Kal KTEelvew mpooeta€er*s*, TH 5 DoTepata 1 Destinon from Lat. natando assequi: mpocuévew L: wpootimresy most Mss. 2 BeBourjo@a R 8 Hudson from Lat.: zévov mss. * P: éxéXevsev the rest; there is apparently a lacuna, 716 JEWISH WAR, III. 497-505 (5) As he spoke he leapt on his horse, led his troops to the lake, rode through the water @ and was the first to enter the town, followed by his men. Terror-struck at his audacity, none of the defenders on the ramparts ventured to fight or to resist him ; all abandoned their posts and fled, the partisans of Jesus across country, the others down to the lake. The latter ran into the arms of the enemy advancing to meet them ; some were killed while boarding their boats, others endeavouring to swim out to their companions, who had previously gained the open water.” In the town itself there was great slaughter, without discrimination between the strangers who had not succeeded in escaping and now made some resistance, and the residents who offered none, their hope of pardon and their consciousness of having discountenanced the war leading them to lay down their arms. At length, Titus, after the real culprits had been slain, took pity on the natives of the place and stopped the massacre. Those who had taken refuge on the lake, seeing the city taken, sailed off and kept as far as possible out of range of the enemy. (6) Titus dispatched a trooper to convey the Vespasi gratifying news of this achievement to his father. PR's Vespasian, as was to be expected, was highly de- pursue lighted at his son’s valour and at the success of his “*""* enterprise, which seemed like the termination of a serious portion of the war. Repairing instantly to the spot he gave orders to keep a strict guard round the city, to prevent any from escaping, and to kill . The next day he @ The town was unwalled on the side facing the lake (§ 464). > § 469. 117 JOSEPHUS mpos 7iv Aluvyv KataBas oxedias eKeAevoev mijacew' emi Tovs KaTamedevyotas: at 8 éeyivovto taxews adfovia te VAns Kai ANE TexviTav. 506 (7) ‘H 6€ Atuyn Tevvnoap pev azo ths Tpoo- exods xywpas Kadeitat, otadiwy 8 evdpos ovoca TECOapAKOVTA Kal Tpos ToUTOLs ETépwY EKaTOV TO pnKos, yAvKEiad TE Guws €oTl Kal TOTYLWTAaTH’ 507 Kai yap THs €Awdous mayUTHTOS Exel TO vaya ETTOTEpPOV, kabapa r eorly mavrobev atytadots émtArnyovoa Kal Youn, Tpos d€ eUKpaTos dpu- cacba, ToT apob pev 7 KpNHvns Tpoanveatépa, ux porépa d€ 7) KaTa Atuvns dudxvow aei evovaa. 508 TO ev ye Vdwp ouK amadet xXLOvos eEarpracbev, omep Gépous vuKtos moveiv EOos Tots emtywplas, yevn O txOdwy év atrhH diadopa mpos tovs aAd- 509 Aaxod yevolv te Kal id€av. péon 8 bro Tod *lopdavov réuverar. Kai doxet pev “*lopdavov any7 TO Ilaveov, déperar & bo yi els TodTO KpuTT@s €k THs KaAoupévns Diddns: 7 8 €atw aviovTwy ets 77v Tpaywvitw amo otadiwy éxatov eikoot Katoapeias, THs 0500 Kata TO de€vov pepos BllovK amwhev. é€x pev obv THs TEpidepelas eTUpws® Diddy Kadreirar tpoxoedys otca Aiwyyn, pever 3 510 A Yao’ 2 Hudson after Lat.: éroinws msi. ’ i.e. about 16 miles long by 43 broad; the Greek stade, rendered “ furlong’, = 6062 English feet. The rea] measure- ments on a modern. map are about 123 miles by 7 miles (at its broadest part). Josephus possibly intends to give the average breadth (the breadth at Tiberias is about 5 miles); but the length is. anyhow, overstated, and there is noauthority for regarding (with Reinach) the words zpés tovtas érépwv as jnterpelaiegs thus reducing it to 100 stades (= about 114 miles). 718 JEWISH WAR, [Il. 505-511 descended to the lake and gave directions for the construction of rafts for the pursuit of the fugitives. With an abundance of wood and of workmen, the flotilla was soon ready. (7) The lake of Gennesar takes its name from the Descrip adjacent territory. It is forty furlongs broad and o Be a hundred and forty long.* Notwithstanding its nesaretl extent, its water is sweet to the taste and excellent to drink: clearer than marsh water with its thick sediment, it is perfectly pure, the lake everywhere ending in pebbly or sandy beaches. Moreover, when drawn it has an agreeable temperature, more pleasant than that of river or spring water, yet invariably cooler than the great expanse of the lake would lead one to expect. It becomes as cold as snow when one has exposed it to the air, as the people of the country are in the habit of doing during the summer nights. The lake contains species of fish different, both in taste and appearance, from those found elsewhere. The Jordan runs through eer the middle of the lake. This river has its apparent oe source at Panion®; in reality it rises in the pool called Phiale from which it passes by an unseen subterranean channel to Panion. Phiale will be found at a distance of a hundred and twenty furlongs from Caesarea (Philippi), on the right of and not far from the road ascending to Trachonitis; the pool derives its name Phiale ¢ from its circular form ; » ** Pan’s grotto ”’ (cf. B. i. 404 ff.), in the neighbourhood of which Philip the Tetrarch built Paneas (Caesarea Philippi, Banias), B. ii. 168. ¢ Meaning “ saucer.’’ The pool is probably the modern Birket Ram, some four miles south-east of Caesarea Philippi; but the possibility of any connexion between this pool and Panion is denied by modern geographers (Reinach). 719 JOSEPHUS em xetAous aurijs det TO vowp une? umovoorobv 512 nO” vTepxeopevov. ayvooupevos d€ Tews 6 "lop- davns evtedbev apxecbar d1a Tod TeTpapxyaavros 513 Tpaxwvirav mrA€yx On Didizzov- Barey yap ovtos els TH Diadnv ayupa KaTa 70 [avevoy, evdev eddkovv ot Tmadatot yevvacbat tov TmoTapov, edpev 514 qveveyfevra. tod pev ovv Ilavetov to duarkov KaAXos b7o0 THs BactAKns mpoceEnoKyntat roAv- teheias, Ta)" “Aypinma tour KEKOOMNLEVOV: 515 apxomevos be pavepoo pevparos 6 ‘lopdavns amo TovdE TOD aYTpoU KOTTEL pev Ta THS Lepe- xwviri6os Atwens edn Kat TéAwata, Siapetibas oe éTépous €kKaTOV elkooL aTadlous Hera moAw *lov- Adda Svexzaies THY Tevvncap péonv, emeita moA- Ajv avapetpovpevos éepnutav eis tHv “Aodadritw e€eror Aun. 516 (8) Ilaparetver 6€ tiv Devvnodp Opvupos Xapa, Pavpaory gvow TE Kal kahhos: ovre yap att TL dutov dpvetrar dia TH TLOTHT A, Kal may mepuTevKaow ol VE[LO[LEVOL, 700 6 aépos 70 517 evKpaTov appoler Kal Tots dtadopots. KapUaL [Lev ye, puT@V TO Xelepuaratov, ATELPOL zeOndaow, evba dolvikes, of Katvpate tpédovtar, auKat de Kat éAatat mAnaliov tovTwv, als padPaxwrepos 518 anp amoddderk7at. dirorystay av TIs elmo THS gucews Bracapevns Els &y ouvayayetv Ta PAX, Kal TOV Wpa@v ayabny epi, exdotTyns woTeEp avTt- ~ 1 Bekker: 7év (or 74v) mss. with subsequent zAovrov in most. * Modern Baheiret el Huleh (perhaps the “ waters of Merom ”’ of Josh. xi. 5). 720 JEWISH WAR, III. 511-518 the water always fills the basin to the brim without ever subsiding or overflowing. It was for long un- known that this was the true source of the Jordan, but the fact was proved by Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis : he had chaff thrown into the pool of Phiale and found it cast up at Panion, where the ancients believed that the stream had its origin. The natural beauties of Panion have been enhanced by royal munificence, the place having been em- bellished by Agrippa at great expense. After issuing from this grotto the Jordan, whose course is now visible, intersects the marshes and lagoons of Lake Semechonitis,t then traverses another hundred and twenty furlongs, and below the town of Julias® cuts across the Lake of Gennesar, from which, after meandering through a long desert region, it ends by falling into the Lake Asphaltitis.° (8) Skirting the lake of Gennesar, and also bearing that name, lies a region whose natural properties and beauty are very remarkable. There is not a plant which its fertile soil refuses to produce, and its cultivators in fact grow every species; the air is so well-tempered that it suits the most opposite varieties. The walnut, a tree which delights in the most wintry climate, here grows luxuriantly, beside palm-trees, which thrive on heat, and figs and olives, which require a milder atmosphere. One might say that nature had taken pride in thus assembling, by a tour de force, the most discordant species in a single spot, and that, by a happy rivalry, each of the seasons wished to claim this region for her own. Se72,.11-.168. ¢ The Dead Sea. 4 The plain of Gennesaret (el Ghuwezr) on the north-west of the lake between Capernaum and Magdala. 721 The fer district Gennes reth. JOSEPHUS ToLouLevnS TOD ywplov: Kal yap ov povov Tpédet ‘ / \ / 3 7, > 4 \ mapa dd€av tas diaddpovs omwpas, adda Kai 519 diadvAdooe:. ta pev ye Bacittkwrata, oradvdAnv Te Kal aidKxov, d€ka puna adiadeintws xopnyet, ‘ \ ‘ ‘ a* @ , Tous d€ Aowzovs Kaptovs 6° ETous dAov mEpLynpa- cKovTas €avTois': Tpos yap TH TMV a€pwv evKpacia =~ cw A Kat myn Siapdetar yovyiwrdtn, Kadapvaodp > \ ¢ b , ~ , 4 ~ 520 avt7nv ot emuya@ptort KaAotow. tTavtnv ddA€Ba Tob \ ct ~ ~ A NetAov twes edokav, emel yevva TH KaTAa THY > ~ 521 °AdeEavdpéwv Aiuvynv Kopakivw mapamAnaov. pH- kos 6€ TOD ywplov Tapateiver KaTa TOV atytadAov ~ e / THs Opwvtpov Aiwvyns éeml ortadiovs TpiadKovTa > ~ 4, Kai eUpos elKool. Tatra pev [otyv] ovTws dvaews ” EXEL. > \ e 522 (9) Oveomactavos 8°, émet Trapecxevacbnoav at / ~ ~ oxediar, THs Suvdpews éemiBnoas daov werTo Tois J \ , , = Kata THV Ayvnv avtapKécew emavyyeTo. Tots : ~ 5 de ovveAavvopevois ovt emt yay Siadevyew Hv > > ” EKTETIOACLWLEVWY =mavTwY ovT e& icov é.a- ~ / 523 vaupayely’ Ta Te yap oKadn pikpa ovTa kal A pu > 7 ’ Anotpika mpos tas axedias Hv aobevyn, Kai Kal o ‘ / > ‘ ‘ > , ? exagtov eumAeovtes oAtyor mpos abpoous éd- ~ ¢ , saat eoT@tas Ttovs “Pwpyatovs eyyilew €dedoixeicav. ” > > ’ , ‘ , ” > 524 dws 8 obv exmepimAdovtes Tas ayedlas, €aotw 8 ¢ Omov Kai 7Anoialovtes, TOppwhev Tovs “Pwpaious » , A 7, > , ” €Baddrov AiBois Kat mapakvovtes eyybev Emacov. 1 L: om. Lat.: ad’rois the rest: text doubtful. * Capernaum (Kephar-Nahum, village of Nahum) has 722 JEWISH WAR, III. 518-524 For not only has the country this surprising merit of producing such diverse fruits, but it also preserves them: for ten months without intermission it supplies those kings of fruits, the grape and the fig; the rest mature on the trees the whole year round. Besides being favoured by its genial air, the country is watered by a highly fertilizing spring, called by the inhabitants Capharnaum 7; some have imagined this to be a branch of the Nile, from its producing a fish resembling the coracin found in the lake of Alexandria. This region extends along the border of the lake which bears its name for a length of thirty furlongs and inland to a depth of twenty. Such is the nature of this district. (9) Vespasian, when his rafts were ready, put onNaval b: board as many troops as he considered necessary toe cope with the fugitives on the lake and launchedy' the | his flotilla. The Jews, thus rounded up, could neither escape to land, where all were in arms against them, nor sustain a naval combat on equal terms. For their skiffs, being small and built for piracy, were no match for the rafts, and each was manned by no more than a handful of men who were afraid to close with the dense ranks of their Roman assailants. However, they hovered round the rafts, occasionally even approaching them, now flinging stones from a distance at the Romans, now scraping alongside and attacking them at close been identified either with Khan Minyeh (more probable) or with Tell Hum, farther north. The latter is a waterless site (G. A. Smith) ; above the former rises a copious spring which communicates by a canal with the plain. ’ The Lake Mareotis. The coracin, so called from its raven-black colour, seems to have resembled an eel; Martial, xiii. 85, calls it “‘ princeps Niliaci macelli.” 723 JOSEPHUS : 7 > > ‘ / > > / ~ 525 exaxobvto 8 atrot mAéov Kat’ auddorepa’ tais Te yap Xeppaow ovdev Sp@vres OTe pu) KTUTOV éz- addAnov, els yap. meppay|Levous eBaMov, ePikTOL Tots ‘Papatwy eywovto BéAcow, Kai mAnovdlew ToAu@vtes mpw Spacat 7. mabeiv édfavov Kat 594 Gv avTois €Banmtilovto tois oxadeow. Tav be duekmalew Tetpwyevwv ToAAovs pev edixvovpevot Kovtots dvezetpov, ous be Eudrpers emimnd@vres els Ta oxadyn, Twas S€ ovvtTpexovcais Tals ayxe- diaus evavoAndbevras Lécous ethov" dpa Tats 527 1 eee Tov be Bamricbevrew TOUS dvavevovras [7] BédAos eplavev 7 oxedia kareAduBavev, Kal npoopaiven on dpnxavias els zovs €xOpovs TELPWILEVWY 7) Kepards 7) xetpas améKomTov ot 598 ‘Papaio. 7 oAAn Te vi avrav Kal Tokidy dbopa Tav7ayod, cok TpamrevTes eis ynv e€ewabnoav ot Aoizot kexukhapevew avrots Tav aAddwv. exxyeopevow d€ 7oAAol pev ev adtH KatTHnKoVvTilovTo 7H Ain, 7oMovds 6° éxmndjoavtas ot ‘Papator ded etpav emt ys. Hv O° idelv Kexpapevny pev aiware, mem*Anpupevny dé vexp@v thy Atuvynv 530 27 aca" dieasOn yap ovdeis. dew de Tats efijs Tpepats TEpletye THV xXepav 0617) T€ Kat dys: ot pev yap atytarot vavaylo aja. Kal diodouvTwy Eye pov owpdaTov, EKKALOMEVOL dé kal pvddvres ot vexpolt Tov aépa biédbetpov, ws px) povov olKTpoV *Tovdatois yevéobar 76 maBos, aAda Kai 1a picovs 53] TOUS Opdoaow eAGciv. toidTo pev exetvns Tihs vavpaxlas To TéAos, anéBavov dé adv Tots emt 1 MVRC Lat.: #\@ov PA: (cuv)n\owv Destinon. 2 PAL Lat. (cf. B. vii. 69, 101): éxxXecduevor the rest. 724 JEWISH WAR, III. 525-531 range. But in both these manceuvres they sustained greater injury themselves: their stones produced nothing but a continuous rattle in striking men well protected by armour, while they were themselves exposed to the arrows of the Romans ; on the other hand, when they ventured to approach, before they had time to do anything they instantly came to grief and were sent to the bottom with their skiffs. If they tried to break through the line, the Romans could reach them with their lances and transfixed numbers of them, or leaping upon the barks passed their swords through their bodies; sometimes the rafts closed in and caught their enemies between them, capturing men and vessels. When any who had been sunk rose to the surface, an arrow quickly reached or a raft overtook them ; if in their despair they sought to board the enemy's fleet, the Romans cut off their heads or their hands. Thus perished these wretches on all sides in countless numbers and countless manners, until the survivors were routed and forced to the shore, their vessels surrounded by the enemy. As they streamed forth from them many were speared in the water; many sprang on land, where they were slain by the Romans. One could see the whole lake red with blood and covered with corpses, for not a man escaped. During the following days the district reeked with a dreadful stench and presented a spectacle equally horrible. The beaches were strewn with wrecks and swollen )} carcases: these corpses, scorched and clammy in ) decay, so polluted the atmosphere that the catastrophe which plunged the Jews in mourning inspired even its authors with disgust. Such was the issue of this naval engagement. The dead, including those who 125 JOSEPHUS THs mOAews mpotepov mecotow ééakioxidion émra- KOoLoL. (10) Odeomactavos 5€ peta THY paxnv Kabile A are , > / , > > A prev emt Bryatos ev Taptyatats, d:axpivwyv 6° azo Tay ETLYWpPlWY TOV ex Avv Aco, KaTapéat yap ovros ed0KeL 7ohEpov, pera TOV Wyepnovw et xP? 533 Kal TovTouvs owlew EOKETITETO. Papevey de Tov- TWD BAaBepav eceabar THv adecw auTav, ov yap Tpepnoew amoAviévras avipuzous eo7epypevous pev T@v Tatpidwy, Bialecbar 5€ Kal mpos ous 534 av Katadvywow modeyetvy Suvapevovs, Oveoma- cuavos ws pev ovr aéiot owrnpias elev Kai’ diadev€ovtar Kata Tov adévtwr® eyiwwoKev, TOV 535 6€ Tpomov att@v THs avaipécews Bievoeizo. Kal yap avtoOu Ktelvwv éxmoAceuwmoew thewpato Tovs / e ~ emtywptous, od yap avé€ecbar dovevopevwy tkeT@v > ~ ToooUTwY Tap avtois, Kal peTa TlaTeLs embecbar ~ > 9 / ] / | i , 536 mpoeABotaw oby tméepevev. e€evixwv 8 at didot \ 1 3 , > \ > , ‘ p7j0ev Kara lovdalwy acePés civat A€yovres Kal Xpyvar 70 cuudepov aipetobar mpo 700 TmpeTOVvTOS, 537 OTav 7) uy) OuvaTov augw. KaTtavevoas ovv avrots ddevav apdiPodov exétpeev e€vevar dia povns 7 > ‘ cAN / ed ~ ~ ‘ 4 538 THs emt TiPepiada depovons 6d00. tav de Taxéws mioTtevoavtwy ois 7UeAov Kai peTa davepa@v * > ~ — b] / ev acgadct THY xpnuatwyv rep emeTpaTN xw- to 53 1 PA Heg. : wevtaxécio the rest. 2 RK: xav or xai ei the rest. 3 + onrdifecdar M. * ins. Destinon, Niese. * This naval engagement was, it seems, commemorated in the triumphal procession at Rome by the * numerous ships ** which accompanied it (B. vii. 147). Reinach refers 726 | a i oe on Em ol En ee | ee i | Os | ce i a | JEWISH WAR, IIT. 531-538 fell in the previous defence of the town, numbered six thousand seven hundred. (10) After the battle Vespasian took his seat on his tribunal at Tarichaeae, and separating the native population from the crowd of immigrants who had at evidently given the signal for hostilities, consulted with his lieutenants whether the lives of the latter also should be spared. All unanimously declared that their liberation would be pernicious ; once let loose, these expatriated men would never keep quiet, and would, moreover, be capable of forcing into revolt those with whom they sought refuge. Vespasian recognized that they were undeserving of pardon and that they would only abuse their liberty to the detriment of their liberators, but he asked himself how he could make away with them : if he killed them on the spot, he suspected that he would bitterly alienate the residents, who would not tolerate the massacre in their city of all these refugees who had sued for mercy; on the other hand, he could not bring himself to let them go, and then, after pledging his word, to fall upon them. However, in the end his friends overcame his scruples by telling him that against Jews there could be no question of impiety, and that he ought to prefer expediency to propriety when the two were in- compatible. Vespasian accordingly granted these aliens an amnesty in equivocal terms, but permitted them to quit the city by only one route, that leading to Tiberias. Prompt to believe what they earnestly desired, the wretches set out in complete confidence, carrying their effects without any disguise, in the to bronzes of Vespasian and his sons bearing the legend VICTORIA NAVALIS. 127 Fate of rebels congreg Tarichas JOSEPHUS / , ‘ . e a7 A povvtwr, SiadapBavovaw pev ot ‘Pwpator tHv ~ / expe TiBepiddos macav, ws pn tis atoxAwecev, U > ’ A >’ A / A ’ 539 cuyKAetovat 8° attovs eis THY TOAW. Kat Oveoma- ~ ‘ aiavos émeAOav torno. mavtas ev T@ oTadw, \ _ , Kal ynpatovs pev Gua Tots axproTots diaKoatous -) A ~ ~ \ / 540 emt ytAlous dvtas aveAciv exédevoev, TOV SE vewv > / ” emiAeEas tovs iayupotatous é€akioxiAious €77EM- > \ > \ NTs \ \ \ a6 pev eis tov icobucovy Népwr, Kat to Aowrov TAAGos > / Els Tplopuplous Kal TETpAaKOGLOUS OVTAS TLTMpPaCKEL 7 \ > 541 Xwpis Tav ’Aypinma yapicbévTwy: Tovs yap EK ~ ~ a ” THs TovTov Baoirelas énétpefev adT@ Tovey Eb 1 aN , Ss \ , ¢ be tu BovdAo.to: mimpacKer S€ Kal TovTous 6 BaatAevs. ¢ A 6420 pevtor ye addos dyAos Tpaywvirar Kat Tav- Aavitar Kai ‘Inmnvoi Kai ék tis Tadapitidos to \ e \ mA€ov ws? otaciactai Kai duyades Kat ols Ta 7 > , 3 > ‘8 A / ‘ SSA THs elpyvyns® oveldn Tov moAeumov mpovéever. eadAw- cav [de] Topmiatov pynvos dyden. t et me] 6 re VRC. 2 40av Havercamp with one Ms. 3 ris elpjuns| év etpnvn PAML. * i.e. of Corinth, to be employed on the work of the canal, 728 JEWISH WAR, III. 538-542 prescribed direction. The Romans, meanwhile, lined the whole road to Tiberias, to prevent any deviation from it, and on their arrival shut them into that town. Vespasian followed in due course and had them all removed to the stadium. He then gave orders for the execution of the old and unservice- able, to the number of twelve hundred; from the youths he selected six thousand of the most robust and sent them to Nero at the isthmus. The rest of the multitude, numbering thirty thousand four hundred, he sold, excepting those of whom he made a present to Agrippa, namely the former subjects of his realm; these Vespasian permitted him to deal with at his discretion, and the king in his turn sold them. The remainder of this mob con- sisted, for the most part, of people from Trachonitis, Gaulanitis, Hippos, and Gadara, a crowd of seditious individuals and fugitives, to whom their infamous careers in peace-time gave war its attractions. Their capture took place on the eighth of the month Gorpiaeus.? for which Nero himself had recently dug the first sod (Suet. Nero, 19). » 26 September a.p. 67 (Niese’s reckoning). 729 >t THE HERODIAN FAMILY evideds Gt iasancs Antipater poisoned 43 ac. JoeB) executed 31 @ c. aCypro «Salome (!) (the Haemoseean tm, i=) 5 = Mariamme tt ; erecated « Mec. @ of Simon the high preest ~ Maithace the Raviarlian | ar = Marlamme (. the Harmonsean Henoo the Great ae ee | Nae ' ft: | m ofan Anti a. Alexander A tos (3) eon Sslam pelo (1) Cypoostt) Heeoo (Parcir) Awstipae OF) AmcueLaus ps fen cd rite eteculed 7 ac. executed 7 #6. (dred « (haeeei (%) *Avtipsien (8) = Hemooras (10) mouhed ao ©! taonhed ao 6 orp (i) the Tetrarel of Apligonus =Gle “) = Bernice (6) young wd of Arelas { ~ Mariacame! fap a pe Aah jo Rome) { ~ Henooias (10) »Olaphyra () em Salone | k, of Cappadocia Alevaodor Tigranes f ple Heo ar ? Cypro Sacowe (it) ry eT Tend Fi ape, ' ne “ { ~ Heson mist) ~ Awese f =Perus ee abvedveetcant veetpgte, Sa - 16 =A i he ‘ = oWartesnasa ttt ae yE408 (16) wrirss (thy j the Tetrare (14) ~~ | ae mie an ieee bd » Aremtobalos (7) eto 7 aa . OLE ee (2D) Deriemicianes Jots Ae i" 0 a mm) M 6 aire . ane ) me awe TT) & Of Arwwrmia = Malome (15) ( Ryvommes +“ foe to et a ieed o Ar@ctene» Deane: oN yy MMi oe way HE MIM SS wh we L no SUN le vy ee) we AY z Site miele Sous AY. ems: He 190 1 Sievert S EOS ay HS ayy Aron Edward Stanford Ltd., London JERUSALEM —n'——Lizisting walls. ~---—- Approvmate line of first (old) wall. . Supposed line of second wall. ~..---Alternative supposed lines of third (Agrippa’s) wall. Supposed anctent streets. fee) Stites of ancient buildings. The lines of the second and third walls are uncertaiv. Remains recently (1925) discovered favour the more northerly posttior, for the third wall, the line of the second wall is identified by some with the existing North wall English Feet i) 1000 2000 3000 t 4 “ rt i - - a Hebrew Cubits ft Gihon ; petapo VION! i, 2000 Ne (Virgin's Spring) Pe a BAY an ee er =i ~ s NN i ' aN ' Contour lines are drawn at intervals of 50 feet. : “ @ Poo! \of 9a e5% N Siloam \ ; rey 1 a A N at ot A | PD. . aoe a Edward Stanford Ltd., London yh DS 719 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED LATIN AUTHORS Ammianus Marcetiinus. J.C. Rolfe. 3 Vols. (2nd Imp. revised.) Aputetus: Tue Gotpen Ass(Metamorpuosss). W. Adling- ton (1566). Revised by §. Gaselee. (7th Imp.) Sr. AucustinE, Conressions oF. W. Watts (1631). 2 Vols. (Vol. I 7th Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.) St. Aucustine: Serect Lerrers. J. H. Baxter. (2nd Imp.) Ausonius. H.G. Evelyn White. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Benz. J. E. King. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Bortuius: Tracts anp Dre ConsoLaTIOoNE PHILOSOPHIAE. Rev. H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand. (6th Imp.) CaEsAR: ALEXANDRIAN, AFRICAN AND SPANISH Wars. A.G. Way. CarksaR: Crvir Wars. A. G. Peskett. (5th Imp.) CarsaR: Gatiic War. H. J. Edwards. (10th Imp.) SATO AND Varro: De Re Rustica. H. B. Ash and W. D. Hooper. (3rd Imp.) Satutius. IF. W. Cornish: Trsutius. J. B. Postgate; and Pervicitium Veneris. J. W. Mackail. (13th Imp.) ‘etsus: De Mepicina. W. G. Spencer. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp. revised, Vols. II and III 2nd Imp.) ‘cero: Brutus anp Orator. G. L. Hendrickson and H. M. Hubbell. (3rd Imp.) ‘IceERo: De Fato; Parapoxa Stoicornum; De Parti- TIONE Ornatoria. H. Rackham. (With De Oratore, Vol. II.) (2nd Imp.) ‘cero: De Finisus. H. Rackham. (4th Imp. revised.) 1 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Cicero: De Ixventiong, ete. H. M. Hubbell. Cicero: Dre Natura Dreorum anp Acapemica. H. Rack- ham. (2nd Imp.) Cicero: De Orrictts. Walter Miller. (7th Imp.) Cicero: Dr Oratore. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Cicero: De Repusiica anD De Lecrsus. Clinton W. Keyes. (4th Imp.) ; Cicero: De Sewxectute, De Amicitia, De Drvixatione. W. A. Falconer. (6th Imp.) Cicero: In Catitryam, Pro Murewa, Pro Sutra, Pro Fracco. Louis E. Lord. (3rd Jmp. revised.) Cicero: Lerrers to Atticus. E. O. Winstedt. 3 Vols. — (Vol. I 6th Jmp., Vols. II and III 4th Imp.) Cicero: Lerrers to nis Frrenps. W. Glynn Williams. — 3 Vols. (Vols. I and II 3rd Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd /mp. — revised and enlarged.) Cicero: Puitrprics. W.C.A. Ker. (3rd Imp.) Cicero: Pro Arcuta, Post Repirum, De Domo, Dre Harus- © picuM Responsis, Pro Prancio. N. H. Watts. (3rd Imp.) Cicero: Pro Carcrna, Pro Lege Maniwia, Pro Ciuentio, © Pro Rasraio. H. Grose Hodge. (3rd Imp.) F Cicero: Pro Mutone, In Pisonem, Pro Scauro, Pro Fonxte1o, Pro Rasrrio Postumo, Pro Marcerto, Pro — Licario, Pro Rece Detoraro. N.H. Watts. (2nd Imp.) ; Cicero: Pro Qurixctio, Pro Roscio Amertno, Pro Roscto — Comorpo, Contra Ruttum. J. H. Freese. (3rd Imp.) [Cicero]: Ruerorica aD Herennium. H. Caplan. Cicero: Tuscunan Disputations. J.E. King. (4th Imp.) Cicero: VerRINE Orations. L. H. G. Greenwood. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vol. Il 2nd Imp.) Craupian. M. Platnauer. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) CotumEeLLa: De Re Rustica; De Arsorisus. H. B. Ash, E. S. Forster, E. Heffner. 3 Vols. (Vol. 1 2nd Imp.) Curtivus, Q.: History or ALExANDER. J.C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Frorvus. E.S. Forster; and Cornexius Nepos. J.C. Rolfe. (2nd Imp.) Frontinus: STRATAGEMS AND Aquepucts. C. E. Bennett and M. B. McElwain. (2nd Imp.) Fronto: Corresponpence. C. R. Haines. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp.. Vol. Il 2nd Imp.) 2 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Gexuius. J.C. Rolfe. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vols. II and III 2nd Imp.) Horace: Opes anp Epoprs C. E. Bennett. (14th Imp. revised.) Horace: Satrres, Episties, Ars Porerica. H.R. Fairclough. (9th Imp. revised.) Jerome: Sevecr Lerrers. F. A. Wright. (2nd Imp.) JUVENAL AND Perstus. G.G. Ramsay. (7th Imp.) Livy. B. O. Foster, F. G. Moore, Evan T. Sage and A. C. Schlesinger. 14 Vols. Vols. I-XIII. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Wolssolly IG. V and-IX) 3rd, Imp: VolsssLVy VIEViIie X-XII 2nd Imp. revised.) Lucan. J.D. Duff. (3rd Imp.) Lucretius. W.H.D. Rouse. (7th Imp. revised.) Martiat. W.C.A. Ker. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp., Vol. II Ath Imp. revised.) Minor Latin Poets: from Pustitrus Syrus to Rutixius Namamianus, including Grarrtrus, Catpurnius Sict tus, Nemesranus, Avianus, with ‘** Aetna,” ‘‘ Phoenix’? and other poems. J. Wight Duff and Arnold M. Duff. (3rd Imp.) | Grins ‘THe Art oF Love AnD OTHER Poems. J. H. Mozley. (3rd Imp.) | Ovip: Fastr. Sir James G. Frazer. (2nd Imp.) Ovip: Herorpes anp Amores. Grant Showerman. (5th Imp.) Ovip: Meramoreuoses. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 10th Imp., Vol. II 8th Imp.) Ovip: Tristra AND Ex Ponto. A. L. Wheeler. (3rd Imp.) Perronius. M. Heseltine; SEeneca: ApocoLocynrosis. W.H.D. Rouse. (9th Imp. revised.) Prautus. Paul Nixon. 5 Vols. (Vol. I 6th Imp., Vol. II 5th Imp., Vol. III 3rd Imp., Vols. [V and V 2nd Imp.) Pury: Lerrers. Melmoth’s translation revised by | W.M.L. Hutchinson. 2 Vols. (6th Imp.) Pury: Narurat History. 10 Vols. Vols. I-V and IX. H. Rackham. Vols. VI and VII. W. H. S. Jones. (Vols. I-III 3rd Imp., Vol. IV 2nd Imp.) Prorertius. H.E. Butler. (6th Imp.) Prupentius. H.J. Thomson. 2 Vols. Quintmuran. H. E. Butler. 4 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Remains oF Otp Latry. E. H. Warmington. 4 Vols. Vol. I (Ennius and Caecilius). Vol. II (Livius, Naevius, 3 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Pacuvius, Accius). Vol. III (Lucilius, Laws of the XII Tables). Vol. IV (Archaic Inscriptions). (2nd Imp.) Satitust. J.C. Rolfe. (4th Imp. revised.) Scriptores HistortaE AveustaE. D. Magie. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vols. II and III 2nd Jmp. revised.) Seneca: Apocotocyntosis. Cf. PErrontus. Seneca: Epistutar Moraes. R. M. Gummere. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Vols. II and III 3rd Imp. revised.) Seneca: Morat Essays. J. W. Basore. 3 Vols. (Vol. II 3rd Imp. revised, Vols. I and III 2nd Imp. revised.) Seneca: Tracepres. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Vol. Il 3rd Imp. revised.) Srponrus: Porms anp Letrers. W.B. Anderson. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.) Sittus Iraurcus. J. D. Duff. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 2nd Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) Statius. J.H.Mozley. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Suetonius. J.C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 7th Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.) Tacitus: Dratocus. Sir Wm. Peterson; and Acricona AND GerMANIA. Maurice Hutton. (6th Imp.) Tacitus: Historres anp Annats. C. H. Moore and J. Jackson. 4 Vols. (Vols. I and II 4th Jmp., Vols. III and IV 2nd Imp.) Terence. John Sargeaunt. 2 Vols. (7th Imp.) TeRTULLIAN: ApoLoGcta AND De Specracutis. T. R. Glover; Mrxucius Fetrx. G.H. Rendall. (2nd Imp.) Vaterius Fraccus. J. H. Mozley. (2nd Imp. revised.) Varro: De Lineva Latina. R. G. Kent. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp. revised.) Vetieius Patrercutus aNnD Res Gestrar Divi Aveustt, F. W. Shipley. (2nd Imp.) Virciz. H.R. Fairclough. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 19th Jmp., Vol. II 14th Imp. revised.) Virruvius: De Arcuirectura. F.Granger. 2 Vols. (Vol.I 3rd Imp., Vol. I1 2nd Imp.) GREEK AUTHORS Acuitirs Tatius. S. Gaselee. (2nd Imp.) Arwneas Tacticus, AscLEPIODOTUS AND ONASANDER. The | Illinois Greek Club. (2nd Imp.) i 4 ——y ~ THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY AgrscuinEs. C.D. Adams. (2nd Imp.) Agscuytus. H. Weir Smyth. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 6th Imp., Vol. II 5th Imp.) ALcIPpHRON, AELIAN AND Puitostratus: Letrers. A. R. Benner and F. H. Fobes. Apottoporus. Sir James G. Frazer. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vol. Il 2nd Imp.) Apottontus Ruopius. R.C. Seaton. (5th Imp.) Tue Apostotic Fatuers. Kirsopp Lake. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 8th Imp., Vol. Il 6th Imp.) Apptan’s Roman History. Horace White. 4 Vols. (Vol. I Ath Imp., Vols. II and IV 3rd Imp., Vol. III 2nd Imp.) Aratus. Cf. CaALLIMACcHus. ARISTOPHANES. Benjamin Bickley Rogers. 3 Vols. (5th Imp.) Verse trans. ARISTOTLE: ArT oF Rueroric. J. H. Freese. (3rd Imp.) ARISTOTLE: ATHENIAN ConsTITUTION, Eupremi1an Eruics, Virtues anpD Vices. H. Rackham. (37rd Imp.) ARISTOTLE: GENERATION OF Animats. A. L. Peck. (2nd Imp.) ArisToTLe: Metapuysics. H.Tredennick. 2Vols. (3rd Jmp.) ArtstotLeE: MertTEorotocica. H. D. P. Lee. ArIsTtoTLeE: Minor Works. W. S. Hett. ‘“‘ On Colours,” ““On Things Heard,” “ Physiognomics,” “‘ On Plants,” **On Marvellous Things Heard,” *“* Mechanical Problems,” ‘“On Indivisible Lines,” ‘‘ Situations and Names of Winds,” “On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias.” (2nd Imp.) ARISTOTLE: NicomacHEaNn Eruics. H. Rackham. (6th Imp. revised.) ARISTOTLE: Orconomica AND Macna Moratia. G. C. Armstrong. (With Metaphysics, Vol. II.) (3rd Imp.) ARISTOTLE: On THE Heavens. W.K.C. Guthrie. (37d Jmp.) ARISTOTLE: On THE Sout, Parva Naturatia, On Breatu. W.S. Hett. (2nd Imp. revised.) ARISTOTLE: OrGanon—THe Catecories ; On INTERPRETA- rion. H. P. Cooke; Prior Anatytics. H. Treddenick. (3rd Imp.) ARISTOTLE: OrnGANON—SOPHISTICAL REFUTATIONS. ComING- TO-BE AND Passtnc-away. E.S. Forster. On THE Cosmos. D. J. Furley. ARISTOTLE: Parts or Anrmats. A. L. Peck; Morion ann Procression oF Animas. E. S. Forster. (37rd Imp.) 5 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY ArIsTOTLE: Puysics. Rev. P. Wicksteed and F. M. Corn- ford. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1 2nd Imp., Vol. Il 3rd Imp.) AgisToTLe: Porticsand Lonetyus. W. Hamilton Fyfe; De- METRIUS ON StyLtE. W. Rhys Roberts. (5th Imp. revised.) ArisToTLe: Pottrics. H. Rackham. (4th Imp.) ARIsToTLE: Prosiems. W.S. Hett. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp. re- vised.) ArIstoTLE: RHETORICA AD ALExANDRUM. H. Rackham. (With Problems, Vol. II.) Arrian: History oF ALEXANDER AND Inpica. Rey. E. Iliffe Robson. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1 3rd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.) ATuHenarEus: DerpnosopuistarE. C. B. Gulick. 7 Vols. (Vols. I, [V-VII 2nd Imp.) Sr. Basir: Lerrers. R. J. Deferrari. 4 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Catumacnus: Hymns anp Epicrams, AND LycopHron. A. W. Mair; Aratus. G. R. Mair. (2nd Imp.) Crement oF ALexanpniA. Revy.G. W. Butterworth. (3rd Imp.) Corturnuus. Cf. Oppran. Dapunis AND Cutore. Cf. Loneus. DemostHENES I: OtyntTutacs, PuHitippics anpD Mryor Orations: I-XVII anp XX. J. H. Vince. (2nd Imp.) DemostHenes II]: Dre Corona ann De Fatsa Lecatione. C. A. Vince and J. H. Vince. (3rd Imp. revised.) DemostHenes III: Merpras, AnpRoTion, ARISTOCRATES, TrmocraTEs, ArtstocriTon. J. H. Vince. (2nd Imp.) Demostuenes IY-VI: Private Orations AnD In NEAERAM. A. T. Murray. (Vol. 1V 2nd Imp.) DemostHenes VII: Funerat Spreecu, Erotic Essay, Exorp1a AnD Letters. N. W. and N. J. DeWitt. Dio Cassius: Roman History. E. Cary. 9 Vols. (Vols. I and II 3rd Jmp., Vols. I1I-IX 2nd Imp.) Dio Curysostom. 5 Vols. Vols. land Il. J. W.Cohoon. Vol. III. J. W. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby. Vols. IV and V. H. Lamar Crosby. (Vols. I-IV 2nd Imp.) Drioporvus Sicutus. 12 Vols. Vols. I-VI. C. H. Oldfather. Vol. VII. C. L. Sherman. Vols. 1X and X. Russel M. Geer. (Vols. I-IV 2nd Imp.) Diocenrs Larertius. R.D. Hicks. 2 Vols. (Vol. 14th Jmp., Vol. Il 3rd Imp.) Dionysius oF Haticarnassus: Roman Antiquities. Spel- man’s translation revised by E. Cary. 7 Vols. (Vols. I-V 2nd Imp.) THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Epictetus. W. A. Oldfather. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vol. Il 2nd Imp.) Euriripes. A.S. Way. 4 Vols. (Vols. I and II 7th Imp., Vols. III and IV 6th Imp.) Verse trans. Eusesius: Eccresrastican History. Kirsopp Lake and J.E.L.Oulton. 2 Vols. (Vol. 1 3rd Jmp., Vol. II 4¢h Imp.) Gacen: On THE NaturatFacuttirs. A.J. Brock. (4¢h mp.) THe Greek AntTHOoLocy. W. R. Paton. 5 Vols. (Vols. I and II 5th Imp., Vol. III 4th Imp., Vols. 1V and V 3rd Imp.) THe Greex Bucotic Poers (THrocritrus, Bron, Moscuuvs). J. M. Edmonds. (7th Imp. revised.) Greek ExLecy anp [amsBus witH THE ANACREONTEA. J. M. Edmonds. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.) Greek Martuematicat Works. Ivor Thomas. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Heropes. Cf. THEopHRAstTus: CHARACTERS. Heropotus. A.D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vols. I-III 4th Imp., Vol. IV 3rd Imp.) HeEsiop anp THE Homeric Hymns. H. G. Evelyn White. (7th Imp. revised and enlarged.) HipprocraTEs AND THE FRAGMENTS OF Heracteirus. W.H.S. Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols. (37d Jmp.) Homer: Intrap. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 7th Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.) Homer: Opyssry. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (8th Imp.) Isarus. E.S. Forster. (3rd Imp.) IsocratEes. George Norlin and LaRue Van Hook. 8 Vols. (2nd Imp.) St. Jonn DamascEnE: Bartaam AnD IoasapH. Rey. G. R. Woodward and Harold Mattingly. (3rd Imp. revised.) JosrpHus. H. St. J. Thackeray and Ralph Marcus. 9 Vols. mols: I-VII. (Vol. V 3rd Imp., Vols. I-IV, VI and VII 2nd mp.) Jut1an. Wilmer Cave Wright. 3 Vols. (Vols. I and II 3rd _ Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp.) Loneus: Dapunis ann Cutor. Thornley’s translation revised by J. M. Edmonds; and Parruentus. S. Gaselee. (4th Imp.) Lucian. A. M. Harmon. 8 Vols. Vols. I-V. (Vols. I and II 4th Imp., Vol. III 3rd Imp., Vols. TV and V 2nd Imp.) Lycornron. Cf. Cacirmacnus. 7 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Lyna Grareca. J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Vols. Il (revised and enlarged) and III 3rd Imp.) Lystas. W.R. M. Lamb. (3rd Imp.) Manetuo. W.G. Waddell; Protemy: Trerrasrstos. F. E. Robbins. (3rd Imp.) Masncus Auretius. C. R. Haines. (4th Imp. revised.) Menanver. F.G. Allinson. (3rd Imp. revised.) Mryor Artic Orators. 2 Vols. K. J. Maidment and J.O. Burtt. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.) Nownos: Dionystaca. W.H.D. Rouse. 3 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Oppran, CottuTuus, TrypHioporus. A. W. Mair. (2nd Imp.) Papyri. Nown-Lirerary Serections. A. S. Hunt and C. C, Edgar. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Literary SE.LEcTions, (Poetry). D. L. Page. (3rd Imp.) Partuenius. Cf. Loneus. Pavusantas: Description oF Greece. W. H. S. Jones. 5 Vols. and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley. (Vols. I and III 3rd Imp., Vols. Il, [V and V 2nd Imp.) Puro. 10 Vols. Vols. I-V. F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H. Whitaker; Vols. VI-IX. F. H. Colson. (Vols. I-III, V-IX 2nd Imp., Vol. 1V 3rd Imp.) Two Supplementary Vols. Translation only from an Armenian Text. Ralph Marcus. Puitostratus: THe Lire or Apottonius or Tyana. F.C, Conybeare. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Vol. Il 3rd Imp.) Puitostratus: IMAGINES; Catusrratus: Descriptions: A. Fairbanks. (2nd Imp. ) PHILostRaTus AND Evuwnapius: Lives oF THE SopHisTs. Wilmer Cave Wright. (2nd Imp.) Prxpar. Sir J. E. Sandys. (7th Imp. revised.) Prato 1: Evrnypnro, Aporocy, Crito, PHaepo, Puarprus. H. N. Fowler. (11th Imp.) Prato Il: THearretrus anp Sopuist. H.N. Fowler. (4th -) gion III: Sraresman, Poitesus. H. N. Fowler; lIom W.R.M. Lamb. (4th Imp.) : Prato IV: Lacues, Protacoras, Meno, EuTHyYDEMUS3. W.R. M. Lamb. (3rd Imp. revised.) ° ti Prato V: Lysis, Sympostum, Gorcias. W. R. M. Lamb. (5th Imp. revised.) Prato VI: Crarytus, Parmentpes, GREATER Hivrtas, Lesser Hrrepias. H.N. Fowler. (4th Jmp.) i 8 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY Prato VII: Timaeus, Critias, CriropHo, Menexenvs, Ept- sTULAE. Rev. R.G. Bury. (37d Imp.) Prato VIII: Cuarmipes, Arcrsrapes, Hrpparcuus, THE Lovers, THEeaces, Minos ann Epinomis. W.R. M. Lamb. (2nd Imp.) Prato: Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Prato: Repusric. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp., Vol. II 4th Imp.) PrutarcH: Moraria. 14 Vols. Vols. I-V. F.C. Babbitt; Vol. VI. W.C.Helmbold; Vol. X. H.N. Fowler. (Vols. I-VI, X 2nd Imp.) PrutarcH: Tue Parauztet Lives. B. Perrin. 11 Vols. (Vols. I, II, VI, VII and XI 3rd Imp., Vols. III-V and VIII-X 2nd Imp.) Potysius. W.R. Paton. 6 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Procorius: History or tHE Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vols. U-VII 2nd Imp.) Protemy: Trerrasistos. Cf. Manetruo. ) Quintus SmMyrnarus. A. S. Way. (3rd Imp.) Verse trans. Sextus Emprricus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vols. If and III 2nd Imp.) Soruoctes. F. Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 10th Imp., Vol. I 6th Imp.) Verse trans. Straso: Grocrapuy. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols. (Vols. I, V and VIII 3rd Imp., Vols. II-IV, VI and VII 2nd Imp.} TyeropHrastus: Cuaracters. J. M. Edmonds; Heropes, etc. A.D. Knox. (3rd Imp.) THeorHrastus: Enquiry into Puants. Sir Arthur Hort. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Tuucypipres. C.F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp., Vols. II-1V 3rd Imp.) TrypHioporus. Cf. Oppran. XenopHon: Cyroparpia. Walter Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4th Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.) _ XenopHon: Hetwienica, ANaBaAsis, APOLOGY, AND SyMPo- stum. C.L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols. (Vols. I and III 3rd Jmp., Vol. II 4th Imp.) XenopHon: MeEmorasBiLiaA AND Orconomicus. E. C. Mar- chant. (3rd Imp.) _ XenopHon: Scripta Minors. E.C. Marchant. (3rd Imp.) (For Volumes in Preparation see next page.) 9 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY VOLUMES IN PREPARATION GREEK AUTHORS Aritan: Ow THE Nature or Anrmats. A. F. Scholfield. AESOP AND OTHER Fasuists. B. E. Perry. ArIsToTLeE: History or Animats. A. L.. Peck. Catimacnus: Fracments. C. A. Trypanis. Protixus. A. H. Armstrong. LATIN AUTHORS Sr. Aveustixe: City or Gop. Cicero: Pro Sestio, In Vatryium, Pro Carrio, De Pro- vinciis ConsuLarisus, Pro Bartso. J. H. Freese and R. Gardner. PHAEDRUS AND OTHER Fasuuists. DB. E. Perry. DESCRIPTIVE PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATION LONDON CAMBRIDGE, MASS. WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD HARVARD UNIV. PRESS Cloth 15s, Cloth $2.50 ; j 10 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Josephus, Flavius Josephus